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"Telah dilakukan uji sitotoksik metabolit sekunder kapang endofit 1.2.11 tanaman Brucea javanica (L. ) Merr. Sampel tanaman diambil dari Cianjur, bagian tanaman yang digunakan adalah buah. Uji sitotoksik dilakukan terhadap sel Ruji, NS-l, sel HeLa dan sel Vero. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 jam dan 48 jam dengan menghitung sel ludup menggunakan metode tripan biru. Penghitungan l CM dilakukan secara aritmatikal dengan rumus Ricd and Muench. Untuk melihat mekanisme kerja pada proses sitotoksik dilakukan teknik pengecatan DNA menggunakan etidium bromida dan acridine orange. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh lCft) terhadap sel Raji 58,35 fjg/ml, 88,39yg/ml; IC50sel NS-1 162,09 pg/ml, 66,24 p. g/ml; IC^ sel HeLa 361,21 pg/ml, 219,97 pg/ml. IC^sel Vero 1075.18 ug/ml, 656,82 ng/ml. Pengamatan dilakukan dalam waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam. Mekanisme kerja dari metabolit sekunder kapang endofit 1.2. 11 terhadap sel NS-1 cenderung melalui mekanisme apoptosis. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:137-44)

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Cytotoxic assay of secondary metabolite endophytic fungus 1.2.11 from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr has been carried out. Brucea Javanica fruit collected from Cianjur was used in this experiment. Cytotoxic assay was done on Raji, NS-1, HeLa and Vero cells. The observation was done for 24 hours and also for 48 hours. I CM was calculated using the Rich and Muench theory. To observe the working mechanism ofcytotoxic process, DNA staining with etidium bromide and acridine orange was conducted. The cytotoxic assay of endophytic fungi 1.2.11 showed an ICft) of 58.35p.g/ml, 88.39 pg/ml on Raji ceil; 162.09 pg/ml, 66.24 pg/ml on NS cell; 361.21 fjg/ml, 219.97 fjg/ml on HelM cell; and lastly 1075.18 fjg/ml, 656.82 /jg/ml on Vero cell after 24 and 48 hour incubation respectively. The results of this study showed that secondary metabolite of endophytic fungus 1.2.11 has selective cytotoxic effect towards cancer cell and also showed that it might cause apoptosis in NS-1 cell. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:137-44)"

"Telah dilakukan uji sitotoksik metabolit sekunder kapang endofit 1.2.11 tanaman Bruce javanica (L) merr."

"The endophytic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the tissues of the fruits of Garcinia griffithii. The fungal strain was identified from the colony, and it was characteristic of cell morphol ogy. The ethyl acetate extracts derived from fungus cultures showed major spots on TLC under UV light, which was continued to the isolation of the secondary metabolites. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated on the basis of NMR analyses (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC and H-H COSY). The compounds were identified as: 4,6-dihydroxy, 3,8a-dimethyl-1-oxo-5-(3?-oxobutan-2?-yl)-1,4,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl-1?,2?-dimethyl-5?-(2??-methylprop-1??-enyl)cyclopentane-carboxylate."

"Penelitian mengenai eksplorasi senyawa aktif kapang endofit dari tumbuhan mangrove dan aplikasinya sebagai bioinsektisida telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 110 kapang endofit telah diperoleh dari akar, ranting, daun, dan serasah Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, dan Soneratia alba menggunakan enam jenis media dan lima jenis metode isolasi. Lima dari 110 isolat kapang endofit menunjukkan toksisitas tertinggi (menyebabkan mortalitas lebih dari 90% pada konsentrasi 80 ppm) terhadap larva Artemia salina. Kelima isolat kapang tersebut diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA dan pengamatan morfologi sebagai Emericella nidulans (BPPTCC 6035 dan BPPTCC 6038), Aspergillus flavus (BPPTCC 6036), A. tamarii (BPPTCC 6037), dan A.versicolor (BPPTCC 6039). Hasil pengujian aktivitas insektisida ekstrak etil asetat dari kultur filtrat biakan kelima strain kapang tersebut pada medium cair malt extract terhadap larva neonate dan instar III Spodoptera litura menunjukkan aktivitas sebagai racun lambung, racun kontak, attractant, racun saraf, dan menghambat perkembangan larva. Karakterisasi senyawa aktif dengan metode thin layer chromatography (TLC) yang dikombinasikan dengan beberapa reagen menunjukkan bahwa kelima ekstrak mengandung senyawa triterpenoid yang mengandung saponin; ekstrak yang dihasilkan oleh E. nidulans BPPTCC 6038 mengandung senyawa fenol; dan keempat ekstrak lain mengandung senyawa alkaloid. Formulasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan senyawa adjuvant berupa aseton sebagai pelarut, Tween 80 sebagai surfaktan, dan PEG 6000 sebagai sticker agent. Hasil pengujian aktivitas kelima formulasi terhadap larva neonate dan instar III S. litura menunjukkan bahwa seluruh formulasi memiliki aktivitas insektisida terhadap larva instar III S. litura lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif, DeltametrinR (25 g/L).

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A study on the exploration of active compounds from mangrove endophytic fungi and their application as bioinsecticides was conducted. The isolation of mangrove endophytic fungi from roots, twigs, leaves, and leaf litter from Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, and Soneratia alba was conducted using a combination of six media with five isolation methods. Five of the 110 mangrove endophytic fungal isolates showed the highest toxicity (causing more than 90% larval mortality at 80 ppm) on Artemia salina larvae. Based on the DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and morphological characteristics, these isolates were identified as Emericella nidulans (BPPTCC 6035 and BPPTCC 6038), Aspergillus flavus (BPPTCC 6036), A. tamarii (BPPTCC 6037), and A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039). A bioassay on Spodoptera litura neonate and third instars larvae showed that five ethyl acetate of the five fungal filtrate extracts from malt extract broth medium exhibited attractant and insecticidal activities through stomach poisons, contact poisons, neurotoxins, and the inhibition of larval and pupal development. The chemical characterization of the five extracts using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with several reagents showed that the five extracts contained triterpenoid with saponin compounds, the extract from E. nidulans (BPPTCC 6038) contained phenolic compounds, and the four other extracts contained alkaloid compounds. Formulations were conducted by the addition of adjuvant: acetone as the solvent, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 6000 as the sticker agent. The insecticidal activity from five formulations on S. litura third instars larvae showed that the five formulations exhibited better insecticidal activity than DeltamethrinR (25 g/L) as the positive control."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi kapang endofit dari Broussonetia papyrifera, serta mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba kapang endofit terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, dan Candida albicans UICC Y-29. Hasil identifikasi konvensional berdasarkan karakter morfologi menunjukkan kapang-kapang endofit terdiri dari Aspergillus flavus ES6, Aspergillus sparsus ES5, Penicillium chrysogenum ES8, dan Mycelia sterilia ES7. Pengujian dengan blok agar memperlihatkan kapang A. flavus ES6 memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap C. albicans dan kapang P. chrysogenum ES8 memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap B. subtilis, sedangkan kapang A. sparsus ES5 dan mycelia sterilia ES7 tidak memperlihatkan aktivitas antimikroba.

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This research was to isolate endophytic fungi from Broussonetia papyrifera, to identify the isolates, and to investigate their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, and Candida albicans UICC Y-29. Endophytic fungi were identified by conventional method and they were Aspergillus flavus ES6, Aspergillus sparsus ES5, Penicillium chrysogenum ES8, and Mycelia sterilia ES7. Agar block test results of A. flavus ES6 showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and P. chrysogenum ES8 against B. subtilis. Aspergillus sparsus ES5 and Mycelia sterilia ES7 showed no antimicrobial activity."

"The endophytic fungus diaporthe sp.E show a unique ability to biotransform leucocyanidin in a semisynthetic medium. Extension of the incubation time gave a major product dihydroquercetin which was identified by spectroscopic methods."

"Limpasan air hujan di daerah perkotaan seringkali mengandung logam berat seperti Pb dan Zn yang dapat mencemari badan air. Skripsi ini membahas pengaruh pengaplikasian mikoriza arbuskular (AM) pada sistem bioretensi terkait efisiensi sistem dalam menyisihkan Pb dan Zn dari air limpasan hujan, dan terkait penyerapan Pb dan Zn oleh tanaman yang digunakan, Iris pseudacorus. Percobaan yang dilakukan berupa uji mesocosm bioretensi skala pilot dengan dialiri air limpasan hujan sintetik. Reaktor yang digunakan berjumlah 4, dengan perlakuan: A) dengan tanaman, tanpa mikoriza; B) dengan tanaman dan dosis mikoriza 5 g/tanaman; C) dengan tanaman dan dosis mikoriza 20g/tanaman, dan; D) tanpa tanaman. Durasi inokulasi mikoriza pada akar tanaman selama 1 bulan untuk memastikan infeksi sudah berjalan. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan secara statistik antara keempat reaktor. Efisiensi penyisihan Pb sebesar 93,94% - 97,75%. dan Zn sebesar 96,67% - 99,98%. Meski efisiensi penyisihan keseluruhan sistem bioretensi tidak berbeda secara signifikan, penyerapan Pb dan Zn oleh tanaman non-mikorizal dan tanaman mikorizal terbukti berbeda. Iris yang diberi dosis mikoriza 5g memiliki persentase infeksi tertinggi (30%) dan uptake tertinggi, yaitu Pb sebesar 46 mg dan Zn sebesar 43,21 mg, atau 363% dan 117% pernyerapan Pb dan Zn Iris yang tidak diberi mikoriza.

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Stormwater runoff from urban areas often contain heavy metals such as Pb dan Zn, which could pollute receiving water bodies. This report discusses the effect arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) application on a bioretention system in relation to the Pb and Zn removal efficiency from stormwater runoff, and in relation to the uptake of Pb and Zn by the plant used, Iris pseudacorus. The experiment was a pilot scale bioretention test with synthetic runoff. Four reactors were used, with treatments: A) with plants; B) with plants and a mycorrhizal dose of 5 g/plant; C) with plants and a mycorrhizal dose of 20g/plant, and; D) without plants. Plant roots were inoculated for 1 month to enable infection. Based on experimental results, there were no statistically significant differences between the four reactors. Pb removal efficiency was 93.94%-97.75%. and Zn of 96.67%-99.98%. Meanwhile, the uptake of Pb and Zn between non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants was shown to be different. Iris that was given a 5g dose of mycorrhiza had the highest percentage of infection (30%) and the highest uptake, namely 46 mg Pb and 43.21 mg Zn, or 363% and 117% of the Pb and Zn uptake of the non-mycorrhizal Iris."

";Gastrodia crispa sebagai anggrek holomycotrophic endemik pegunungan Jawa Barat memiliki habitat pada tanah dengan serasah bambu dan pertumbuhannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh mikoriza. Kebutuhan kondisi lingkungan yang spesifik dan keberadaannya yang endemik diduga memiliki simbiosis dengan fungi tertentu. Isolasi, identifikasi, dan uji pertumbuhan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui  mikoriza simbion G. crispa dan pertumbuhan optimalnya. Penelitian telah berhasil mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikoriza simbion G. crispa yang diperoleh dari Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak dan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango. Isolasi dilakukan berdasarkan teknik tanam langsung dan diinkubasi pada suhu 25 ^oC. Empat isolat berhasil diisolasi dari tiga sampel umbi semu G. crispa. Identifikasi fenotipik yang dibandingkan dengan kunci identifikasi menduga isolat merupakan genus Acremonium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, dan mycelia sterilia. Uji pertumbuhan menggunakan variasi medium dan suhu inkubasi dilakukan pada medium PDA dan PDB modifikasi di suhu 9 ^oC, 25 ^oC, dan 30 ^oC selama 25 hari. Medium PDA dan PDB modifikasi 1 menggunakan pelarut filtrat tanah, sementara PDA dan PDB modifikasi 2 menggunakan pelarut filtrat tanah dengan serasah bambu. Hasil uji keempat isolat mikoriza mendapatkan pertumbuhan optimal pada PDA dan PDB modifikasi di suhu 25 ^oC. Pertumbuhan Acremonium sp., Penicillium sp., dan Trichoderma sp. di medium PDA dan PDB modifikasi 1 dengan PDA dan PDB modifikasi 2 tidak berbeda signifikan, sementara pertumbuhan mycelia sterilia lebih optimal pada medium PDA dan PDB modifikasi 2.

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Gastrodia crispa is an endemic holomycotrophic orchid of West Java mountain area found on soil with bamboo leaf litter and its growth is greatly affected by mycorrhiza. The specific requirement of environmental condition and its endemic presence, might have a symbiosis with specific fungi. Isolation, identification, and growth assay were carried out to identify the mycorrhizae and their optimal growth condition. The research has succeeded in isolation and identification of the symbiont mycorrhizae G. crispa from Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park and Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park. Isolation was carried out using readily cultured isolation technique and incubated at 25 oC. Four mycorrhizae were isolated from three G. crispa pseudotuber samples. Phenotypic identification compared to the key identification assumed that the isolate belongs to the genus Acremonium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and mycelia sterilia. Variation of medium and incubation temperature were assayed using the modified PDA and PDB medium with three variations of incubation temperature 9 oC, 25 oC, and 30 oC for 25 days. Soil filtrate was used to dissolve modified PDA and PDB 1, while bamboo leaf litter with soil filtrate was used to dissolve modified PDA and PDB 2. The results show that four isolates mycorrhizae had optimal growth on modified PDA and PDB at the temperature of 25 oC. The growth results of Acremonium sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp. on modified PDA and PDB 1 with modified PDA and PDB 2 did not show a significant distinction, while mycelia sterilia had optimal growth on modified PDA and PDB 2."