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"Paduan TiNi merupakan paduan ingat bentuk yang dicirikan oleh adanya transformasi fasa reversibel. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan karakteristik presipitat TiNi3 sebagai akibat perlakuan panas penuaan pada paduan Ti-50.04%at.Ni, dengan tujuan untuk dapat mempelajari perilaku presipitat TiNi^ dan pengaruhnya terhadap temperatur transformasi fasa. Pengamatan struktur presipitat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda mikroskop elektron transmisi TEM dan temperatur transformasi diamati dengan menggunakan metoda resistivitas \istrik four point probe. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa presipitat TiNii tumbuh membesar mengikuti penambalian waktu penuaan dengan orientasi pertumbuhannya adalah ....- Pertumbuhan presipitat tersebut tidak menimbulkan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap temperatur transformasi.

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TiNi alloy represents the shape memory alloy which is characterized by reversible phase transformation. In this investigation observation of characteristic TiNi? precipitation of a Ti-50.04%at.Ni alloy affected of aging treatment was carried out. The research was intended to study the influence of TiNi3 precipitate against the phase transformation temperature. The structure precipitate was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the transformation temperatures measured by four-point probe electrical resistant method. Experimental results showed that TiNi:, precipitates grow up with aging time increased- The orientation of precipitate growth relatively to matrix was found lying on ..... This precipitate growth did not significantly affect the transformation temperature."

"Penelitian presipitasi pada paduan logam ingat bentuk (shape memory alloy) TiNi dan pengaruhnya terhadap temperatur transformasi, telah banyak dilakukan. Hasilnya antara lain menyatakan bahwa terbentuknya presipitat T13Ni4 dapat mengakibatkan paduan ingat bentuk TiNi peka terhadap perubahan temperatur laku panas, tetapi apabila presipitat tumbuh hingga mencapai fasa kesetimbangan, yaitu presipitat TiNi3, paduan ingat bentuk tidak menunjukan adanya fasa antara saat terjadi transformasi.Dalam penelitian ini, telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh proses penuaan terhadap presipitasi dan temperatur transformasi ingat bentuk paduan Ti-50.04%at. Ni, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik presipitat dan temperatur paduan Ti-50,04%at.Ni yang dituakan pada tempertaur 550 °C selama 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 dan 30 jam, pengamatan dilakukan menggunakan beberapa metoda yaitu mikroskop optik, mikroskop elektron transmisi (Transmission Electron Microscope - TEM) dan metoda tahanan listrik four probe.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa paduan Ti-50.04%at.Ni, akibat laku panas penuaan berfasa martensit dengan orientasi pelat yang acak. Presipitat yang terbentuk adalah TiNi3 yang tumbuh pada orientasi tertentu, yaitu sesuai dengan hubungan [2021]TmNi3 // [020]Matriks, sedangkan temperatur transformasi tidak menunjukan perubahan yang berarti sebagai akibat perlakuan penuaan.

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Examination of precipitate of TiNi shape memory alloy on temperature transformation has been done by many scientists. They observed that Ti3Ni4 precipitate can affect the transformation temperature of the alloy by heat treatment. If precipitate grows into stability phase, i.e. TiNi3 phase, shape memory alloy failed to show intermediate phase. In this research work aging process on precipitation and transformation temperature of Ti-50.04%at.Ni shape memory alloy were carried out.

The aim was study the characteristics of precipitate and transformation temperature of Ti-50.04 %at.Ni alloy which were aged at 550 °C for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 hours. The testing method use optical microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and four-probe electric resistance.

Experimental results show that Ti-50.04%at.Ni alloy, which were effected by aging treatment have martensite phase. This martensitic is arranged by fine-laths with random orientation. Type of precipitates observed is TiNi3 and they grow through fixed orientation, i.e. [2021]TiNi3 11 [020]Matrix. Furthermore in this study, the transformation temperature were not significantly affected by aging treatment."

"This book presents the recent advances that have been made using mathematical methods to resolve problems in microscopy. With improvements in hardware-based aberration software significantly expanding the nanoscale imaging capabilities of scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM), these mathematical models can replace some labor intensive procedures used to operate and maintain STEMs. This book, will also cover such relevant concepts as superresolution techniques, special denoising methods, application of mathematical/statistical learning theory, and compressed sensing."

"ABSTRAKScaffold membran kitosan dan kitosan-RGD cangkang kepiting diproduksi oleh BATAN, untuk rekayasa jaringan pada rongga mulut. Sifat arsitektural kedua scaffold belum diteliti. Tujuan: Meneliti sifat arsitektural scaffold membran kitosan dan kitosan-RGD cangkang kepiting. Metode: Jumlah, ukuran, jarak antar pori dan porusitas dengan uji SEM dan analisis ImageJ. Daya serap dengan Swelling test. Hasil: Scaffold kitosan dan kitosan-RGD memiliki 225 dan 237 buah pori, berukuran 176.4mm dan 178.3mm, porusitas sebesar 12.8 dan 12.9 , jarak antar pori sebesar 94.7mm dan 93.3mm, serta daya serap sebesar 10.5mgH2O/mgScaffold dan 19.2mgH2O/mgScaffold. Kesimpulan: Sifat arsitektural scaffold membran kitosan RGD cangkang kepiting cenderung lebih baik.

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ABSTRAKIntroduction Crab Shell Chitosan and Chitosan RGD membrane Scaffolds have been made by BATAN, for tissue engineering in oral cavity. Architectural properties of both scaffolds have never been analyzed. Purpose To analyze the architectural properties of both scaffolds. Methods Pore amount, pore size, interpore distance and porosity using SEM test with ImageJ analysis. Water absorption using swelling test. Results Chitosan and Chitosan RGD scaffolds have 225 and 237 pores, 176.4mm and 178.3mm sized pore, porosity of 12.8 and 12.9 , interpore distance of 94.7mm and 93.3mm, with water absorption of 10.5mgH2O mgScaffold dan 19.2mgH2O mgScaffold. Conclusions Crab shell chitosan RGD membrane scaffold has better architectural properties. "

"Selama 50 tahun terakhir Kota Bandung mengalami perkembangan yang cepat, terindikasi dari perubahan penggunaan tanah yang mengakibatkan degradasi lingkungan fisik perkotaan, diantaranya peningkatan suhu permukaan daratan SPD . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perubahan penggunaan tanah terhadap suhu permukaan daratan di Metropolitan Bandung Raya. Perubahan penggunaan tanah diperoleh dari citra Landsat. Berbasis pada pengolahan citra Landsat dengan parameter NDVI dan Urban Index pada tahun 2001, 2006, 2010 dan 2015 yang divalidasi melalui survey lapang pada 49 lokasi yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Analisis pola SPD dan hubungan dengan perubahan penggunaan tanah dilakukan dengan metode overlay peta dan regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukan secara spasial pusat kota memiliki suhu yang tinggi. Perubahan terjadi pada sekitar kota terutama yang mengarah ke selatan dengan tingkat perubahan suhu permukaan daratan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan bagian lain dan sebesar 47,1 suhu permukaan daratan dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan vegetasi, kerapatan bangunan dan ketinggian.

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During the last 50 years, Bandung has experienced a rapid development, indicated from changes in land use that resulted in degradation of the urban physical environment, including an increase in surface temperature of the mainland SPD . This study aims to analyse the effect of land use change on a terrestrial surface temperature in Metropolitan Bandung Raya. Land use change was obtained from Landsat image.

Based on the processing of Landsat images with NDVI and Urban Index parameters in 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2015 validated through field surveys in 49 locations selected by purposive sampling. Analysis of SPD pattern and relationship with land use change was done by overlay map method and multiple linear regression.

The analysis results show spatially the city centre has a high temperature. Changes occur around the city especially towards the south with a higher rate of surface temperature change of the land compared to other parts and 47,1 of the surface temperature of the land affected by vegetation density, building density and altitude."