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"The human population is heterogeneous and consists of populations of immense ethnic diversity. There are considerable allelic differences between human populations as well as individuals within each ethnic group as a result of molecular heterogeneity of the genome. This, in turn, is responsible for differential allelic expressionof genes endowing them with polymorphic characters. The molecular diversity within genes is responsible amongst others, of disease resistance or susceptibility or for that matter drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the key to the understanding of differentialdrug response in different patients in relation to genetic constitution. The revelation of such information at the molecular level would assist the pharmaceutical industry to address a therapy directed to each individual. The objective of this article is to understand the nuances of the genetic repertoire and correlate it withdisease gene identification, genes that have been or can be used as drug targets, identify candidate genes for drug development and recent trends in drug discovery."

"The human population is heterogenous and consist of popolations of immense ethnic diversity.There are considerable allelic differences between human populations as well as individuals within each ethnic group as a result of molecular heterogeneity of the genome.This,in turn,is responsible for differential allelic expression of genes endowing then with polymorphic characters. The molecular diversity within genes is responsible amongst others, of disease resistance or susceptibility or for that matter drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the key to the understanding of diferential drug response in different patient in relation to genetic constitution. The relevation of such information at the molecular level would assist the pharmaceutical industry to address a therapy directed to each individual.The objective of this article is to understand the mances of the genetic repertoire and correlate it with disease gene identification,genes that have been or can be used as drug targets,identify candidate genes for drug development and recent trend in drug discovery"

"Some diseases, such as cancer, hereditary and genetic diseases, as well as viral infectious diseases, have been treated unsatisfied by the conventional therapy so far, and even more, by the gene therapy. Together sixth the pharmaceutical industries, researchers put their best effort to hunt some molecules that can be mow favorable for such kind of therapy. After a pivotal study reported in May, 2001, it is certain that Ribonucleic acid (RNA) could effectively silence gene expression in mammalian cell line, SQ it was then proposed in 2004 the term RNA therapeutics. Antisense RNA therapy which came into the atage earlier seemed to be the one that can answer all the problems in knocking out the unwanted messenger in gate expression. RNA interference (RNAi) concept, which came later us around 2QOQ, began to look like a possible contender. It was reported some studies that RNAi seem to have some more advantages over hath stronger gene-silencing effects and greater ease of use. However, the main obstacle of all kind of gene therapy is, undoubtedly, on the delivery of this molecule to enter the target eel!, and mostly to where it is needed most inside the body. Some studies on genetic Material delivery system have been reported, and their progress has been discussed."

"Some diseases, such as cancer, hereditary and genetic diseases, as well as viral infectious diseases, have been treated unsatisfied by the conventional therapy so far, and even more, by the gene therapy. Together with the pharmaceutical industries, researchers put their best effort to hunt some molecules that can be more favorable forsuch kind of therapy. After a pivotal study reported in May, 2001, it is certain that Ribonucleic acid (RNA) could effectively silence gene expression in mammalian cell line, so it was then proposed in 2004 the term RNA therapeutics. Antisense RNA therapy which came into the stage earlier seemed to be the one that can answer all theproblems in knocking out the unwanted messenger in gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) concept, which came later in around 2000, began to look like a possible contender. It was reported in some studies that RNAi seems to have some more advantages over both stronger gene-silencing effects and greater ease of use. However, themain obstacle of all kind of gene therapy is, undoubtedly, on the delivery of this molecule to enter the target cell, and mostly, to where it is needed most inside the body. Some studies on genetic material delivery system have been reported, and theirprogress has been discussed."

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Paling sedikit ada tiga alasan mengapa saya memilih judul ini. Alasan pertama ada kaitannya dengan keperdulian Psikologi terhadap pengembangan sumber daya manusia di negara kita, mengingat pembangunan nasional tahap kedua nanti memang akan sangat mengandalkan warga masyarakat yang berkualitas. Psikologi sebagai suatu ilmu yang mempelajari perilaku manusia telah diakui sebagai suatu bidang studi yang memiliki metodologi yang tangguh dan objektif serta telah pula dianggap sebagai suatu teknologi maju dalam rekayasa pengembangan tingkah laku manusia (Mulyono Gandadiputra, 1982). Program studi Psikologi dapat memberi sumbangan dalam pengembangan pendidikan menuju pencapaian Tujuan Pendidikan Nasional seperti digariskan oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1989 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Alasan kedua adalah pertimbangan bahwa pendidikan nasional di negara kita perlu dibina dan dikembangkan sebaik-baiknya agar merata dan menjangkau seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Tugas ini adalah amat berat, maka tidak mungkin dipikul sendiri oleh Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Para ahli diharapkan dapat memberi sumbangan saran, pemikiran dan dukungan keahliannya untuk dapat memelihara, menumbuhkan, meningkatkan dan mengembangkan pendidikan nasional (Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, pada acara dialog para ahli pendidikan negara Selatan-Selatan dan Utara-Selatan di Bandung, 17 Mei 1993). Alasan ketiga adaalah untuk ikut urun rembug mencarikan "seutas benang merah", yang dapat memperkecil kontroversi yang timbul dalam masyarakat dewasa ini; tentang siap atau tidak siap pakainya sumber daya manusia setelah mereka mengikuti pendidikan formal.

Beberapa tahun yang 1a1u, UNESCO telah menugaskan Torsten Husen, seorang pendidik kenamaan berkebangsaan Swedia yang telah banyak menulis buku bermutu tentang pendidikan, untuk membuat prediksi tentang kecenderungan pendidikan di dunia sebagai akibat proses globalisasi (Torsten Husen, 1990).

Torsten Husen meramalkan, bahwa banyak negara di dunia akan berkembang menjadi negara industri bahkan akan mencapai tahap pasca industri. Selanjutnya menurut Torsten Husen: "These societies have some interrelated characteristics which constitute a pervasive syndrome of the science-dominated, high technology information society" (him. 46).

Menurut Torsten Husen, dalam era globalisasi, perlu diperhatikan beberapa karakteristik masyarakat yang dianggap terkait dengan perkembangan pendidikan dan akan mempengaruhi kebijakan dan pengambilan keputusan pendidikan.

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