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"Deklarasi kemerdekaan Amerika, yang doktrinannya berbunyi: 'Tuhan telah menciptakan semua manusia sederajat dan mereka itu telah diberkahi dengan hak-hak yang tidak terpisahkan dari diri mereka, diantaranya adalah kehidupan, kemerdekaan dan upaya-upaya untuk mencapai kebahagiaan', menurut Kallen (19967:67) adalah sebuah instrumen atau sebuah senjata menyerang dan bertahan dalam sebuah konflik politik dan ekonomi anatara Amerika sebagai negara koloni atau jajahan dengan Inggris sebagai negara penjajahnya. Doktrin kesamaan hak yang menjadi dasar utama dari Deklarasi tersebut dimaksudkan untuk melindungi keteraturan-keteraturan sosial dari penghancuran oleh kekuasaaan orang-orang yang mempunyai 'hak suci' (divine right), yang fungsinya adalah untuk menolah keharusan taat kepada superioritas tradisional Inggris. Banyak diantara para penandatangan Deklarai yang sebenarnya memiliki budak-budak orang hitam, yang karena itu sebenarnya dapat dikatakan bertentangan dengan isi Deklarasi kemerdekaan yang mereka tandtangani."

"In many multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies, nation building has often become the urgent task of the government. Under the authoritarian rule of Soeharto, the state introduced an assimilationist policy towards the ethnic Chinese. As the model of the Indonesian nation was based on indigeneity, the ethnic Chinese, considered to be foreign, were expected to be absorbed into the 'native population'. However, after the fall of Soeharto and the rise of a more democratic regime, this policy has been gradually abandoned and multiculturalism has been adopted. This paper aims at examining the evolving concept of the Indonesian nation, the state changing policies towards the ethnic Chinese and the responses of this minority, especially after the fall of the New Order regime. The revival of Chinese ethnicity and the relationship with nation building in the land of the Garuda will also be discussed."

"The recognition of the cultural pluralism by a country and its society is a challenge regarding the existence of its social justice. Multiculturalism is considered as a recent 'innovation' in a democratic society, leading to the social justice despite its various Forms and different implementations in each country. This article depicts the multicultural growths, development and issues in some European countries and the European Community. The Netherlands has introduced combined recognition regarding cultural pluralism and its national integration concept on the basis of the membership of a community. The United Kingdom prioritizing individuals rather than institutional organizatory is still facing racism issues. France bends to be in the crossroad with the existence of the ideas against the myths presenting social identities. The European Community has been conflicting the identity of Europe."

"On the basis of Bruner's concept of a 'dominant culture', the author analyzes the cases of Bandung, Sambas and Ambon. By comparing the three cases, the author reveals the differences of adaptation strategies among the Javanese in Bandung, the Madurese in Sambas, and the BBM (Buton, Bugis, Makassar) in Ambon. The Javanese from the lower classes in Bandung follow the Sundanese culture as the dominant one, and try to adopt Sundanese ways of behavior. Harmonious relationship between the migrants and the Sundanese as the host population is thus maintained. On the other hand, the Madurese in Sambas and the BBM in Ambon forced their rules and principles so as to dominate those from the natives. As a result, conflicts between the natives and the migrants could not be avoided. The author argues that the dominant culture in a specific setting, with its rules and norms, should be followed by the migrants and outsiders. However, the challenges to the dominant culture can be diverse in different societies and settings. The cases in Sambas and Ambon reveal that there is a problem in the challenge toward the dominant culture in those societies."

"On the basis of Bruner's concept of a dominant culture, the author analyzes the case of Bandung, Sambas, and Ambon. By comparing the three cases, the author reveals the differences in adaptation strategies among the Javanese in Bandung, the Maduranese in Sambas, and the BBM (Buton, Bugis, Makassar) in Ambon...[...] The author argues that the dominant culture in a specific setting, with its rules and norms, should be followed by the migrants and outsiders. However, the challenges to the dominant culture can be diverse in different societies and setting. The cases in Sambas and Ambon reveal that there is a problem in the challenge toward the dominant culture in those societies."

"Bhineka Tunggal Ika formal by the many tribe , religion and race was exist in Indonesia."