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"ABSTRACTA study was done to investigate the number and function of T cells of underfive children in Kelurahan Kramat, Kecamatan Senen, Jakarta Pusat. Grouping of samples was done based on weight-for-age, into well nourished (normal) children as control, mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM. The number of each group was 15.The relative number of T cells in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced compared to the normal group (P <0.01 , See Figure 13). The relativenumber of blast-transformation of the severe PEM group compared with the mild-moderate PEB and the severe PEM with the normal group were not significantly different (P>0.05, See Figure 15). The total serum protein in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were not significantly different compared to the normal group (P> 0.05, See Figure 16). The protein intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced compared to the normal group (P<0.01, See Figure 17). The energy intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced to the normal group (P<0.01, See Appendix 11).From the facts mentioned above it can be assumed strongly that: Lower protein intake in combination with lower energy intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM are most probably very important factors that cause the reduction of T lymphocyte number in both moderate PEM as well as in severe PEM."

"Stunting merupakan kondisi gagal tumbuh anak yang disebabkan oleh rendahnya asupan gizi, dimulai sejak janin hingga 1.000 hari pertama kehidupan. Salah satu indikator penyebab terjadinya kekurangan gizi adalah kekurangan Vitamin C. Vitamin C merupakan vitamin yang larut dalam air dan dikeluarkan melalui urine. Kadar Vitamin C urine kurang dari 1,12 mmol/L mengindikasikan bahwa pasien kekurangan asupan Vitamin C. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan deteksi dini untuk pemantauan asupan Vitamin C yang cukup pada ibu hamil. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengembangan sistem kolorimeteri untuk pengukuran kadar Vitamin C dalam urine dengan model klasifikasi dan regresi berbasis citra dengan strip uji. Citra ditangkap menggunakan kamera ponsel pintar Samsung Galaxy A72, Samsung Galaxy A31, Huawei Nova 5T, dan Vivo Y12. Proses akuisisi citra menggunakan kotak uji yang berisikan papan warna referensi yang mengacu pada X-Rite Color Checker Classic dan barcode uji. Barcode uji merupakan transformasi dari strip uji dengan cara menggunting strip menjadi dua bagian sama besar. Diterapkan model koreksi warna Polynomial Color Correction (PCC) pada citra sebelum memasuki model. Arsitektur model Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) yang digunakan adalah VGG16. Dilakukan variasi bentuk citra input untuk mengetahui bentuk citra yang paling sesuai untuk sistem kolorimetri, studi kasus Vitamin C urine. Variasi bentuk citra input meliputi citra analit tunggal, citra analit multiple, citra seluruh analit, dan citra barcode urinalisis. Citra barcode urinalisis merupakan gabungan antara barcode uji dan warna referensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik didapatkan dengan menggunakan bentuk citra input barcode urinalisis. CNN-VGG16 mampu melakukan koreksi warna serta ekstraksi fitur di dalam model. Keluaran sistem berupa 5 kelas kadar Vitamin C urine dan kadar Vitamin C urine. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan 3500 citra dengan sampel urine buatan dan 680 citra dengan sampel urine asli. Diperoleh performa model klasifikasi CNN-VGG16 dengan akurasi sebesar 99,5% pada urine buatan dan 88,7% pada urine asli. Didapatkan performa model regresi CNN-VGG16 dengan nilai R2 sebesar 0,998 dan RMSE sebesar 0,067 dengan urine buatan, serta nilai R2 sebesar 0,930 dan RMSE sebesar 0,457 dengan urine asli. Performa tersebut menandakan bahwa sistem kolorimetri urinalisis dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kelas kadar Vitamin C urine dan mengukur kadar Vitamin C urine.

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Stunting is a condition of impaired growth and development that children experience caused by low nutrional intake, starting from fetus until the first 1,000 days of life. One indicator that cause malnutrition is a lack of Vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin and excreted in the urine. A urine Vitamin C level less than 1.12 mmol/L, indicates that the patient is deficient in Vitamin C intake. Therefore, early detection is needed to monitor adequate intake of Vitamin C in pregnant women. In this study, a colorimetric system was developed for predict Vitamin C contents in urine using image-based classification and regression models with urine test strip. The image was captured using the Samsung Galaxy A72, Samsung Galaxy A31, Huawei Nova 5T, and Vivo Y12 smartphone cameras. The image acquisition process uses an image housing box contains a reference color board that refers to the X-Rite Color Checker Classic and a test barcode. The test barcode is a transformation of the urine test strip by cutting the strip into two equal parts. The Polynomial Color Correction (PCC) color correction model is applied to the image before entering the CNN models. The architecture of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model used is VGG16. Variations in the input image form were carried out to determine the most suitable image form for the colorimetric system, in case study of Vitamin C urine. Variations of input image form including single analyte image, multiple analyte image, all analyte image, and urinalysis barcode image. The urinalysis barcode image is a combination of the test barcode and the reference color. The results showed that the best model was obtained using the form of urinalysis barcode input image. CNN-VGG16 can perform color correction and feature extraction in the model. The system outputs are 5 classes of urine Vitamin C contents and Vitamin C contents of urine. Experiments were carried out with 3500 images using artificial urine samples and 680 images using real urine samples. The performance of the CNN-VGG16 classification model was obtained with an accuracy of 99.5% using artificial urine and 88.7% using real urine samples. The performance of the CNN-VGG16 regression model was obtained with an R2 value of 0.998 and an RMSE of 0.067 using artificial urine, as well as an R2 value of 0.930 and an RMSE of 0.457 using real urine. This performance indicates that the urinalysis colorimetric system can be used to determine the class of urine Vitamin C contents and measure urine Vitamin C contents."

"protein-energy malnutrition is common in patients with liver cirrhosis , especially in advanced and severe stage. Liver cirrchosis patients with malnutrition have increasing risk to get post-operative complication and mortality...."

"Gizi buruk merupakan kekurangan gizi tingkat berat terutama pada anak-anak dibawah umur lima tahun (balita) dan merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama di Indonesia yang perlu ditanggulangi karena berdampak terhadap kesehatan dan Human Devolopment Index manusia Indonesia 15-20 tahun yang akan datang. Masalah gizi memiliki dimensi yang luas, tidak hanya merupakan masalah kesehatan tetapi juga meliputi masalah sosia}, ekonomi, budaya, pola asuh, pendidikan dan lingkungan. Faktor pencetus munculnya masalah gizi dapat berbeda antara wilayah ataupun antara kelompok masyarakat, bahkan akar masalah ini dapat berbeda antara kelompok usia balita. Kondisi krisis ekonomi sejak tahun 1997 dan terus berkelanjutan sampai saat ini, menyebabkan daya beli pada masyarakat secara umum menjadi menurun, karena disatu pihak relatif banyak yang kehilangan sumber mata pencaharian sementara dipihak lain adanya peningkatan harga barang dan jasa. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan dampak buruk terhadap kesehatan dan gizi masyarakat, terutama balita. Masalah gizi pada anak balita di provinsi Riau dari tahun ke tahun cenderung meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor status ekonomi keluarga dengan terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita umur 6 bulan sampai < 5 tahun di Kabupaten Kampar Riau tahun 2002, dengan variabel kovariatnya yaitu riwayat diare, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu, umur balita, jenis kelamin, jumlah anggota keluarga, pekerjaan ayah, pekerjaan ibu, pengetahuan ibu, dan pemberian ASI ekslusif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian bservasional dengan metoda kasus kontrol. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu-ibu yang mempunyai anak balita umur 6-59 bulan dengan status gizi buruk saat penelitian, dan sebagai kontrolnya adalah ibu dengan balita gizi baik (148 kasus dan 148 kontrolnya). Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Kampar Riau. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil uji analisis logistik diketahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara status ekonomi keluarga dengan terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita di Kabupaten Kampar Riau (p=0,0001) dengan OR 2,8599 (95% CI: 1,7176 - 4,7619 ). Dari hasil perhitungan dampak potensial diketahui bahwa status eknomi keluarga (keluarga miskin) mempunyai kontribusi sebesar 47% sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya gizi buruk balita, artinya jika faktor ini dihilangkan maka akan dapat dicegah terjadinya gizi buruk pada balita sebesar 47%. Disimpulkan bahwa status ekonomi keluarga mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan terjadinya gizi buruk pada anak balita, untuk itu dalam upaya penanggulangan dan pencegahan masalah gizi agar memberikan perhatian dan penekanan kepada variabel status ekonomi keluarga (kemiskinan), dengan melakukan upaya terpadu. Dalam pemilihan dan perencanaan upaya yang berkaitan dengan masalah gizi buruk ini agar mempertimbangkan ukuran dampak potensial yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita.

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The Relationship Between Family Economical Status and The Incidence of Severe Malnutrition Cases Among Children of Under five Years in Kabupaten Kampar Riau Province 2002Severe Malnutrition is the chronic nutrient deficiency, which usually occurs at under five years old children. It also the main nutrient problems in Indonesia that should have to decline and reducing its effects to health and Indonesians Human Development Index for the next 15 - 20 years.

The nutrition problem has a very wide dimension, not just public health problems but also social, economic, culture, care, education, and environment. The ignitions of nutrition problems in one region or society to another could be different, in fact the occurrence among under five years old children could be different.

Indonesia's economic crisis conditions in 1997 and still continuing today caused public's purchasing power decreasing generally, as effect of un-employments and the raise of goods and services prices. Those conditions could make worst for public's health and nutrients, especially toddlers. Nutrient problems in Riau Province inclination increase years after years.

The goals of this research is to determines the connection between economical status factors and severe malnutrition incidences, age between 6 months - 5 years old, at Kabupaten Kampar Riau in 2002; with diarrheic, parents educational, toddlers age, gender, numbers of family members, parents works, mother's maternity knowledge, and breast feeding, as the covariate variables.

This research is an observational research with case control method. The respondents of this research are the mothers that have children of under five years, which have severe malnutrition, and as the controls are the mothers that have good nutrition (148 cases and 148 controls). The research took place at Kabupaten Kampar Riau (p = 0,0001) with OR 2, 8599 (95% CI: 1,7176 - 4,7619).

According to potential effect formula, had known that the family's economical status (poor family) have 47% contributions as risk factor of severe malnutrition cases , that mean if we can eliminate this factor, we can reduce the toddlers bad nutrient cases to 47%.

The conclusion of the research, that family's economical status has a significant connection to incidence severe malnutrition cases, therefore any dealing and prevention acts with public's nutrients and health problems should pay attention to family's economical status variable by doing full planning works. In determining and planning acts to prevent the nutrient problems, we have to considering the potential effect values that make contributions to severe malnutrition cases."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara penilaian risiko malnutrisi menggunakan skor PG-SGA dengan kadar CRP serum sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi tingkat inflamasi pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher stadium I_IV guna mencegah terjadinya kaheksia. Malnutrisi hingga kaheksia pada kanker terjadi karena interaksi faktor tumor, faktor pejamu dan faktor-faktor lainnya. Faktor tumor berupa sitokin pro-inflamasi akan memicu respons pejamu untuk memproduksi protein fase akut seperti CRP. Protein fase akut memerlukan sejumlah substrat yaitu asam amino yang berasal dari otot rangka. Otot rangka akan mengalami degradasi sehingga menyebabkan wasting otot rangka. Oleh karena itu, CRP selain dapat digunakan sebagai marker inflamasi sistemik juga dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu indikator faktor risiko yang berperan dalam terjadinya malnutrisi dan kaheksia. Efek wasting otot rangka yang ditimbulkan secara tidak langsung oleh CRP dapat dinilai dengan terdapatnya penurunan BB maupun berkurangnya massa otot yang juga merupakan komponen dalam penilaian PG-SGA. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling yang melibatkan 51 subjek kanker kepala dan leher stadium I_IV yang belum mendapatkan terapi. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata usia 46,6 13,9 tahun, sebanyak 76,5 berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Kanker nasofaring merupakan kanker terbanyak 80,4 , dan stadium terbanyak yaitu stadium IVA. Rerata indeks massa tubuh IMT yaitu 20,6 4,0 kg/m2, dan sebanyak 37,3 subjek berada pada IMT normal. Berdasarkan skor PG-SGA sebanyak 64,7 subjek berisiko tinggi malnutrisi dengan rerata skor PG-SGA 11,7 6,2. Nilai median CRP yaitu 6,4 0,4_170,4 . Penelitian ini memperoleh korelasi positif yang signifikan antara skor PG-SGA dengan kadar CRP serum dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah r = 0,372; p = 0,007.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the malnutrition risk assessment using PG SGA score with serum CRP levels so that it can be used to predict the levels of inflammation in head and neck cancer patients stage I IV to prevent cachexia. Malnutrition and cancer cachexia occurs due to the interaction of tumor factors, host factors and other factors. Tumor factors such as pro inflammatory cytokines will trigger a response of the host to produce acute phase proteins such as CRP. Acute phase protein which require a number of amino acids derived from skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles will be degraded, causing skeletal muscle wasting. Therefore, CRP can be used as a marker of systemic inflammation and can be used as one indicator of the risk factors also that contribute to malnutrition and cachexia. Effect of skeletal muscle wasting which caused indirectly by the CRP can be assessed by the weight loss and reduced muscle mass which is a component in the assessment of PG SGA also. This study is a cross sectional study using consecutive sampling, 51 subjects head and neck cancer stage I IV who had not received treatment participated in this study. Data showed the mean age of subjects was 46.6 13,9 years, and 76 were male. Most cancer sites were as nasopharyngeal 80,4, and mostly in stage IVA. The mean body mass index BMI is 20,6 40 kg m2, with most of the BMI is normal 37,3. Based on PG SGA score 64,7 of the subjects at high risk of malnutrition, and the PG SGA mean score is 11,7 6,2. The median value of CRP is 6,4 0,4 170,4. The result of this study showed a significant positive correlation between PG SGA score with serum CRP levels with the strength of correlation is weak r 0,372 p 0,007. "

"Salah satu masalah kesehatan yang masih menjadi beban di negara-negara berkembang, seperti di Indonesia adalah masalah gizi buruk dan gizi kurang pada anak balita. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang rendah dengan timbulnya berbagai masalah kesehatan. Bila hal itu dibiarkan di masa yang akan datang, akan semakin banyak anak yang tidak dapat menyelesaikan program wajib belajar sebab IQ nya rendah. Anak balita gizi buruk memiliki IQ 13 poin lebih rendah dibandingkan anak normal. Hasil penimbangan balita di kota Bogor pada tahun 2004, menunjukkan bahwa balita gizi buruk sebesar 0,4% dan gizi kurang 8,9%. Pengalaman di Laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Gizi dan Makanan (Lab P3GM) menunjukkan bahwa untuk perbaikan status gizi balita gizi buruk dengan tanda klinis (DTK) lebih lama dibanding tanpa tanda Minis (TTK). Status gizi buruk DTK adalah apabila gizi buruk tipe marasmus, kwashiorkor, dan marasmik kwashiorkor. Sedangkan status gizi buruk TTK adalah bila secara antropometri BBILI - 3 SD atau BB/TB - 2 SD, maka dikategorikan gizi buruk.Selama ini belum diketahui faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi buruk balita DTK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian makanan dan ASI serta faktor lain terhadap status gizi buruk balita DTK yang datang le Lab P3GM tersebut. Juga diketahuinya faktor dominan yang berpengaruh pada status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, dengan disain penelitian Cross Sectional. Data yang digunakan berasal dari data anak balita gizi buruk yang mengikuti rawat jalan di Lab P3GM. Seluruh balita yang berkunjung pada tahun 2004-2005 yang datanya lengkap untuk analisis ink dan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sebanyak 74 anak. Analisis data yang dilakukan meliptiti analisis kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat dengan nienggimakan analisis Regresi Logistik Ganda.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa persentase jumlah gizi buruk balita DTK lebih besar (67,6%) dibanding balita GB= TTK (32,4%). Di antara anal( balita gizi buruk DTK, ternyata lebih banyak anak gizi buruk dengan tipe marasmus (56,S%), disusul marasrnik kwashiorkor. (8,1%) don kwashiorkor (2,7%).Pembezian ASI berhubungan bermakna dengan status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ASI merupakan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian status gizi buruk anak balita ILK setelah dikontrol oleh faktor umur balita dan status anemia. Anak balita yang tEdak mendapat ASI mempunyai peluang untuk menderita gizi buruk DTK 7,616 kali (OR= 7,616; 95% CI: 1,578-36,750) dibandingkan balita yang masih mendapat ASI setelah dikontrol variabel umur balita.Promosi pemberian ASI secara benar pada ibu-ibu dari balita gizi buruk perlu diprioritaskan Promosi. ASI tersebut di antaranya, menyusui eksklusif selama 6 bulan dan meneruskan pemberian ASI hingga usia 2 tahun.

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One of the health problem which is still being a burden in developing countries, including Indonesia, is malnutrition in underfive children. It related to the low quality of human resources with the occurrence of many health problems and if it is occurred, in the future will be many children not being able to graduate from their compulsory education program caused of their low IQ. Severe malnutrition children are 13 pains lower than normal children in IQ level. Children weighing result in Bogor 2004, showed that underfive children with severe malnutrition were 0,4% and moderate malnutrition were 8,9%. The experience in Food and Nutrition Development Research Center Laboratory (Lab P3GM) result is to improve the nutrition status of severe malnutrition in under five children with clinical sign (WCS) is longer than without clinical sign (WoCS). The WCS severe malnutrition are severe malnutritions with marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor types. Whereas the severe malnutrition WoCS is if in antropomically WIA - 3 SD or WIH - 2 SD, therefore categorized as severe malnutrition.

Until now, the factors that influence the WCS children with severe malnutrition are still undetectable. Research that aims to find the relationship between food and breast feeding gift along with other factors of WCS chidren with severe malnutrion status that came to the Lab P3GM. Also known the dominant factor which influenced the WCS children with severe malnutrition. This research uses secondary data of cross sectional research design. The children's data which suffered severe malnutrition and took the away treatment at Lab P3GIvL The amount of all underfive years chidren visited in 2004-2005 and had the complete data for this analysis and also suitable with the inclusive and exclusive criteria that made as examples in this research were 74 children. The data analysis that done, the chi square analysis and multivariate analysis.

Analysis result describes the some of WCS children with severe malnutrition are bigger (67,6%) than severe malnutrition WoCS (32,4%). Between severe malnutrition WCS children, apparently, there were more severe malnutrition children in marasmus type (56,8%), followed by marasmik kwashiorkor (8,3%) and kwashiorkor (2,7%).

Breast feeding gift is related to the WCS children status of severe malnutrition. The result of multivariate analysis described that breast feeding gift to children was the most dominant factor related to the WCS children status case of severe malnutrition after having been controlled by the children age and anaemic status factors. Underfive children that do not get breast feeding gift, having risk of suffering WCS severe malnutrition 7,616 times (OR = 7,616; 95% Cl : 1,578 -- 36,750) compared with children that still having the breast feeding after controlled according to children's age variables.

Promotion of breast feeding gift correctly, to all mothers of underfive children with severe malnutrition, needs to be given priority. The promotion is an exclusive breast feeding for 6 months and until 2 years old."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektifitas PERGIZI dilihat dari komponen input, proses, output dan outcome. Penelitian kualitatif dengan rancangan RAP (Rapid Assesment Procedure), dilakukan minggu keempat bulan Mei 2013 dengan informan kepala seksi gizi, petugas gizi, kader, bidan di desa, ibu balita dan tokoh masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PERGIZI efektif untuk menanggulangi gizi buruk di Puskesmas Sepatan. dengan indikator meningkatnya status gizi sebesar 69,1%, hanya komponen input yakni dana yang disebagian besar pos gizi masih kurang, sedangkan dari komponen proses dan output telah dapat mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan. Agar mengoptimalkan penanggulangan gizi buruk di wilayah Puskesmas Kabupaten Tangerang dengan PERGIZI.

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The aims of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the PERGIZI program viewed by its component such as inputs, process, outputs and outcomes. A qualitative research with RAP (Rapid Assessment Procedure) design was conducted at fourth week of May 2013. The data collection methods used an indepth interview and focused group discussion. With the informants 42 persons consisting of section head of nutrition, nutrition workers, cadres, village midwives, mothers of under five children and community leaders. This could be seen from change of nutritional status from the under five children as much as 69,1%. From the input component the mean barrier was funding both component process and output was considered successfull and achieving the predetermined goal. It is recomended to solve existing under five nutritional problem in the district of Tangerang using the PERGIZI approach."

"Follow-up study of severely malnourished children during early chIldhood have been carried out in Bogor, Indonesia. The aim of the study is to investigate the long-term effects of severe malnutrition during early childhood on intelligence level and physical growth of school-age children. Fifty six children recovered from severe malnutrition after rehabilitation at NRDC outpatient clinic in Bogor for six months and fifty six well-nourished children matching for age, sex and some socioeconomic condition were included in the study.Weight and height measurement were conducted in 1991 when they were under-five years of age and in 1998 when they were nine to 13 years of age. Psychological test using the WISC were carried out in 1998.Intelligence level of the children suffered from severe malnutrition during early childhood were lower 11.34 1Q point compared to the children who did not Those who were rehabilitated at younger age had significantly higher 10 scores compared to those of older age before the age of 18 months. The more severe the children at admission to the clinic, the lower their IQ level. Previously malnourished group Were signifiCt1Y shorter than match control group. Only little catch-up were observed at 5fooI-ag6 among previously malnourished children. Those wto came to rehabilitation clinic at older age tend to have the better improvement on physical growth compared to those who came during infancy."

"Protein of seaweed . Seeaweds are consumed by people,especially who lived in the coastal areas....."