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"Krugman used the Bernanke-Gertler model to explain the Asian Crisis. This model implies that macroeconomic shocks am decrease credit creation by reducing firms' creditworthiness or by eroding hank capital. Foreign banks in Indonesia should he less likely to restrict credit following macaroeconomic shocks than domestic banks because they employed better risk management practices, they were less vulnerable to disintermediation, and their customers were largely hedged. Thus foreign banks were used as the control group. Wt1 found that interest and exchange rate shocks reduced hunk capital and bunk lending more greatly in domestic batiks than in foreign banks. This indicates that the crisis curtailed the loan supply in Indonesia, forcing firms to reduce spending and output."

"ABSTRAKWe offer new insights on the dynamics of the exchange rate interest rate differential for the case of G7 economies. We show that the nexus is better considered using anasymmetric model, as suggested by a host of previous studies. In addition, we find therole of accounting for structural breaks to be prominent. We also show differences in thenexus between euro and non-euro G7 countries, suggesting heterogeneous monetarypolicies. Thus, we document the strongest evidence for the sticky price hypothesis inJapan and lesser evidence in the euro countries and the United Kingdom, with Canadaconsistently revealing evidence for the flexible price hypothesis."

"Tingkat suku bunga kredit yang tinggi dan berbeda oleh setiap bank menjadi salah satu masalah bagi debitur untuk memperoleh kredit. Perlambatan pertumbuhan kredit terjadi pada sektor korporasi. Di tahun 2011, Bank Indonesia melakukan implementasi kebijakan yang mewajibkan bank untuk mempublikasikan suku bunga dasar kredit yang bertujuan untuk menurunkan suku bunga kredit agar dapat mengendalikan suku bunga kredit dan mendorong sektor riil. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik bank dan faktor makroekonomi yang mempengaruhi suku bunga dasar kredit bank di Indonesia periode tahun 2011-2014. Jenis bank yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bank yang telah tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia yang berjumlah 19 bank. Variabel independen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah karakteristik bank yang terdiri dari variabel ukuran bank, rasio NPL, rasio likuiditas, LDR, Efficiency Ratio, dan faktor makroekonomi yaitu BI rate dan tingkat inflasi. Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah suku bunga dasar kredit. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu panel data analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran bank berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap suku bunga dasar kredit. Semakin rendah ukuran bank dilihat dari total aset, semakin tinggi suku bunga dasar kredit. Faktor makroekonomi yaitu BI rate dan inflasi juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap suku bunga dasar kredit. Semakin tinggi BI rate yang ditetapkan oleh Bank Indonesia maka semakin tinggi suku bunga dasar kredit yang diterapkan oleh bank. Sedangkan tingkat inflasi berpengaruh negatif terhadap suku bunga dasar kredit. Semakin tinggi tingkat inflasi, semakin rendah suku bunga dasar kredit.

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The high rate and the difference of lending interest rate by each bank become one of problematic issue for the debtors to obtain the debt. The slowly growth of credit happened in corporation sector. In 2011, Bank Indonesia implemented policy which obligate banks to publish their prime lending interest rate as a purpose to lower lending interest rate so that the interest could be controlled and encourage riil sector.

The aim of this research is to recognize the characteristic of bank and macroeconomy factor which affect the prime lending interest rate of listed bank in Indonesia for 2011 to 2014. The category of research object is listed bank in Indonesia Stock Exchange which total 19 banks. Independent variable used in this research are the characteristic of bank consist of bank size, NPL Ratio, Liquidity Ratio, LDR, Effeciency Ratio, and also macroeconomy factor consist of BI Rate and Inflation. Dependent variable examined in this research is the prime lending interest rate.

Analytical method used in this research is panel data analysis. The estimated result of this research is the bank characteristic which has significant influence against prime lending interest rate is the size of bank. The smaller size of bank based on total assets, the higher prime lending interest rate. Macroeconomy factor such as BI rate and inflation, also have significant influence against prime lending interest rate. The higher BI rate, the higher prime lending interest rate. The inflation has negative significant influence against prime lending interest rate. The higher inflation, the smaller prime lending interest rate."

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui ada/tidaknya perbedaan dampak shock pada perubahan suku bunga SBI, perubahan tingkat harga, dan perubahan kurs terhadap perubahan Net Interest Margin (NIM) bank umum dan bank berdasarkan kelompok kepemilikan serta mengetahui ada/tidaknya perbedaan antara variabel perubahan suku bunga SBI, perubahan tingkat harga dan perubahan kurs dalam mempengaruhi perubahan Net Interest Margin bank umum dan bank berdasarkan kelompok kepemilikan.Berdasarkan hasii analisis hubungan dinamis dengan menggunakan model VAR (Vector Autoregression) dapat disimpulkan adanya perbedaan dampak shock pada perubahan suku bunga SBI, perubahan tingkat harga dan perubahan kurs terhadap perubahan NIM antara bank umum, bank persero, bank BUSN (Bank Umum Swasta Nasional) devisa, bank BUSN non devisa, bank BPD (Bank Pembangunan Daerah), bank campuran dan bank asing. Perbedaan itu terlihat dari periode kapan respon positif/negatif dan saat menuju konvergen. Shock yang terjadi pada umumnya melalui transmisi kebijakan moneter dari suku bunga SBI berpengaruh ke suku bunga Pasar Uang Antar Bank (PUAB), kemudian berpengaruh ke suku bunga kredit/simpanan, setelah itu berpengaruh ke pendapatan/beban bunga, terakhir berpengaruh ke NIM.Analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) memperlihatkan pada umumnya respon awal perubahan NIM dari shock perubahan SBI yang terjadi adalah negatif karena suku bunga SBI yang meningkat membuat suku bunga simpanan meningkat sehingga beban bunga meningkat menyebabkan NIM berkurang. Kemudian respon awal perubahan NIM dari shock perubahan tingkat harga pada umumnya positif karena tingkat harga membuat suku bunga SBI, suku bunga PUAB dan suku bunga kredit meningkat sehingga pendapatan bunga meningkat akhirnya NIM meningkat. Terakhir respon awal perubahan NIM dari shock perubahan kurs lebih banyak yang positif karena sumber dana dalam bentuk simpanan valas pada bank umum relatif besar sehingga bila rupiah terdepresiasi maka bank bisa mendapatkan keuntungan dari nilai apreasiasi valas serta jasa keuangan terkait valas.Hasil Variance Decomposition (VDCs) menghasilkan bahwa variabilitas NIM pada bank persero, bank BPD dan bank asing lebih bisa dijelaskan oleh inflasi karena bank persero dan bank BPD merupakan bank milik pemerintah dimana memiliki fokus yang sama dengan bank sentral dalam memperhatikan tingkat harga sedangkan bank asing juga lebih memperhatikan shock tingkat harga karena inflasi di Indonesia cukup tinggi dibandingkan negara bank asing itu berasal. Meskipun demikian perbankan nasional secara agregat lebih dipengaruhi SBI karena merupakan sasaran operasional Inflatlon Targeting Framework dan untuk menentukan spread.

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This research objective are to detect is there any differences between impact of shock in change of SBI, change of price level, and change of exchange rate to change of Net Interest Margin (NIM) commercial bank and bank category that divided by ownership; and to detect is there any difference between change of SBI, change of price level and change of exchange rate in effecting change of Net Interest Margin commercial bank and bank category that divided by ownership.

The result of analysis relation dynamic with model VAR (Vector Autoregression) can be concluded that there are differences impact of shock in change of SBI, change of price level, and change of exchange rate to change of Net Interest Margin between commercial bank, State owned bank, foreign exchange commercial bank, non-foreign exchange commercial bank, regional development bank, joint venture bank, and foreign owned bank. This differences can be seen from what period positive/negative and when go to the convergent. Shock that happen generally through monetary policy transmission from SBI interest rate influence to inter-bank offered rate, then influence to credit/savings interest rate, then influence to income/charges from interest, then influence to NIM.

Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis show that generally early respond in change of NIM from shock change of SBI that occur is negative because SBI interest rate that increase can make saving interest rate increase then interest charges increase can cause NIM decrease. Then early respond change of NIM from shock change of price level generally positive because increasing of price level can make SBI interest rate, inter-barik offered rate, and credit interest rate increase until income from interest increase then NIM increase. Furthermore early respond change of NIM from shock change of exchange rate much more in positive because source of funds in foreign exchange savings in commercial bank relatively large so if rupiah depreciate then bank can have profit from foreign exchange appreciate and financial Service related to foreign exchange.

Variance Decomposition (VDCs) result show that NIM variability in State owned bank, regional development bank and foreign owned bank can be explained more from inflation because State owned bank and regional development bank are owned by the govemment where have the same focus with Central bank in pay attention to price level, and foreign owned bank more focus in shock price level because inflation in Indonesia higher than where the foreign owned bank come from. In spite of national banking in aggregate more influence by SBI because it is operational target in Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF) and to make decision of spread."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh faktor keuangan bank, faktor makro ekonomi, faktor kebebasan ekonomi dan faktor pasar terhadap spread suku bunga perbankan, khususnya perbankan konvensional. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel yaitu bank umum konvensional yang terdaftar di Bura Efek Indonesia periode 2013-2017 dan pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model regresi data panel.Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa semua variabel-variabel dari faktor keuangan bank yang digunakan dalam penelitian antara lain Return To Asset Ratio (RTAR), Liquidity Risk (LR), Cost Efficiency Ratio (CER), Risk Aversion (RA) dan Capital Adequacy (CA) signifikan terhadap spread suku bunga (IRS). Sedangkan variabel-variabel yang digunakan untuk mewakili faktor makro ekonomi hanya terdapat dua variabel yang signifikan dari lima variabel yang diuji terhadap spread suku bunga (IRS), yakni variabel Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dan Inflation Rate (IR). Selanjutnya untuk variabel-variabel yang diujikan dari faktor kebebasan ekonomi dan faktor pasar, keseluruhan variabelnya berpengaruh atau signifikan terhadap spread suku bunga (IRS).

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This study aims to analyze the influence of bank financial factors, macroeconomic factors, economic freedom factors and market factors on the spread of bank interest rates, especially conventional banking in Indonesia. This study uses a sample of conventional commercial banks registered in Bura Efek Indonesia in the period 2013-2017 and carried out using a panel data regression model.

The results of this study found that all variables of bank financial factors used in the study included Return To Asset Ratio (RTAR),Liquidity Risk (LR), Cost Efficiency Ratio (CER), Risk Aversion (RA) and Capital Adequacy (CA) significant to interest rate spread (IRS). While the variables used to represent macroeconomic factors there are only two significant variables from the five variables tested against the interest rate spread (IRS), namely the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Inflation Rate (IR) variables. Furthermore, for the variables tested from the factors of economic freedom and market factors, the overall variables have an effect or significant effect on the interest rate spread (IRS)."

"Berdasarkan data Bank Indonesia pendapatan bunga bank mengkontribusi 76% terhadap total pendapatan kotor operasional bank. Hal ini menunjukkan pendapatan bunga bank merupakan komponen yang penting dalam profitabilitas bank. Dikarenakan tingkat suku bunga merupakan komponen yang menghasilkan pendapatan kotor operasional bank, maka sangatlah penting mengetahui faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkat suku bunga bank di tahun berjalan. Tesis ini mengindentifikasi faktor internal bank dan faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi tingkat suku bunga dalam periode 2009-2013. Objek penelitian ini menggunakan 109 bank yang tercatat aktif di Bank Indonesia. Tingkat suku bunga pinjaman dan simpanan sebagai variabel dependen. BOPO (Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional), Rasio NIM (Net Interest Margin), rasio NPL (Non Performing Loan), total kredit, DPK (Dana Pihak Ketiga), dan LDR(Loan Deposit Ratio) dan BI RATE sebagai variabel independen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel BOPO, NIM, dan NPL bergerak positif sementara variabel Total Kredit bergerak negatif terhadap tingkat suku bunga pinjaman. Variabel DPK dan BI Rate bergerak positif sementara variabel LDR bergerak negatif terhadap tingkat suku bunga simpanan.

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Based on data from Bank Indonesia interest income contributed 76% to total gross income of the bank's operations. This shows the interest income of banks is an important component in the bank's profitability. Due to the interest rate is a component of gross revenue that result in the bank's operations, it is important to know what factors affect the level of interest rates in the current year. This thesis identifies factors the bank's internal and external factors that affect interest rate in the period 2009-2013. The object of this study using the 109 registered banks active in Bank Indonesia. The interest rates on loans and deposits as dependent variable. BOPO ratio (operasting expense to operational income), NIM ratio (Net Interest Margin), NPL ratio (Non Performing Loan), total kredit, TPF (Third Party Fund), LDR (Loan Deposit Ratio) and BI RATE as independent variables. The result: BOPO, NIM and NPL have positive effect meanwhile Credit have negative effect to loan interest rates. TPF and BI Rate have positive effect meanwhile LDR have negative effect to deposit interest rates."

"Penelitian ini secara empiris mengkaji respon suku bunga perbankan di Indonesia terhadap suku bunga kebijakan moneter, dengan fokus pada perubahan respon suku bunga yang terjadi setelah perubahan suku bunga kebijakan menjadi BI 7DRR pada 19 Agustus 2016. Studi ini menggunakan data bulanan suku bunga tabungan, deposito, dan pinjaman dari berbagai kelompok serta jenis produk perbankan pada periode September 2011 hingga Desember 2021. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa rezim suku bunga BI 7DRR telah meningkatkan respons suku bunga perbankan pada jangka panjang, namun tidak pada jangka pendek. Selain itu ditemukan bahwa suku bunga pinjaman menjadi lebih kaku ke atas (upward rigiditas), karena perbankan menjadi lebih responsif terhadap kebijakan moneter longgar daripada kebijakan moneter ketat.

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This study empirically examines the asymmetric transmission of monetary shocks to various retail bank interest rates in Indonesia, focusing on changes in pricing behavior that may have occurred after the shift of benchmark policy rates to BI 7DRR in August 19, 2016. We analyzed monthly data on interest rates for savings, time deposits, and lending from various groups and products of retail bank from September 2011 to December 2021. We find that the BI 7DRR interest rate regime has improved the response of retail bank rates in the long term, but not in the short term. However, lending rates have become more rigid upwards, as lenders have become more responsive to monetary easing than to monetary tightening."

"Penyusunan Tesis bertujuan untuk membandingkan jalur yang paling baik antara jalur Traditional Interest Rate Channel dan Exchange Rate Channel dalam mempengaruhi GDP dan inflasi. Model ekonometrika yang digunakan adalah analisis dinamis time series VAR in difference, yaitu impulse response dengan menggunakan data dari Bank Indonesia dan Biro Pusat Statistik sejak 1990 s.d. 2009 secara triwulanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suku bunga SBI 1 bulan memiliki peran penting dan dapat dijadikan sebagai suku bunga rujukan/acuan bagi pelaku ekonomi. Jalur suku bunga dan nilai tukar bekerja dengan baik sesuai dengan teori. Secara keseluruhan jalur suku bunga bekerja lebih baik dibandingkan dengan nilai tukar. Meskipun demikian, peran jalur nilai tukar memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap sasaran akhir terutama inflasi sehingga tetap perlu mendapat perhatian otoritas moneter.

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This thesis aims to see which one is better be used as monetary transmission between traditional interest rate channel and exchange rate channel to influence the GDP and inflation. Econometric model used is the time series dynamics analysis of VAR in difference, that is impulse response. The research uses secondary data sourced from Bank Indonesia and Biro Pusat Statistik since 1990 to 2009 quarterly. The thesis finds that SBI rate of 1 month has an important role and it can be used as reference rate by economic agent. Both of traditional interest rate channel and exchange rate channel have worked as theory. Overall, the interest rate channel works better than exchange rate channel in influencing the GDP and inflation. Meanwhile, the role of exchange rate channel have a big impact to the inflation that the monetary authority should pay attention to the channel."