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"Pengembangan kapas transgenik dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan serat kapas yang mencapai 464.400 ton per tahun, untuk industri tekstil di Indonesia. Produksi kapas Indonesia hanya dapat memenuhi 2% kebutuhan dalam negeri sehingga sisa kebutuhan kapas harus dipenuhi melalui impor.Rendahnya produktivitas kapas di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya iklim, teknologi budidaya, ketersediaan bibit unggul serta gangguan hama dan penyakit. Faktor-faktor tersebut mengakibatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman terganggu sehingga potensi produksi tanaman kapas menjadi tidak optimal.Kapas transgenik Bollgard adalah salah satu produk rekayasa genetik yang dikembangkan melalui teknik rekombinan ADN. Gen Bt yang ditransfer ke tanaman kapas memiliki efektivitas pengendalian yang tinggi terhadap hama utama tanaman kapas H. armigera sehingga melalui pengembangan kapas transgenik diharapkan produktivitas tanaman kapas dapat ditingkatkan.Di samping meningkatkan produktivitas, dalam pengembangan kapas transgenik Bollgard harus dilakukan pengkajian terutama pada saat dilepas ke lingkungan, mengingat protein crylAc yang dihasilkan oleh Bt di dalam kapas Bollgard kemungkinan dapat tertransfer ke tanaman lain, berpengaruh pada serangga non-target maupun jumlah mikroba tanah yang dapat mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun suatu model dinamik yang dapat menggambarkan secara holistik pengaruh pengembangan kapas Bollgard pada lingkungan, baik lingkungan alami yang dicerminkan melalui dinamika populasi serangga hama dan mikroba tanah, lingkungan sosial dalam hal ini adalah dinamika penduduk dan kehidupan sosial ekonomi penduduk khususnya petani, melalui tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat yang memperoleh manfaat dari budidaya tanaman kapas, maupun lingkungan buatan berupa ekosistem perkebunan kapas. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk membuat prediksi pengaruh pengembangan tanaman transgenik pada lingkungan melalui simulasi model dinamik.Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan gabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode system dynamics. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan melalui tahap: (1) desk study, untuk mengkaji hasil-hasil penelitian sebelumnya, (2) tahap deskriptif analitik dengan metode survei, dan (3) pembuatan model.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa diagram simpal kausal yang menyusun model pengaruh pengembangan kapas transgenik pada lingkungan membentuk empat simpal positif (reinforcing loop) dan empat simpal negatif (balancing loop). Pada subsistem penduduk bekerja satu simpal positif dan satu simpal negatif. Pada subsistem produksi kapas terbentuk duo simpal positif dan dua simpal negatif sedangkan pada subsistem serangga hama terbentuk satu simpal positif dan satu simpal negatif.Simulasi yang dilakukan pada model dinamik pengaruh pengembangan kapas transgenik pada lingkungan menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan kapas transgenik Bollgard menunjukkan adanya dampak pada penurunan populasi serangga hama. Berdasarkan prediksi, populasi serangga hama akan meningkat kembali sejalan dengan timbulnya resistensi serangga hama terhadap protein crylAc yang dihasilkan tanaman kapas Bollgard. Jumlah total mikroba tanah berkurang akibat protein crylAc, dan diprediksi berkurangnya mikroba tanah dapat mengurangi tingkat kesuburan tanah. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan kapas transgenik menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada tingkat kesejahteraan petani.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, beberapa upaya yang disarankan antara lain: menerapkan teknik budidaya yang tepat dengan mengurangi penggunaan herbisida dan pupuk kimia untuk mengatasi berkurangnya mikroba tanah yang dapat mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah. Pengendalian serangga hama yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem dan stabilitas produksi dengan pengelolaan resistensi hama melalui penerapan strategi refugia. Selain itu, perlu dilakukan pengkajian lebih lanjut mengenai dampak tanaman transgenik pada komponen tanah lain yang ikut menentukan kesuburan lahan, seperti komponen fisik tanah, kimia tanah, serta bahan organik tanah.

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The development of transgenic cotton is performed to fulfill cotton demand by Indonesian textile industries at the amount of 464.000 ton per year. Indonesia's production supply only 2% of local demand, while the rest is imported.

The low cotton productivity in Indonesia is influenced by climate condition, cultivation technology, the availability of high quality seed stock, and pest attack. The effect from those factors will inhibit plant's growth, which resulted on the low cotton productivity.

The transgenic Bollgard cotton is produced by genetic engineering using DNA recombinant techniques. Bt gene transferred to cotton plant cell can effectively control H. Amigera cotton's main. Development of this transgenic cotton is expected increase cotton plant productivity.

Research on the impact of transgenic Bollgard cotton cultivation to the environment should be done due to the possibility that crylAc protein produced by Bt which is inserted to Bollgard cotton can possibly transferred to other plant and then influence either the non-target insect or the number of soil microorganism and has the effect to soil fertility.

The objective of this research is to build a dynamic model that can describe holistically the impact of developing Bollgard cotton to the environment, either natural environment indicate by the dynamics of pest population and soil microorganism, social environment indicate by the dynamics of population and socio-economic aspect mainly farmer with the prosperity level who get the benefit of cotton cultivated, or man-made environment indicate by cotton field eco-system. The other objective research is to predict the impact of developing transgenic plant to the environment by means of system dynamics model simulation.

The research is used the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches and System Dynamics method. The research is divided into 3 phases: (1) desk study to review and study the previous research (2) descriptive analyses, done by survey method, and (3) build a dynamics model.

The research finds that the causal loop diagram created to study the impact of transgenic cotton to the environment forms 4 positive loops (reinforcing loops) and 4 negative loops (balancing loops). In population subsystem, there are 1 reinforcing loop and 1 balancing loop. In cotton production subsystem, there are 2 reinforcing loops and 2 balancing loops, and pest insect subsystem formed 1 reinforcing loop and 1 balancing loop.

Based on the simulation of the dynamics model on the impact of development, of transgenic cotton to the environment, it is concluded that there is an impact to the decrease of pest insect population. It is predicted that, insect pest population will increase along with the increasing resistance of the pest to crylAc protein produced by Boligard cotton plant. The number of total soil microorganism will decrease due to the presence of crylAc protein and is predicted to decrease the soil fertility index. This research finds that there is an impact to the farmer's income from the cultivation of transgenic cotton.

It is suggested to implement the suitable cultivation technique to resolve the decreasing number of soil microorganism that affect to soil fertility, the effects of applying refugee strategy to control pest insect population. Further researches concerning the impact of transgenic plant to another soil component which would be influenced soil fertility and plant productivity should be done."

"Vaccines have played an important role in preventive medicine since Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox induced protection against human smallpox. Until recently, a vaccination has meant a needle in the arm. However, with the increasing need for inexpensive, easily administered vaccines, along with the improvements in genetic engineering, the concept of edible vaccines is fast becoming reality. This is especially important in developing countries, where it is estimated that three to five million children die each year from common diseases, which could have easily been prevented with the proper vaccination. Compared to traditional labsynthesized vaccines, plants are capable of producing proteins at lower cost, and need not be isolated for injection. Plant-based vaccines are also safer than traditional vaccines because they use selected sub-units of the disease rather the attenuated whole disease-causing organism."

"An ex ante valuation was carried out to determine economic feasibility and sustainability of transgenic Bt and RR corn seeds adoption at farm level. Farm surveys were conducted in East Java and Lampung provinces to collect data form the existing com farms. Data were analyzed using methods of input - output analysis, contingent valuation methods (CVM) and multi - attribute value theory (MAVT). Simulated input - output analysis (with vs without) was conducted using previously available trial data and transgenic corn, , some experts were requested to weigh potential alternatives based on various criteria, sub - criteria and indicators employing analytical hierachy process (AHP) technique. Feasilibity valuation showed that transgenic corn provides higher farm revenue that that of conventional hybrid corn i,e. Rp. 10,7 - 14,4 million and Rp.10,2-12,4 million per hectare, respectively. Majority of farmers were willing to pay higher price. Sustainability index calculated at farm level showed slightly higher aggregate index of transgenic corn seeds adoption compared to that of existing hybrid corn. Institutional framework and capacity, regulation and public perception were seen as the most critical factors in ensuring successful adoption of transgenic seeds in Indonesia."

"The effect of individual oncogene on diverse cell types could be studied by using transgenic mice. The expression of transgene is mainly determined by the regulatory sequences chosen. Fifty four v-H-ras transgenic FVB/N mice and 54 parental FVB/N mice were used as the experimental and the control groups respectively. Each group was divided into nine subgroups with three different treatments i.e. 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-treated, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate(PDD)-treated and propane-1,2-diol (PD)-treated palatal of mice for 6, 16 or 24 weeks. Other four mice of parental mice were used as the untreated group. Two weeks after the last painting, all animals were sacrificed and the intra- or extra-oral tissues were removed and fixed in 4% m/v paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. Hard tissue were then decalcified after the fixation was completed. Subsequently, standard procedure for H&E staining was performed. The results of this studyshowed that 47 out of 54 transgenic mice produced spontaneous odontogenic, epidermal or mesenchymal neoplasms. After 24 weeks of painting with 4NQO there was minimal evidence of palatal epithelial dysplasia in both transgenic and parental strain groups and neither the PDD nor PD groups showed evidence of dysplasia. From these results it was apparent that the effect of 4NQO and PDD was slower than reported for other strain of mice and that activated v-H-ras did notincrease the rate of palatal mucosal carcinogenesis in the model used. On the other hand, incidental abnormalities were much detected especially in the experimental group."

"Perkembangan dari produk rekayasa genetik ibarat dua sisi mata uang: ada potensi manfaat, ada juga potensi risiko. Kedua sisi ini sendiri masih sarat dengan ketidakpastian ilmiah. Oleh sebab itu, penting untuk menerapkan prinsip kehatihatian. Dalam Protokol Cartagena, salah satu instrumen yang digunakan untuk mendorong prinsip kehati-hatian adalah kajian risiko. Di Indonesia, instrumen ini digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan terkait pelepasan dan peredarannya. Agar dapat menjelaskan potensi, kemungkinan, dan konsekuensi dari pemanfaatan dan pelepasan produk rekayasa genetik, maka kajian risiko perlu menggunakan data yang bersifat langsung (direct) sehingga memenuhi posisi ‘risiko’ di kerangka kerja incertitude. Mengingat pentingnya kajian risiko dalam kerangka perizinan atas pelepasan dan/atau peredaran produk rekayasa genetik di Indonesia, maka tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana penerapan peraturan mengenai produk rekayasa genetik, khususnya terkait kajian risiko terhadap keamanan lingkungan. Dengan menggunakan contoh dari hasil kajian risiko dari jagung event Bt11 dan GA21, tulisan ini juga membahas bagaimana implementasi kajian risiko di Indonesia. Lebih lanjut, tulisan ini juga menjelaskan kualitas dari implemetasi kajian risiko keduanya dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja incertitude. Penelitian ini menemukan kajian risiko sudah diatur dan dilaksanakan berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Sayangnya, hasil kajian risiko yang dilakukan tidak menunjukkan posisi atau ranah risiko (risk). Di samping itu, regulasi yang berlaku belum cukup memadai untuk menjadi landasan terciptanya kajian risiko yang berkualitas. Oleh sebab itu, penting untuk menegakkan peraturan yang sudah berlaku, serta melihat alternatif instrumen pengambilan keputusan sesuai dengan posisi incertitude yang dihasilkan.

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The development of genetically modified organisms brings both potential benefits and risks. This issue is still debatable because of the lack of scientific certainty. Therefore, the precautionary principle plays an important role. One of the instruments used to promote the precautionary principle is risk assessment. In Indonesia, this instrument is used as a basis for decision-making related to its release and/or distribution of genetically modified organisms. In order to explain the potential, likelihood, and outcome of the use and/or release of genetically modified organisms, a risk assessment needs to use direct evidence. Within the incertitude framework, this condition known as 'risk': the expected result that indicates a correct risk assessment. Given the importance of risk assessment for release and/or the distribution of genetically modified organisms in Indonesia, this thesis identifies the regulatory framework and the implementation of risk assessment's regulation, especially on environmental safety, using the RA results from GM Maize (Bt11 and GA21). Moreover, this thesis also examines the quality of both risk assessments quality using an incertitude framework. This research found that the risk assessment has been regulated and carried out based on the governing laws and regulations. Unfortunately, the results of the risk assessment carried out do not show a risk position. It is also concluded that the applicable governing regulations are insufficient as a basis to create a risk assessment. Therefore, it is important to strengthening the governing regulations. It is also suggested to look for more alternative decision-making instruments according to the incertitude position."

"Isu sekuritas energi nasional mengemuka akibat kebutuhan energi yang terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dengan pasokan utama energi berbahan bakar fosil. Pemanfaatan energi berbahan bakar fosil menimbulkan dampak lingkungan berupa emisi karbon yang tinggi. Pengembangan energi baru terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan menjadi alternatif solusi untuk permasalahan energi nasional, salah satunya energi panas bumi. Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak lingkungan pada daur hidup pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi yang menggunakan teknologi flash steam system. Analisis dampak lingkungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada empat dampak potensial utama yaitu perubahan iklim, penipisan sumber daya abiotik, acidification dan eutrophication, serta dampak tambahan berupa kebisingan. Fase yang menimbulkan dampak terbesar pada daur hidup PLTP adalah fase kondensasi dan pendinginan. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa keempat dampak yang ditimbulkan tidak melebihi standar baku mutu menurut peraturan pemerintah yang berlaku. Hasil analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa PLTP dengan teknologi yang berbeda akan menimbulkan jenis dampak yang berbeda pula.

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National energy security issues arise due to the increasing energy needs from year to year with the main supply of fossil fuel energy. Utilization of fossil fuel energy have environmental impacts such as carbon emissions. Development of new renewable energy to be environmentally friendly alternative energy solutions to national problems, one of which geothermal energy.

This study examines the impact of the environment on the life cycle geothermal power plant that uses the technology of flash steam system. Environmental impact assessment carried out by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

The results showed there are four main potential impacts of climate change, depletion of abiotic resources, acidification and eutrophication, as well as additional impacts such as noise. Phases that have the greatest impact on the life cycle geothermal power plant is condensing and cooling phases.

The analysis also showed that the four impacts do not exceed the quality standard by the applicable government regulations. Further analysis of the results shows that geothermal power plants with different technologies will give rise to different types of impacts."

"ABSTRAKCanangium odoratum Baill. dikenal dengan nama kenanga, banyak ditanam sebagai tanaman hias. Bunganya yang berbau harum dapat diekstraksi untuk diambil minyak atsiri. Kultur kalus telah banyak dicoba untuk mendapatkan berbagai jenis metabolit sekunder yang disintesa oleir tanaman.Pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh 2,4-D dan kinetin 0,5 1,5 ppm pada media murashige & Skoog 1962 yang dinerkaya dengan air kelapa 15% dan ekstrak khamir 0,2 ppm, merangsang pertumbuhan eksplan petal kenanga hingga terbentuk kalus. Pengamatan kualitatif dilakukan selama 55 hari dengan selang waktu 5 hari. Pengamatan kuantitatif yaitu menimbang berat kalus hari ke-55. Jenis kalus yang terbentuk friabel kompak dengan warna bervariasi antara lain: putih dan hiiau. Biomassa kalus terbesar diperoleh pada perlakuan dengan pemberian 2,4-D 1,5-pom/kinetin 1,O pmm, yaitu 1,3129 gram berat basah dengan berat kering 0,0525 gram. Berdasarkan hasil uji perbandingan berganda, biomassa kalus dengan pemberian 2,4-D 1, 5ppm / kinetin 1,0 ppm berbeda nyata dengan biomassa kalus pada pemberian 2,4-D O,5 ppm/kinetin 0,5 PPm. Kenaikan konsentrasi 2,4-D dan kinetin mempercepat pembentukan kalus, tetapi tidak selalu disertai dengan kenaikan biomassa kalus.ABSTRACT"