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"Starburst regions in nearby and distant galaxies have a profound impact on our understanding of the early universe. This new, substantially updated and extended edition of Norbert Schulz’s unique book "From Dust to Stars" describes complex physical processes involved in the creation and early evolution of stars. It illustrates how these processes reveal themselves from radio wavelengths to high energy X-rays and gamma–rays, with special reference towards high energy signatures. Several sections devoted to key analysis techniques demonstrate how modern research in this field is pursued and new chapters are introduced on massive star formation, proto-planetary disks and observations of young exoplanets. Recent advances and contemporary research on the theory of star formation are explained, as are new observations, specifically from the three great observatories of the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory which all now operate at the same time and make high resolution space based observing in its prime. As indicated by the new title two new chapters have been included on proto-planetary disks and young exoplanets. Many more colour images illustrate attractive old and new topics that have evolved in recent years. "

"Pada tesis ini penulis melaporkan dua buah pekerjaan, yaitu i)efek boson skalar terhadap sifat-sifat bintang gelap fermionik dan ii)efek peluruhan gelap pada bintang netron dengan hyperon. Pada pekerjaan yang pertama, penulis menghitung sifat-sifat makro dari bintang seperti massa radius, momen inersia dan deformasi tidal dari bintang tersebut. Efek skalar akan membuat bintang menjadi lebih mampat. Dengan mengatur kuat interaksinya maka kita dapat melewati batas C=0.22. Pada pekerjaan yang kedua, penulis menguji usulan Fornal dan Grinstein (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa mungkin saja netron mengalami peluruhan menjadi dark matter(materi gelap) pada bintang netron dengan Hyperon. Didapati bahwa mungkin saja materi gelap ada pada inti bintang netron, namun ia hanya muncul pada kerapatan tinggi dan populasinya kecil sekali dengan populasi maksimum sekitar 0.1%.

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In this thesis two things have been done, i) the effect of the scalar boson on fermionic dark stars and ii) the dark decay effect on neutron stars with hyperon. In the first work, we calculated the macro properties of stars such as mass radius, moment of inertia and tidal deformability of the star. Scalar effects will make stars more compact. By controlling the interaction, we can exceed the C=0.22 limit. In the second work, we examined the proposals of Fornal and Grinstein (2019) which stated that perhaps neutrons experience decay into dark matter in neutron stars with Hyperon. It was found that dark matter may be present in the core of a neutron star, but it only appears at high densities and the population is very small with a maximum population of about 0.1%."

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Sebagai lanjutan dari pekerjaan Ch. Chatzisavvas et al., penelitian ini menerapkan ”kompleksitas” berdasarkan definisi menurut Lopez-Ruiz, H.L. Mancini, dan X. Calbet kepada model bintang ´ neutron (selanjutnya disebut sebagai NS, dari neutron star) yang mempunyai kerak dan inti hyperon, dengan harapan bahwa akan ditemukan sesuatu yang menarik mengenai sifat dan struktur NS. Langkah pertama adalah penyusunan densitas Lagrangian model NS berdasarkan teori medan rerata relativistik untuk mendapatkan persamaan keadaan (EoS, dari equation of state), (ρ). EoS ini selanjutnaya digunakan sebagai masukan persamaan kompleksitas yang hasilnya, yaitu nilai-nilai C didapatkan secara numerik. Diagram kompleksitas-massa NS hasil plot data keluaran menunjukkan bahwa perilaku atau bentuknya serupa dengan diagram kompleksitas-massa sistem terisolir secara umum, yaitu dengan dua minima pada kedua ujung-ujungnya dan satu maksima diantaranya. Kecilnya nilai C (untuk nilai massa maksimal teoretis) juga menunjukkan bahwa NS adalah sistem yang sangat teratur, serupa dengan kristal walaupun NS dimodelkan sebagai cairan (karena ∼99% massanya adalah materi baryon). Terakhir, penambahan kerak (crust) ke dalam EoS menunjukkan hasil bahwa kerak NS juga merupakan sistem yang teratur, dengan tingkat keteraturan yang lebih rendah dari NS secara keseluruhan.

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Continuing the work of K. Ch. Chatzisavvas and others, a measure of complexity proposed by R. Lopez-Ruiz, H.L Mancini, and X. Calbet was used to study a model of neutron star (NS) with crust ´ and hyperonic core. The author employed the relativistic-mean-field approximation theory to build the Lagrangian density model of the NS’s core and obtained the equation of state (EoS), (ρ). This EoS acts as an input for the complexity equation whose output (C-values) was obtained numerically. Plotted against the corresponding mass values, the NS’s complexity-mass diagram behaves very similarly to a complexity-phase diagram of an isolated system. If we take an NS with a theoretical maximum mass value, the results show that it’s a highly ordered system (very low C-value) - which is interesting since NS are modeled as liquids because they are mainly comprised of baryonic matter. Additionally, our results show that NS’s crust is also ordered, although not as highly as the baryonic matter.

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"This thesis presents results of Submillimeter Array (SMA) and Very Large Array (VLA) studies of massive star formation regions in the early stages of ionization, as well as an analysis of numerical simulations of the evolution of these young HII regions. The results favor a picture in which very massive stars form in accretion flows that are partially ionized and that keep accreting material from their environment."

"ABSTRAK Skripsi ini membahas probelmatika mengenai persoalan relasi, cinta dankaitannya dengan eksistensi manusia di dunia. Persoalan tersebut dihadirkan darisebuah film berjudul The Fault In Our Stars. Eksistensialisme Martin Buber yangmengintikan persoalan relasi sebagai wujud eksistensi manusia, dijadikan sebagaialat analisis pada persoalan-persolan dalam Film tersebut. Hazel dan Augutusdalam film The Fault In Our Stars menjadi representasi tokoh yang mengalamiperjumpaan eksistensial dan kemudian keduanya mampu menjalin relasi “AkuEngkau” hingga keduanya diantarkan pada wujud being yang exist atas dasarcinta kasih, tanggung jawab satu sama lain. Cinta diantara keduanya menjadikankebermaknaaan hidup diantara keduanya sekaligus penguat eksistensi sebagaimanusia.

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ABSTRACT This thesis talk about the problem of relation, love and corelation with humanexistence in this world. The issue presented on a film called The Fault In OurStars. Martin Buber’s Existensialism which have the focus that relation is thefundamental fact human existence will be use as a tool for analysis the issue fromthat film. Hazel and Augutus as a representation of charachter which haveencounter untill they can make a relation “I-Thou” which can deliverd them into aform of being exist with the love, responsibility for each others. Love betweenthem make a meaning of life as well as the reinforcement of human existence ."

"ABSTRAKTekanan Anisotropik dalam bintang neutron, dapat diselidiki dengan menentukan faktor anisotropiknya (σ) berdasarkan beberapa model. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model dari Doneva-Yazadjiev (DY), Herrera-Barreto (HB), Bowers-Liang (BL), dan Hernandez-Nunez (HN). Pada inti bintang neutron diasumsikan tersusun dari nukleon, lepton dan hyperon. EOS materi bintang neutron dibangun menggunakan parameter set BSP dan simetri SU(6), yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan persamaan TOV. Untuk model anisotropik DY, HB dan BL diperoleh prediksi massa maksimumnya konsisten dengan observasi massa dari PSR J1614-2230 dan PSR J0348+0432. Sedangkan untuk model HN, prediksi massa maksimum tidak dapat dicapai karena faktor anisotropiknya tidak konsisten seperti model DY, HB dan BL.

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ABSTRACTThe presence of anisotropic pressure in neutron stars can be investigate by establishing anisotropic factor (σ) based on the Doneva-Yazadjiev (DY), Herrera-Barreto (HB), Bowers-Liang (BL), and Hernandez-Nunez (HN) anisotropic models. We assume that the neutron stars matter consist of nucleons, leptons, and hyperons. EOS neutron stars matter built by BSP Parameter set and SU(6) symmetry, and then analyzed by TOV equations. We obtain that the DY, HB, and BL models predict neutron stars maximum mass consistent with PSR J1614-2230 and PSR J0348+0432. But the HN model failed to predict neutron stars maximum mass because the anisotropic factor of this model is inconsistent like the others"