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"On January 1, 1999, The Euro was officially launched. The Euro's mounting on European and world arena is the most significant event in international monetary sistem as well as international relation. Since the collapse of the Bretton Wood sistem. Certainly, the Euro will have a far-reaching influence on the dollar and international monetary system, European and world economic, political and financial framework and on Europe-US relations in particular. From a medium and long term point of view, the introduction of Euro will pose a grave challenge to the US Dollar and have significant impact on Europe-USA relations mainly as follows:Firstly. Euro will undermine the supremacy of the US Dollar in the financial field and take over the mantle of one of the leading international reserve currencies, rivaling the US Dollar.Second. Euro ushers in a breakthrough in the world trade framework which is being monopolized by US dollar, the Euro will come to he a new world trade transaction unit.Thirdly, Euro will break the monopoly of the US Dollar on international bond market.Fourthly, Euro will nibble at US vested interest derived from the US Dollar and thus affect US economy directly.Hence, the US will by no means sit by and watch the US Dollar losing its supremacy and give up the position of the US Dollar to the Euro. The US possibly will take the following measures to counter the challenge of Euro:first US will devalue its Dollar and thus boost the competitiveness of US commercials and in turn stimulate the domestic economic growth,second. US will revise some international economic rules under a favorable environment,third, in order to reduce its deficit US will urging Europe to open its economy,fourth} US will provoke trade war against the EU,fifth the US will take its advantageous position in various major international economic organization and financial institution to contain and retard the rise of Euro.Last but not least, US will provoke currency war, and one of them is Iraqi war. Iraqi war pertain not only to control over reserves of petroleum, control over money creation and credit is an integral part of the process of economic conquest. I use qualitative research and international realation theory as well as economic theory in this thesis. The conclusion of this thesis is that euro absolutely has significant influence to the US Dollar, International Monetary System as well as Trans-Atlantic relation between US and European Union nowadays and in the future."

"On January 1, 1999, The Euro was officially launched. The euro's mounting on european and world arena arena has been the most significan event in international monetary sistem as well as inetrnational relkatoions, since the collepa of the bretton wood sistem. certainly the euro will have a far- reaching influence on the us dollar and inetrnational monetary sistem european and wolrd ecnomic political and financial framework and on europe us relations (trnas-atlanticrelation) in particular from a mebium and long term point point of view the introduvction of euro will pose a grave chllenged to the us dollar and have significant impact on europe-usa relations mainlty as follow firstly euro will undermine the supermacy of the us dollar in the financial fileld and take over the mantle of one of the leading internationla reserve currince,revaling the us dollar. secondly, euro ushers in a breakthrough in the world trade framework which is being monopolized by us dollar the euro will come to be new world trade transaction unit thirdly euro will break the monopoly of the us dollar on international bon market. fourthly euro will nible at us vested interest derived from the us dollar and thus affect us economy directly hence,the us will by no mens sit by and watch the us dollar losing its supremacy and give up the position of the us dollar to the euro."

"ABSTRAKCita-cita besar negara-negara di daratan Eropa untuk membentuk kerja sama yang membawahi bidang politik dan ekonomi diwujudkan dalam berbagai perjanjian dan perserikatan sejak dibentuknya European Coal and Steel Community 1951 . Kerja sama ini menjadi cikal bakal Uni Eropa dan bentuk integrasi penuh Uni Eropa adalah pemberlakuan mata uang tunggal. Pemberlakuan ini memunculkan berbagai reaksi dari sektor sosial, politik, dan ekonomi, tak terkecuali di Prancis. Pemberlakuan euro pada masa pemerintahan Jacques Chirac ini memacu perekonomian Prancis menjadi lebih baik meskipun dalam sektor sosial dan politik terdapat golongan yang kontra terhadap integrasi ini.

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ABSTRACTThe ambitions of the countries in mainland Europe to establish a partnership that oversees the political and economic fields embodied in treaties and alliances beginning with the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community 1951 . This cooperation became the forerunner of the European Union and the form of its full integration is the adoption of the single currency. Implementation of this integration has led to various reactions from the social, political, and economic sectors, not least in France. Adoption of the euro single currency during the reign of Jacques Chirac sparked improvement of the French economy but nonetheless the social and political sectors disagree with this integration."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Hegemoni Dolar yang dibedah melalui pemikiran Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci. Tulisan ini mengantarkan pembaca ke dalam sebuah pemahaman bahwa Dolar menjadi elemen hegemoni yang mengantarkan Amerika Serikat sebagai negara hegemon dalam kancah ekonomi politik global. Skripsi ini menjelaskan tentang berkembangnya fungsi mata uang yang melampaui fungsi asasinya. Dolar bukan lagi sekedar alat tukar, melainkan menjadi sebuah alat dan simbol bagi proses Hegemoni Amerika Serikat. Dolar kini menjadi sebuah hiperealitas murni yang abstrak dan menjadi elemen vital dalam dinamika ekonomi politik global. Skripsi ini menyimpulkan bahwa Dolar menjadi alat hegemoni karena persetujuan yang diberikan negara-negara lain kepada Amerika Serikat atas penetapan Dolar sebagai mata uang hegemon dalam kesepakatan Bretton Woods 1944.

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This study discuss about the hegemony of the dollar which is described by Antonio Gramsci Hegemony thoughts. This paper bring readers into an understanding that the dollar became a hegemony element which deliver the United States as a hegemon country in the global political economy arena. This study explain about the development of the currency function beyond its basic function. The dollar is no longer just a medium of exchange, but became a tool and symbol of the United States Hegemony. Dollar has became a pure abstract hyper reality and became a vital element in the dynamics of the global political economy. This study concluded that the dollar became the instrument of hegemony because of the approval given by other countries to the United States for the determination of Dollar as a hegemon currency in the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944."

"ABSTRAKDengan perkembangan kodisi pasar keuangan selama lima tahun terakhir akibatdari krisis subprime mortgage, pelaku pasar yakin bahwa pengukuran risiko pasarnilai VaR masih harus dilengkapi dengan analisis stress testing nilai VaR.Penelitian ini akan melakukan stress testing atas nilai VaR nilai tukar dolar ASdan euro yang dihitung dengan metode Historical Simulation (HS), Volatility-Weighted Historical Simulation (VWHS), dan Extreme Value Theory – HistoricalSimulation (EVT-HS). Atas perhitungan nilai VaR yang didapat, akan dilakukanstress testing berdasarkan scenario analysis yang mengikuti ketentuan dari BankIndonesia terkait dengan besaran perubahan dari nilai tukar yang dimaksud.Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, dari ketiga model stress testing yangdisebut di atas, didapati bahwa model EVT-HS merupakan model yang terbaikuntuk digunakan dalam kondisi ekstrim. Dengan demikian, estimasi nilai stresstesting dengan menggunakan EVT-HS diharapkan dapat diaplikasikan dalampengawasan potensi risiko pihak perbankan karena akan berdampak padabesarnya beban modal yang harus dicadangkan.

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ABSTRACTThe progress of recent financial market in the last two years as a result ofsubprime mortgage crisis, leads to the belief of the market players that value atrisk should be complemented with stress testing analysis. This research will runstress testing analysis on VaR for US dollar and euro exchange rates which iscalculated by Historical Simulation (HS), Volatility Weighted HistoricalSimulation (VWHS), and Extreme Value Theory – Historical Simulation (EVTHS).Based on VaR calculation, stress testing will be conducted using scenarioanalysis that will refer to Bank Indonesia provision related to the changes of suchexchange rates. Based on the research that has being carried out, from the threestress testing models mentioned above, it is found that EVT-HS model is the bestmodel to be used for extreme condition. Thus, the estimated stress testing figuresusing the EVT-HS model is expected to be applied in the banking sector forcapital adequacy calculation."

"Laporan berikut telah dimasukkan secara komprehensif untuk menganalisis efek dari Krisis Keuangan Global dan Euro Sovereign Krisis Utang ke Barclays Bank dan OCBC Bank, kinerja kedua bank tersebut dan manajemen risiko dua bank dari Inggris dan Singapura selama krisis yang merusak sektor keuangan dunia Eropa dan. Kami tertarik untuk meninjau kinerja Barclays Bank karena mereka adalah Bank terbesar kedua dalam hal aset di Inggris bahwa selama krisis keuangan didakwa untuk memalsukan tingkat Libor, jumlah $ 451.400.000 didenda kepada Bank multinasional ini. Kami juga ingin melihat dampak dari Krisis Keuangan terhadap kinerja OCBC Bank Singapura, dan bagaimana mereka menyelesaikan masalah dari Krisis Keuangan Global dan Euro Sovereign Krisis Utang, OCBC Bank dikenal sebagai yang paling beragam dari ketiga Bank lokal di Singapore. Untuk timeline laporan ini, kami memutuskan untuk menganalisis 2007-2013, karena kami berharap untuk menganalisis sebelum dan setelah Krisis Keuangan Global yang berdampak pada 2008 dan Euro Sovereign Krisis Utang meletus sekitar 2009-2010, dan jika ada setelah efek ini krisis masih berlangsung pada penampilan mereka dan manajemen risiko, kami juga ingin melihat strategi dua bank tersebut dalam mengatasi masalah ini.

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The following reports has been put comprehensively to analyse the effects of the Global Financial Crisis and Euro Sovereign Debt Crisis to Barclays Bank and OCBC Bank, performance of these two Banks and the risk management of these two banks of United Kingdom and Singapore during the crises that ruin the Europe and world financial sector. We are interested to review the performance of Barclays Bank as they are the second biggest Bank in term of assets in UK that during financial crisis was charged for falsifying Libor rates, the amount of $451.4 million were fined to this multinational Bank. We also like to see the impacts of the Financial Crises to the performance of OCBC Bank of Singapore, and how they resolve the issues of Global Financial Crisis and Euro Sovereign Debt Crisis, OCBC Bank is known as the most diversified of all three local Banks in Singapore. For the timeline of this report, we decide to analyse from 2007 to 2013, as we hope to analyse before and after the Global Financial Crisis that impacted on 2008 and Euro Sovereign Debt Crisis erupted around 2009 to 2010, and if there are any after effects of this still ongoing crisis on their performances and risk managements, we also like to see the strategies of these two banks in overcoming these issues."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui besarnya risiko nilai tukar yang ditimbulkan dalam penggunaan mata uang dollar AS, euro dan dinar dalam denominasi rupiah jika digunakan sebagai investasi dan alat tukar dalam perdagangan dunia; (2) Membuktikan mata uang yang lebih stabil diantara dollar AS, euro dan dinar dalam denominasi rupiah; (3)Menemukan solusi mata uang yang baik digunakan untuk investasi dan alat tukar perdagangan dunia (alat lindung nilai).Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa data sekunder, yaitu data yang diperoleh dari sumber lain. Data nilai tukar dolar AS dan euro dalam rupiah diperoleh dari Bank Indonesia yang diakses melaui situs www.bi.go.id. Sedangkan data perkembangan harga emas diperoleh dari situs internet www.kitco.com yang melaporkan perkembangan harga emas di Bursa London (The London Fix Gold). Sementara data Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK) diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) melalui situs www.bps.go.id. Rentang waktu pengamatan adalah 84 bulan (Januari 2002 ? Desember 2008).Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengukur besarnya risiko yang ditimbulkan dari mata uang dolar AS, euro dan dinar emas adalah pendekatan Value at Risk (VaR) dengan menggunakan metode risk metric. Untuk mengetahui stabilitas dolar AS, euro dan dinar emas diukur dengan standar deviasi dan pembuktiannya dengan Uji Kesamaan Variansi.Beradasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, disimpulkan bahwa pertama, perusahaan menanggung risiko paling kecil jika menggunakan euro sebagai alat tukar perdagangannya. Kedua, dari rata-rata ketiga nilai tukar tersebut terhadap rupiah, dinar emas paling tidak stabil, sementara yang paling stabil adalah euro. Ketiga, penggunaan euro sebagi alat tukar perdagangan internasional dan investasi perlu dipertimbangkan karena penggunaan euro dalam perdagangan internasional masih membutuhkan hedging yang sesuai prinsip syariah untuk melindungi nilai tukar. Hal ini disebabkan euro merupakan uang kertas yang nilai intrinsiknya tidak sesuai dengan nilai nominalnya.

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This research aims to (1) Know the exchange value risk which appear in using US dollar, euro and dinar in rupiah denomination if it is used as investment and exchange rate in the world trade; (2) Prove which the most stabil currency among US dollar, euro and dinar in rupiah denomination; (3) Find the good currency for investment and exchange rate in the world trade (hedgeing).The data used in this research is secondary data taken from other source. The data of US dollar and euro in rupiah are taken from Bank Indonesia which accessed by www.bi.go.id. And the data of fluctuate of gold price is taken from www.kitco.com which report fluctuate of gold price in The London Fix Gold. And the data of Consumer Price Index (CPI) is taken from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) by www.bps.go.id. The time period of observation is 84 months (January 2002 ? December 2008).Research methodology used to measure the value risk which appeared from US dollar, euro and gold dinar is the Value at Risk (VaR) approach with using risk metric method. To know the stability of US dollar, euro and gold dinar is by measuring deviation standard and to prove it is by Variance Similar Test.Base on the result of the research, it is concluded that first, the company will have the lowest risk if it uses euro as exchange rate in its trade. Second, from the average of those three currencies to rupiah, gold dinar is the most instable, but the most stable is euro. Third, the using of euro as exchange rate in international trade and investment still need to be considered since the using of euro need hedging which comply to sharia principles to protect the exchange value. It is because euro is paper money, which the intrinsic is value not same with its nominal value."