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"This paper argues that the Hikajat Khonghoetjoe (The life story of Confucius) written by Lie Kim Hok in 1897, is a medium to propose modern ideas of flexible subjectivity, cosmopolitanism, active citizenship and the concepts of good governance to the Chinese Peranakans who experienced political and racial discrimination under Dutch colonization. Using the figure of Confucius, Lie aimed to cultivate virtuous subjects who apply their faith and morality in political sphere. He intended to raise political awareness and rights among the Chinese as colonial subjects and to valorize their bargaining power with the Dutch colonial government. By introducing Confucianism, Lie proposed that the Chinese reconnect themselves with China as an alternative patronage which could subvert White supremacy. Instead of using sources in Chinese, Lie translated the biography of Confucius from the European texts. In crafting his story, Lie applied conglomerate authorship, a technique commonly practised by Malay authors. It allowed him to select, combine and appropriate the source texts. To justify that Confucius Virtue and his teaching were superb and are applicable to contemporary life, Lie borrowed and emphasized European writers high appraisal of Confucianism, instead of using his own arguments and opinions. I call this writing technique indirect agency."

"Tema budaya Tionghoa menjadi salah satu hal menarik dalam khazanah kesusastraan Indonesia. Marginalisasi dan gambaran penderitaan kaum peranakan Tionghoa menjadi bukti bahwa masih terdapat intoleransi dan ketimpangan dalam masyarakat Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi pustaka. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra dengan melihat gagasan diskriminatif yang disampaikan melalui tokoh dan penokohan. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa bentuk diskriminasi sosial yang dialami oleh peranakan Tionghoa pada tiga cerpen dalam kumpulan cerpen Kelurga Tan mengacu kepada diskriminasi gender, fisik, dan status sosial. Faktor diskriminasi sosial pada tiga cerpen dalam kumpulan cerpen Kelurga Tan dipengaruhi oleh aspek politik, pergaulan, dan stereotipe lingkungan sekitar. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi segala pihak yang tertarik pada isu diskriminasi dalam karya sastra, khususnya pada tokoh peranakan Tionghoa.

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The theme of Chinese culture is one of the interesting things in Indonesian literature. The marginalization and depiction of the suffering of Chinese-Indonesian descendants is proof that there is still intolerance and inequality in Indonesian society. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of literature study. In addition, this study also uses a sociology of literature approach by looking at discriminatory ideas conveyed through characters and characterizations. In this research, it was found that the form of social discrimination experienced by Chinese-breeders in the three short stories in the collection of Tan Family short stories refers to gender, physical and social status discrimination. The factor of social discrimination in the three short stories in the collection of Tan Family short stories is influenced by political aspects, association, and stereotypes of the surrounding environment. This research is expected to be useful for all parties who are interested in the issue of discrimination in literary works, especially the figures of Chinese descent.

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