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"Latar Belakang: Anemia atau kadar hemoglobin yang menurun dari nilai normalnya merupakan permasalahan yang biasa terjadi pada pasien kritis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dan 61% pasien anemia membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik. Anemia dapat mengganggu kemampuan ventilasi selama proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Namun pengaruh dari kadar hemoglobin yang menurun ini masih belum jelas dan diperdebatkan oleh karena itu telaah sistematis ini dibuat untuk mengambil kesimpulan apakah kadar hemoglobin berpengaruh terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian yang tersedia.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek kadar hemoglobin terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik.Metode: Dengan menggunakan kata kunci spesifik, dilakukan pencarian artikel potensial secara komprehensif pada PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus dan Cochrane database dengan pembatasan waktu 2013 sampai dengan 2022. Protokol studi ini telah di registrasi di PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) pada tanggal 7 Agustus 2022.Hasil: Total 7 penelitian dengan 2.054 pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik memenuhi kriteria untuk penelitian ini dan dimasukkan dalam tinjauan sistematis. Setelah pemeriksaan database menyeluruh, dilaposkan satu studi tidak menemukan korelasi antara hemoglobin dan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Enam penelitian menyatakan bahwa kadar hemoglobin berhubungan dengan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun, diperlukan lebih banyak penelitian untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil tinjauan sistematis ini.Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun dibutuhkan penelitian yang lebih banyak untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil telaah sistematis ini.

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Background: Anemia or hemoglobin levels that decrease from average values ​​is a common problem in critical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, and 61% of anemic patients require mechanical ventilation. Anemia can impair ventilation ability during weaning and extubation. However, the effect of decreased hemoglobin levels is still unclear and debated; therefore, this systematic review was made to conclude whether hemoglobin levels affect weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation based on available studies.

Objective: To determine the effect of hemoglobin levels on the process of weaning and extubation in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Methods: Using specific keywords, a comprehensive search of potential articles was carried out on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases with a time limit of 2013 to 2022. This study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) ) on August 7th, 2022.

Result: A total of 7 studies with 2,054 patients with mechanical ventilation met the criteria for this study and were included in a systematic review after a thorough database check. One study found no correlation between hemoglobin and the successful weaning and extubation process. Six studies stated that hemoglobin levels were associated with the success of the weaning and extubation process in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion: This study concludes that hemoglobin levels influence the weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation. However, more research is needed to confirm the results of this systematic review."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penilaian derajat kesadaran penting dilakukan pada pasien di Unit Gawat Darurat untuk memperkirakan prognosis. Banyak sistem penilaian dipakai untuk mengevaluasi pasien, masing-masing dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Sistem penilaian yang baru, yaitu Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR )Score, dapat digunakan menilai derajat kesadaran dan memprediksi prognosis pasien. FOUR Score dapat memberikan data neurologis yang lebih detail dan dapat digunakan pada pasien yang terintubasi. Belum ada penelitian yang menilai validitas FOUR Score sebagai prediktor outcome pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran di IGD RSCM sebelumnya.Metode. Penelitian kohort prospektif observasional pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Evaluasi FOUR Score dilakukan terhadap 120 pasien baru yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Outcome pasien dicatat setelah perawatan 72 jam. Analisis bivariat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Analisis regresi logistik untuk menentukan hubungan komponen FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Nilai area di bawah kurva (AUC) digunakan untuk sebagai uji dsikriminasi FOUR Score terhadap outcome.Hasil. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai FOUR Score dengan outcome (p <0,001). Komponen respon membuka mata (FOUR-E) dan pola respirasi (FOUR-R) adalah komponen yang mempunyai nilai prediksi terhadap outcome. AUC FOUR Score adalah 0,864 (95% IK 0,784-0,928).Uji kesesuaian antarpenilai antara dokter dan perawat menunjukkan kesesuaian yang sangat baik dengan κ = 0,836 (95% IK 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.;Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment., Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.]"

"Pendahuluan: Berbagai studi menyatakan bahwa pencapaian kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis sangat rendah. Hal ini terjadi karena perubahan farmakokinetik pada pasien kritis akibat proses penyakit dan berbagai intervensi medis. Vankomisin mempunyai indeks terapeutik yang sempit, oleh karena itu pencapaian target kadar terapeutik sangat penting dievaluasi. Saat ini, pemberian vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia berdasarkan pedoman penggunaan antibiotik tahun 2022. Namun, evaluasi pencapaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien kritis belum pernah dilakukan. Evaluasi pencapaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin ini dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk membuat pedoman pemberian dosis vankomisin yang lebih adekuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pencapaian kadar terapeutik vankomisin pada pasien sakit kritis. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan dengan desain potong lintang. Rekrutmen subjek penelitian dilakukan dengan metode consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien sakit kritis yang menggunakan vankomisin. Pemeriksaan kadar vankomisin dilakukan dengan metode ELISA pada sampel darah subjek yang diambil saat trough concentration. Data-data klinis dan laboratorium lain didapatkan dari rekam medis subjek. Hasil: Jumlah subjek penelitian ini adalah 20 orang. Target kadar terapeutik vankomisin tercapai pada 45% subyek penelitian. Median kadar vankomisin pada penelitian ini adalah 17,43 mg/L (3,07 – 25,11 mg/L). Kadar terapeutik vankomisin lebih banyak tercapai pada subyek yang tidak mengalami overload cairan (61,5%) dan yang mendapat vankomisin dengan cara infus yang diperpanjang (64,3%). Pada penelitian didapatkan 3 (15,8%) subyek mengalami cidera ginjal akut setelah penggunaan vankomisin, dengan kadar vankomisin 17,37 mg/L, 11,16 mg/L, dan 13,64 mg/L. Kesimpulan: Capaian target kadar terapeutik vankomisin terjadi hanya pada sebagian pasien sakit kritis. Keadaan subyek yang tidak overload cairan dan pemberian infus vankomisin yang diperpanjang menjadi faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi tercapainya target kadar terapeutik vankomisin. Kata kunci: trough concentration, vankomisin, pasien sakit kritis, farmakokinetik, kadar terapeutik

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Introduction: Various studies have stated that the achievement of vancomycin therapeutic levels in critically ill patients is very low. This condition occurs because of pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients due to the disease process and various medical interventions. Vancomycin has a narrow therapeutic index, therefore it is important to evaluate the drug concentration. Currently, the administration of vancomycin in critically ill patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia is based on local antibiotic guidelines 2022. However, an evaluation of vancomycin concentration in critically ill patients has never been carried out. Evaluation of vancomycin concentration can be considered as a basis for making adequate vancomycin dosing guidelines. Aim of this study was to describe the vancomycin concentration in critically ill patients. Methods: This research is a preliminary study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects recruitment was done by consecutive sampling method. Subjects were critically ill patients who taking vancomycin. Examination of vancomycin concentration was conducted using ELISA method on subjects' blood samples taken during trough concentration. Other clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the subject's medical record. Result: Sample size of this study was 20 subjects. The target therapeutic level of vancomycin was achieved in 45% of the study subjects. The median of vancomycin concentration on this study was 17.43 mg/L (3.07 – 25.11 mg/L). Therapeutic levels of vancomycin were achieved more in subjects who did not experience fluid overload (61.5%) and received vancomycin by extended infusion method (64.3%). There were 3 subjects (15.8%) experienced acute kidney injury after using vancomycin, with vancomycin concentration of 17.37 mg/L, 11.16 mg/L, and 13.64 mg/L. Conclusion: Achievement of target therapeutic levels of vancomycin occurs in only a minority of critically ill patients. The condition of the subjects who are not fluid overload and the prolonged administration of vancomycin infusion are factors that may affect the achievement of the target therapeutic level of vancomycin. Keywords: trough concentration, vancomycin, critically ill patients, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic concentration"

"This textbook approaches the study of critical care with teaching in mind. In medicine teachable moments usually occur in clinical context, where the engagement in a real case exemplifies principles of diagnosis or therapy. In order to replicate the teaching method, selected cases are presented within each chapter offering the reader an opportunity to process and reflect on the components of the topic within a practical scenario. While medical practice attempts to be evidence-based, common approaches to diagnosis and management incorporate not only evidence but heuristics and biases which await either validation or repudiation. Hence, each chapter is divided into two segments: the Principles of Management section - the common approach to the care of patients having a given condition is presented - and the Evidence Contour section, in which each author discusses the aspects of diagnosis and management that are the subject of ongoing debate."

"ABSTRAKPneumonia merupakan peradangan pada parenkim paru yang sering terjadi pada masaanak-anak dan masa bayi. Peradangan tersebut menyebabkan sputum terkumpul diparu, yang membuat sulit untuk bernafas. Salah satu cara untuk mengeluarkansputum adalah CPT. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruhchest physiotherapy (CPT) terhadap status pernafasan anak balita pnemonia. Desainpenilitan ini menggunakan quasi eksperiment post test only dengan grup kontrol.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh CPT terhadap suara nafas (pvalue= 0,008), retraksi dada (p value= 0,008), frekuensi pernafasan (p value= 0,001)dan saturasi oksigen (p value= 0,01) pada balita. Penelitian ini merekomendasikanCPT sebagai intervensi keperawatan untuk memperbaiki status pernafasan anak.

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ABSTRACTPneumonia is an inflammantory condition of the lung. Child and infant included agroup that have risk to get pneumoni. The inflammantion causes pulmonary sputumcollection and this make difficult to breath. One of the ways to take out the sputum isby doing chest physiotherapy (CPT). The purpose of this research was to find out theeffect of chest physiotherapy (CPT) toward respiratory status of children pnemonia.Design of this study used quasi eksperiment post test only non equivalent group. Theresult of the study showed there was significant effect of CPT againts breath sounds(p value= 0,008), chest retraction (p value= 0,008), respiratory rate (p value= 0,001)and oxygen saturation (p value= 0,010) on children. This research recommend CPTas a nursing intervention to recover children respiratory status."

"Pasien yang dirawat diruang perawatan intensif banyak terpasang alat-alat invasif yang dapat membuat pasien merasa tidak nyaman, nyeri dan kadang gelisah. Kolaborasi pemberian sedasi merupakan salah satu intervensi yang dapat memberikan rasa nyaman. Perawat berperan penting dalam pemantauan sedasi sehingga perlu paham terkait manajemen sedasi di ruang rawat intensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan perawat dengan praktik pemberian sedasi di ruang intensif di salah satu rumah sakit rumah sakit tipe A di Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah cross sectional study dengan 80 responden, alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Nurses Knowledge of Sedatives, Sedation Assessment and Management Questionnaire dan Nurses Sedation Practice Scale Questionnaire. Hasil analisis one way anova menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada rata-rata praktik pemberian sedasi oleh perawat menurut tingkat pengetahuan perawat dengan p Value = 0,000. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan bahwa peningkatan pengetahuan perawat dapat dilakukan melalui program pendidikan dan pelatihan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan terkait pengkajian dan manajemen sedasi.

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Patients who are treated in intensive care unit are predominantly equipped by invasive devices which initiate discomfort, pain and restlessness to the patients. Collaboration in offering sedation is one of the intervention that can provide a feeling of comfort. Nurses play an important role in monitoring sedation hence they need to understand the sedation management in the intensive care unit. This study aimed to determine the correlation of nurses' knowledge with the practice of providing sedation in the intensive care unit in a type A hospital in Jakarta. The research methodology used a cross sectional study with 80 respondents and used the Nurses Knowledge of Sedatives, Sedation Assessment and Management Questionnaire and Nurses Sedation Practice Scale Questionnaire. The results of the one way anova analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the average sedation practice by nurses according to the level of knowledge of nurses with p Value = 0.000. This study recommends that increasing the knowledge of nurses can be done through education and training programs that aims to increase the knowledge related to sedation assessments and managements."

"ABSTRAK Imbang nitrogen pada pasien sakit kritis selalu negatif akibat respon stres. Pada lansia perubahan metabolismenya berisiko memperburuk imbang nitrogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui imbang nitrogen dan hubungannya dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis dalam 48 jam pertama di ICU. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang, consecutive sampling. Subyek penelitian adalah 26 lansia sakit kritis. Hasil penelitian pada 24 jam I dan II adalah; imbang nitrogen -5,2 (-31,2 − -4,1) g dan -4,5+4,6; asupan energi 78,8+45,0% dan 91,1+50,2% terhadap target; asupan protein 0,57+0,35 g/kgBB/hari dan 0,71+0,37 g/kgBB/hari serta terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi; r=0,6 dan r=0,5 dan korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan protein; r=0,5 dan r=0,4. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis

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ABSTRAK Nitrogen balance in criticaly ill patients tend to be negative due to stress response. In the elderly patients, the metabolic changes risk to worsening nitrogen balance.The aim of this study is to determine nitrogen balance and its relation with energy and protein intake in critically ill elderly patients within 48 hours in ICU. The study was cross sectional, consecutive sampling on 26 subjects. The nitrogen balances were -5.2 (-31.2 − -4.1) g and -4.5+4.6 g; energy intakes were 78.8+45.0% and 91.1+50.2% target; protein intakes were; 0.57+0.35 g/kgBW/d and 0.71+0.37 g/kgBW/d. There were positive correlation between nitrogen balance and energy intake; r=0.6 and r=0.5, and between nitrogen balance and protein intake; r=0.5 and r=0.4 in 24 hours I and II respectively. The conclusion is there were positive correlation between nitrogen balance with energy and protein intakes."

"Salah satu fungsi ginjal adalah sebagai tempat produksi erythropoietin yang berfungsi memicu produksi sel darah merah. Pada penderita obstruksi batu ureter bilateral kronik dapat terjadi kerusakan ginjal umumnya berakibat anemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya hubungan antara kadar hemoglobin dengan kadar kreatinin darah. Kadar kreatinin darah dalam penelitian ini digunakan sebagai indeks pengukuran fungsi ginjal. Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Urologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan mengambil data 101 rekam medis pasien pada tahun 2009-2011 dengan batu ureter bilateral dan diambil data hemoglobin (cut-off 12 gr/dL) dan kreatinin serum (cut-off 1,5 mg/dL). Hubungan antara keduanya dihitung dengan uji chi-square dan didapatkan 70,6% pasien dengan hemoglobin rendah pada pasien dengan kadar kreatinin tinggi dan 42,0% pasien dengan hemoglobin rendah pada pasien dengan kadar kreatinin normal (p=0,004). Terdapat risiko penurunan kadar hemoglobin (OR = 3,314) pada pasien dengan kadar kreatinin yang tinggi. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar hemoglobin dengan kadar kreatinin darah dan pasien dengan kadar kreatinin tinggi cenderung berisiko anemia.

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One of renal function is as a place that serves erythropoietin production triggers the production of red blood cells. In patients with bilateral ureteral stone obstruction chronic kidney damage can occur generally result in anemia. This study aimed to prove the existence of a relationship between hemoglobin levels with blood creatinine levels. Blood creatinine levels in this study was used as an index of kidney function measurement. The study was conducted in the Department of Urology Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo by retrieving 101 medical records data of patients in the years 2009-2011 with bilateral ureteral stones and data retrieving hemoglobin data (cut-off 12 g / dL) and serum creatinine (cut-off 1.5 mg / dL). Relationship between the two was calculated by chi-square test. It was found that 70.6% of patients with low hemoglobin had high creatinine levels and 42.0% of patients with low hemoglobin had normal creatinine levels (p = 0.004). These result implied that there was a risk of a decrease in hemoglobin levels (OR = 3.314) in patients with high creatinine levels. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between level of hemoglobin and creatinine levels in blood. Patients with high creatinine levels tend to be at risk of anemia."

"Abstract:Suitable for practicing nurses and nursing students preparing for clinicals, this title offers learning tools such as Patient Safety Alerts, Evidence-Based Practice boxes, NIC interventions, case studies, Pharmacologic Management boxes which give you a better understanding of clinical practice and help you refer information quickly and easily"