Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang: Poket periodontal merupakan karakteristik periodontitis. Scaling dan root planing merupakan standar emas untuk perawatan periodontitis. Antimikroba lokal tambahan direkomendasikan pada pasien dengan kedalaman probing ≥5 mm. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas klorheksidin dibandingkan dengan antimikroba lokal lainnya pada periodontitis. Metode: Pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA). Meta-analisis dilakukan pada studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi setelah penilaian risiko bias. Hasil: Meta-analisis antara chip klorheksidin dan antimikroba lain menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing setelah satu bulan sebesar 0,58 mm (p<0,00001) sedangkan setelah tiga bulan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing adalah 0,50 mm (p=0,001), indeks plak 0,01 (p=0,94) dan indeks gingiva -0,11 mm (p=0,02). Antara gel chlorhexidine dan antimikroba lainnya menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing 0,40 mm (p=0,30), indeks plak 0,20 mm (p=0,0008) dan indeks gingiva -0,04 mm (p=0,83) setelah satu bulan. Kesimpulan: Chip klorheksidin lebih efektif pada indeks gingiva dibandingkan antimikroba lainnya setelah tiga bulan. Antimikroba lainnya lebih efektif daripada chip klorheksidin pada kedalaman probing setelah satu dan tiga bulan, dan dari gel klorheksidin pada indeks plak setelah satu bulan.

---

Background: Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥5 mm.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis.

Method: Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment.

Results: Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p<0.00001) whereas after three months the mean difference in probing depth was 0.50 mm (p=0.001), index plaque 0.01 (p=0.94) and gingival index -0.11 mm (p=0.02). Between chlorhexidine gel and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth of 0.40 mm (p=0.30), plaque index of 0.20 mm (p=0.0008) and gingival index of -0.04 mm (p=0.83) after one month.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine chips were more effective on the gingival index than other antimicrobials after three months. The other antimicrobials were more effective than chlorhexidine chips on probing depth after one and three months, and than chlorhexidine gels on plaque index after one month."

"Osteonectin adalah glikoprotein matricellular yang terlibat dalam berbagai proses biologis seperti remodeling jaringan, perbaikan luka, angiogenesis serta diferensiasi seluler, adhesi, proliferasi sel endotel dan fibroblas serta migrasi. Tujuan: mengevaluasi ekspresi mRNA osteonectin sebagai indikator potensial penyembuhan setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar pada pasien periodontitis. Pemeriksaan kedalaman poket dan indeks perdarahan gingiva dilakukan sebelum dan empat minggu setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar. Sampel cairan krevikuler gingiva dikumpulkan dari lima pasien sehat (kontrol) dan 14 pasien periodontitis dengan kedalaman poket absolut 4-6 mm (subjek penelitian) pada sebelum, satu minggu, dua minggu dan empat minggu setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar. Ekspresi mRNA osteonectin dianalisis menggunakan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Uji Friedman ekspresi mRNA osteonectin antara sebelum dan sesudah skeling dan penghalusan akar menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan ekspresi mRNA osteonectin antara sebelum dan satu minggu setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar (p<0,05); penurunan kedalaman poket dan indeks perdarahan gingiva terjadi secara bermakna (p<0,05) antara sebelum dan empat minggu setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar. Uji Spearman menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara ekspresi mRNA osteonectin dengan kedalaman poket (p>0,05, r=0,036) maupun indeks perdarahan gingiva (p>0,05, r=0,421). Ekspresi mRNA osteonectin sebelum dan setelah skeling dan penghalusan akar tidak berhubungan terhadap kedalaman poket maupun indek perdarahan gingiva.

---

Osteonectin is a matricellular glycoprotein that is involved in various biological processes involves tissue remodeling, wound repair, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, adhesion, endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Objective: to evaluate the expression of osteonection mRNA as potential indicator of periodontal healing response after scaling and root planing (SRP) in periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from five periodontally healthy subjects and fourteen periodontitis patients with probing pocket depth (PPDs) of 4-6 mm at baseline and one, two, and four weeks respectively after SRP. The expression levels of osteonectin mRNA were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The Friedman test results of osteonectin mRNA expression between before and after SRP showed there were differences in osteonectin mRNA expression between before and one week after SRP (p< 0.05). A decrease in PPDs and Papillar bleeding index (PBI) occured significantly (p<0.05) between before and four weeks after SRP. The Spearman test showed no association between osteonectin mRNA expression and pocket depth (p>0.05; r=0.036), also with gingival index (p>0.05; r=0.421). The expression of osteonectin mRNA before and after SRP is no related to PPD and PBI."

"Dinamika periostin, protein matriks ekstraseluler jaringan ikat yang berperan sebagai regulator homeostasis struktural dan fungsional, ditemukan dalam cairan krevikuler gingiva (CKG) saat kondisi inflamasi maupun sehat. Pada kasus borderline, pemeriksaan secara biomolekuler dapat membantu meminimalisasi keparahan penyakit, risiko dan kerugian pasien dalam perawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan perbedaan tingkat periostin sebelum dan sesudah terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar gigi (SPA) pada pasien periodontitis stage II grade A, serta hubungan antara tingkat periostin dengan kedalaman poket periodontal - PPD dan perdarahan saat probing - BOP. Sampel CKG dari enam subjek sehat [BOP (-)] dan 25 pasien periodontitis stage II grade A [PPD 4 - 5 mm, BOP (+)] usia 26 - 55 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI, Jakarta, diambil saat baseline (D0), dan dilanjutkan untuk kelompok periodontitis saat satu minggu (D1), dua minggu (D2), dan empat minggu (D3) pascaterapi SPA menggunakan paper point. Dilakukan juga pengukuran PPD dan BOP saat D0 dan D3. Tingkat periostin diamati menggunakan metode RT-PCR kuantitatif dalam 45 siklus. Nilai p<0,05 dinyatakan signifikan. Saat inflamasi, tingkat periostin ditemukan menurun, namun setelah terapi SPA, periostin meningkat dalam satu minggu (p<0,05), dua minggu (p<0,05), hingga empat minggu (p<0,05), sejalan dengan temuan klinis perbaikan PPD dan BOP. Perubahan tingkat periostin mengkonfirmasi penyembuhan jaringan pascaterapi SPA pada kasus periodontitis stage II grade A.

---

The dynamics of periostin, a connective tissue extracellular matrix protein that acts as a regulator of structural and functional homeostasis, is detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during both inflammatory and healthy conditions. In borderline cases, biomolecular examinations can help minimize the severity of the disease, the risk, and the loss of patients in treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain differences in the levels of periostin before and after treatment of scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with stage II grade A periodontitis, as well as its relationship with the depth of the periodontal pocket - PPD and bleeding on probing - BOP. Samples from GCF of six healthy subjects [BOP (-)] and 25 stage II grade A periodontitis patients [PPD 4-5 mm, BOP (+)] aged 26 - 55 years at RSKGM FKG UI, Jakarta, were taken at baseline (D0), and continued for the periodontitis group at one week (D1), two weeks (D2), and four weeks (D3) after SRP treatment by using paper points. PPD and BOP measurements were also taken at D0 and D3. Periostin levels were observed using qRT-PCR methods in 45 cycles. A value of p <0.05 was stated as significant. During inflammation, the level of periostin was found to decrease, but after SRP therapy, periostin increased in one week (p <0.05), two weeks (p <0.05), up to four weeks (p <0.05), in line with the clinical finding improvement of PPD and BOP. Periostin level changes confirmed healing of periodontal tissue after SRP therapy in stage II grade A periodontitis cases."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit periodontal tidak hanya mempengaruhi kesehatan mulut, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada berbagai gangguan sistemik termasuk hiperlipidemia yang merupakan salah satu faktor risiko utama dari penyakit kardiovaskular. Mekanisme inflamasi yang mendasari penyakit periodontal diyakini dapat memengaruhi metabolisme lipid, sehingga memperburuk profil lipid pasien. Perawatan periodontal non-bedah telah diusulkan sebagai intervensi potensial untuk dapat mengurangi peradangan sistemik dan memperbaiki profil lipid pada beberbagai studi, tetepi hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan temuan yang tidak konsisten. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh perawatan periodontal non-bedah pada pasien dengan hiperlipidemia dan periodontitis terhadap kadar biomarker pro-inflamasi TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, dan CRP serta profil lipid. Metode: Pencarian studi melalui basis data elektronik menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA). Studi yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi, kemudian dinilai risiko biasnya. Selanjutnya, dilakukan meta-analisis. Hasil: Sintesis kualitatif menunjukkan adanya hasil yang signifikan terhadap pengaruh perawatan periodontal non-bedah pada penurunan kadar TNF-α, IL-1β, dan IL-6 pasca perawatan, tetapi tidak ditemukan adanya penurunan kadar yang signifikan pada biomarker CRP dan profil lipid pasca perawatan. Meta-analisis sebelum dan sesudah perawatan periodontal non-bedah menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang signifikan secara statistik pada kadar IL-6 dengan perbedaan rerata -0,74 pg/mL (95% CI:[-0.90;-0.57], p<0,00001) dan kadar TC dengan perbedaan rerata -36,19 (95% CI: [-61,00; - 11,38], p = 0,004) serta tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar HDL dengan perbedaan rerata 0,12 (95% CI: [-2,28; 2,52], p = 0,92). Kesimpulan: Perawatan periodontal non-bedah pada pasien dengan hiperlipidemia dan periodontitis menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan pada kadar TNF-α, IL-1β, dan IL-6, tetapi kadar CRP dan profil lipid tidak menunjukkan padanya pengaruh yang signifikan pasca perawatan pada pasien dengan hipelipidemia dan periodontitis.

---

Background: Periodontal disease not only affects oral health but also contributes to a variety of systemic disorders including hyperlipidemia which is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The inflammatory mechanisms underlying periodontal disease are believed to affect lipid metabolism, thereby worsening the lipid profile of patients. Non-surgical periodontal treatment has been proposed as a potential intervention to reduce systemic inflammation and improve lipid profiles in various studies, despite previous findings showing inconsistent findings. Objective: To determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with hyperlipidemia and periodontitis on the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP as well as lipid profile. Methods: Study searches were conducted through electronic databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria are then assessed for bias risk. Next, a meta-analysis was carried out. Results: Qualitative synthesis showed significant results on the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on the reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels after treatment, but no significant reduction in CRP and lipid profile was found after treatment. Meta-analyses before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment showed a statistically significant effect on IL-6 levels with a mean difference of -0.74 pg/mL (95% CI:[-0.90;-0.57], p<0.00001) and TC levels with a mean difference of -36.19 (95% CI: [-61.00; - 11.38], p = 0.004). There is no significant effect on HDL levels with a mean difference of 0.12 (95% CI: [-2.28; 2.52], p = 0.92). Conclusions: Non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with hyperlipidemia and periodontitis showed a significant effect on TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, but CRP levels and lipid profiles did not show a significant post-treatment effect on patients with hyperlipidemia and periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Skeling dan penghalusan akar (SPA) dapat mengubah komposisi bakteri patogen. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek klinis dan mikrobiologis (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia) setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis poket 4-6 mm. Metode: Empat puluh tiga subjek diperiksa kedalaman poket, indeks pendarahan gingiva, sampel plak subgingiva, serta dilakukan SPA pada kunjungan awal, bulan kedua, ketiga, keenam. Hasil: Kedalaman poket, pendarahan gingiva, populasi P. gingivalis, T. forsythia menurun (p<0,05). Penurunan kedalaman poket tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan populasi P.g (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: SPA meningkatkan kondisi klinis dan mikrobiologis poket 4-6 mm. Perbaikan kondisi klinis berhubungan dengan penurunan kedua bakteri kecuali kedalaman poket dengan populasi P.gingivalis.

---

Background: Scaling and root planing (SRP) can change the composition of bacterial pathogens.

Objective: To know the clinical and microbiological effects (P.gingivalis and T. forsythia) of SRP at 4-6 mm pocket depth of chronic periodontitis.

Method: Forty-three subject were performed with SRP on the initial visit, two, three, six month. Pocket depth, gingival bleeding index (PBI) and subgingival plaque samples were examined.

Result: (There is a) decrease in pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, populations of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia (p <0.05). The decrease in pocket depth was not associated with a decrease in the population of P.g (p >0.05).

Conclusion: SRP can improve clinical and microbiological condition in the treatment of chronic periodontitis with 4-6 mm pocket depth. The improvement of clinical condition is associated with the decreasing of bacteria population, except pocket depth is not associated with the P. gingivalis population."

"Aplikasi Subgingiva antimikroba setelah Skeling dan Penghalusan Akar SPA mampu membunuh bakteri anaerob yang tersisa Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek klinis aplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm 45 subjek periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm diskor plak skor perdarahan kedalaman poket kehilangan perlekatan Satu sisi rahang diaplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 dan kontrol pada kontralateral dievaluasi 4 minggu setelahnya Aplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 secara statistik terbukti menurunkan skor perdarahan kedalaman poket kehilangan perlekatan pre dan post perawatan serta antar kedua kelompok periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm Kata kunci Skor Perdarahan Poket Periodontal Kehilangan Perlekatan SPA Aplikasi subgingiva

---

Subgingival application with 3 H2O2 after scaling and root planing SRP is assumed to be kill the bacteria left behind after mechanical debridement The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical effects of subgingival application 3 H2O2 after SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis pocket depth le 6 mm Forty five patients chronic periodontitis pocket depth le 6 mm were scaled and root planed prior to baseline measurement BOP PPD CAL and evaluated on weeks 4 Subgingival application with 3 H2O2 produced a significant reduction in BOP PPD and CAL compared to the control Key words Gingival bleeding on probing probing pocket depth clinical attachment loss scaling and root planing subgingival application 3 H2O2 "

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis kronis mempunyai prevalensi yang sangat tinggi. Baru-baru ini, ada tipe baru fototerapi non bedah untuk mengeliminasi bakteri dinamakan terapi fotodinamik. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek terapi fotodinamik setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis. Metode: Desain split-mouth menerima SPA dengan atau tanpa terapi fotodinamik. BOP, kedalaman poket, dan kehilangan perlekatan diperiksa pada awal dan 1 bulan. Hasil: Terjadi penurunan kedalaman poket dan peningkatan perlekatan, yang lebih besar dibandingkan sisi kontrol (p<0,05). Pada BOP terjadi penurunan hampir sama dengan sisi kontrol. Kesimpulan: Tindakan SPA + terapi fotodinamik dibandingkan SPA saja terbukti menyebabkan perubahan efek klinis yang lebih baik pada penurunan kedalaman poket periodontal dan meningkatkan perlekatan gingiva.

---

Background: Chronic periodontitis has a very high prevalency. Recently, there is a new type of non-surgical phototherapy to eliminate bacteria called photodynamic therapy.

Aim: Analyzing the effects of photodynamic therapy after SPA in chronic periodontitis.

Methods: split-mouth design receives SPA with or without photodynamic therapy. BOP, pocket depth, and attachment loss examined at baseline and 1 month.

Results: There was a decrease in pocket depth and increasing clinical attachment, which is greater than the controls (p <0.05). In BOP decreased nearly equal to the control side.

Conclusions: Measures SPA + photodynamic therapy have better clinical effect on periodontal reduction pocket depth and increased gingival attachment."

"Latar Belakang: Tingginya pertumbuhan kasus keganasan ginekologi dan organ panggul menyebabkan penggunaan terapi radiasi meningkat. Akan tetapi, terapi radiasi juga cukup banyak menimbulkan proktitis radiasi sebesar 30%. Tatalaksana menggunakan agen topikal seperti SCFA, sukralfat, steroid, formalin, dan 5-ASA diketahui memiliki hasil yang baik, namun belum banyak studi yang membandingkan terapi mana yang lebih superior. Tujuan: Menilai efektivitas beberapa terapi topikal terhadap perbaikan gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi pasien proktitis radiasi. Sumber Data: Pencarian utama dilakukan secara elektronik pada basis data PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, dan Science Direct antara September hingga November 2020. Pencarian sekunder dilakukan secara snowballing pada referensi studi yang terkait, dan melalui register uji klinis yang tersertifikasi lainnya seperti Global Index Medicus, Garba Rujukan Digital (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, dan International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) WHO. Seleksi Studi: Studi uji klinis acak terkontrol dengan intervensi terapi topikal dibandingkan plasebo atau terapi topikal lainnya atau kombinasi terapi medikamentosa, yang menilai luaran berupa respon gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi, serta dapat disertai luaran lain, ataupun tidak. Tidak ada batasan terhadap tahun publikasi dan bahasa. Penilaian judul, abstrak, dan studi dilakukan oleh dua orang peninjau independen. Dari total 1786 studi, didapatkan 9 studi memenuhi kriteria eligibilitas.Ekstraksi Data: Ekstraksi data dilakukan oleh dua peninjau independen dan dikonfirmasi pada peninjau ketiga. Konfirmasi data dilakukan dengan menghubungi peneliti dari studi terkait. Tidak didapatkan data tambahan. Hasil: Studi yang melaporkan efektivitas terapi berupa banyaknya jumlah subjek yang mengalami perbaikan atau penurunan skor klinis dan endoskopi dirangkum secara kualitatif. Masing-masing studi saling membahas antar terapi, dan memiliki heterogenitas yang tinggi. Dua studi mengenai formalin dapat dilakukan meta-analisis dengan hasil perbaikan klinis dan endoskopi, namun tidak bermakna terhadap dua studi tersebut (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15) dan tidak terdapat terapi yang lebih superior dibanding terapi lain dalam meta-analisis tersebut. Empat studi yang membahas formalin 4% memiliki kualitas hasil studi menengah dengan risiko bias rendah. Terdapat 3 dari 9 studi yang membandingkan terapi SCFA dengan plasebo sehingga sulit untuk menyimpulkan terapi mana yang berefek lebih baik, dan memiliki risiko bias tidak jelas, namun dengan jumlah pasien yang sedikitsehingga kualitas studi rendah. Satu studi mengenai efektivitas sukralfat menunjukkan hasil bermakna dengan estimasi risiko rendah (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). Akan tetapi studi mengenai 5-ASA topikal tidak ditemukan dalam inklusi telaah sistematis ini. Secara umum, kualitas hasil studi berdasarkan GRADE dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori sedang.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema efektif dalam memperbaiki gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi proktitis radiasi. Namun, hingga saat ini belum ada studi klinis berkualitas baik sehingga sulit untuk menilai terapi yang terbaik. Sedangkan dari 2 studi formalin 4% yang dapat dilakukan meta-analisis, menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada terapi yang lebih superior dibandingkan lainnya. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan tidak ditemukan efek samping berat pada penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema dalam mengobati proktitis radiasi.

---

Background: The high incidence of gynecological and pelvic malignancies has led to the usage of radiation therapy. Nonetheless, radiation therapy also causes a significant complication, about 30% of radiation proctitis. Treatments using topical agents such as SCFA, sucralfate, steroids, formalin, and 5-ASA are known to have good results. However, there are only a few studies comparing the superiority of those therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of topical therapies in the clinical and endoscopic improvement of radiation proctitis patients.

Data Sources: Primary searching was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, and Science Direct between September and November 2020. Secondary searching was done by snowballing method on the relevant study references and through other certified clinical trial registries (Global Index Medicus, Garba Digital Reference (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, and WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).

Study Selection: A randomized controlled trial comparing topical therapies versus placebo or other topical therapies or combination with medical therapies that evaluating the clinical response and endoscopic response. There is no restriction regarding the year of publication and language. Each study were assessed by two independent reviewers. From a total of 1,786 studies identified, 9 studies met the eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction: Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers and confirmed by a third reviewer. Data confirmation was made by contacting the first researchers from related studies. No additional information was obtained.

Results: Studies reporting the effectiveness of therapy in the form of a large number of subjects experiencing improvement or reduction in clinical symptoms and endoscopy were summarized qualitatively. Each study discussed the therapies and the heterogeneity that could not be calculated due to the different outcomes. Two studies on formalin were subject to meta-analysis with clinical and endoscopy improvement. However, they were not significant in the two studies (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15), and no better treatment compared with others in those studies. Further, four studies discussing 4% formalin had medium study quality results with a low risk of bias. There are 3 out of 9 studies that compared SCFA therapy with placebo so it is difficult to conclude which therapy has a better effect, and has an unclear risk of bias, but with a small number of patients so that the quality of the study is low. One study using sucralfate showed significant results with a low-risk estimate (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). However, the study of topical 5-ASA was not found in the inclusion of this systematic review. The level of evidence for the majority of outcomes was downgraded using GRADE to a moderate level, due to imprecision and study limitation.

Conclusion: The usage of SCFA enema, topical formalin, topical steroid and sucralfate enema are effective in improving the clinical and endoscopic response in radiation proctitis patient. However, until now, there are no good quality studies, making it difficult to prove the best therapy. A meta-analysis from 2 studies using 4% formalin versus irrigation and antibiotics, shows no therapy is superior to another. Otherwise, no serious side effects were found in the usage of these topical therapies"

"Osteopontin merupakan salah satu sitokin yang banyak dihubungkan dengan proses resorpsi tulang, namun perannya di dalam proses penyembuhan periodontal masih didapatkan hasil yang berbeda-beda sedangkan Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)merupakan sitokin pro-inflamasi yang berperandalam inflamasi kronis dan proses resorpsi tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αpada pasien periodontitis sebelum terapi dengan setelah terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar (diukur setelah 7 hari, 14 hari, dan 28 hari). Tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam cairan krevikuler gingiva (CKG)dari 28 subjek penderita periodontitis berusia ≥ 30 tahun dan dari 8 subjek sehat diukur dengan menggunakan qPCR. Dilakukan juga uji korelasi Spearmanantara tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam CKG dengan pemeriksaan klinis berupa modified gingival index (MGI).Uji Wilcoxontingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam CKG pada pasien periodontitis sebelum dan setelah 28 hari terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05). Uji korelasi Spearmanmenunjukkan korelasi positif lemah antara tingkat ekspresi OPNdengan skor MGI(r=0,213;p<0,05) dan antara tingkatekspresi TNF-αdengan skor MGI(r=0,256;p<0,05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αpada subjekperiodontitis antara sebelum terapi dengan 28 hari setelahterapi skeling dan penghalusan akar gigi. Adakorelasi positif antara tingkat ekspresi OPNdengan MGIdan tingkat ekspresi TNF-αdengan MGI.

---

Osteopontin is one of many cytokines that is often associated with bone resorption process, but the role in the periodontal healing is still not clear accordingto some studies presenting different results, while Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine which stimulates bone resorption. The objective of this study was to analyze different Osteopontin and TNF-α expression level on patients with periodontitis before (baseline) and 7 days, 14 days, 28 days following scaling and root planing. Osteopontin and TNF-α level on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from 28 subjects with periodontitis aged ≥ 30years old and 8 healthy patients (control subjects)were measured by qPCR. Spearman correlation test between GCF Osteopontin and TNF-α level and modified gingival index (MGI) was also done. Wilcoxon test between Osteopontin and TNF-α level before scaling and root planing and 28 days after scaling and root planing showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation test between TNF-α level on GCF and MGI showed a positive correlation (r=0.256; p<0.05). Conclusions of this study was a significant difference of OPN and TNF-αexpression level between baseline and 28 days after scaling and root planing in periodontitis subjects and a positive correlation between GCF OPN level and MGI and also between TNF-α expression level and MGI."

"Latar belakang: Asma merupakan penyakit ditandai peradangan saluran napas kronik. Satu dari tiga kasus tidak memberikan respon adekuat. Modalitas alternatif terapi  asma adalah magnesium inhalasi. Inhalasi magnesium memiliki efek samping sistemik minimal. Oleh karena itu, peran magnesium inhalasi perlu diteliti lebih lanTujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dan keamanan pemberian magnesium inhalasi pada pasien dewasa mengalami  asma akut.Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dua peneliti independen melalui: PubMed/ MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ProQuest, dan Cochrane dengan kata kunci “magnesium inhalasi” dan “serangan asma” dalam bahasa Inggris dan Indonesia. Pencarian manual dan snowballing dilakukan di portal data nasional. Studi yang dimasukkan adalah uji acak terkontrol mengenai perbandingan magnesium inhalasi dengan terapi standar pada serangan asma akut. Penilaian efektivitas berdasarkan parameter readmisi, tanda vital, perbaikan klinis, serta fungsi paru, sedangkan keamanan berdasarkan parameter efek samping. Protokol telaah sistematis didaftarkan pada PROSPERO.Hasil: Lima artikel diikutsertakan dalam telaah sistematis. Dua artikel diikut-sertakan menilai aspek  readmisi. Tiga studi  menilai hubungan magnesium terhadap tanda vital pasien. Dua studi menilai tingkat keparahan penyakit dan perbaikan klinis. Studi menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna pemberian magnesium inhalasi pada aspek readmisi pasien (RR 1; IK 95% 0.92 - 1,08; p= 0,96), dan saturasi oksigen (MD  1,82; IK 95%: -0.89 - 4.53; p= 0.19). Ada penurunan bermakna laju napas pasien  (MD -1,72; IK 95% -3,1 -0.35; p= 0.01), dan perbaikan gejala pada pasien  (RR 0.29; IK95% 0.18 - 0.47; p <0.001). Ada peningkatan bermakna efek samping pasien magnesium inhalasi (HR 1.56; IK 95% 1.05 – 2.32; p= 0.32). Efek samping relatif ringan  berupa hipotensi dan rasa mual. Kesimpulan: Magnesium inhalasi memperbaiki  klinis pasien asma terutama gejala, laju napas, dan fungsi paru.  Magnesium inhalasi dikatakan aman jika diberikan pada pasien, namun hati-hati penggunaan pada pasien hipotensi.

---

Background:  Asthma is a disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Asthma occurs to many people worldwide. One third of asthmatic case did not respond adequately to standard therapy (Short Acting Beta Agonist, Anticholinergic, Corticosteroid). One of alternative treatment of asthma is inhaled magnesium.  Theoretically, inhaled magnesium is thought to have less systemic side effect and could act directly to respiratory tract. However, the role of inhaled magnesium therapy is not established yet.

Objective: This review is made to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nebulized magnesium in adult with acute asthma attack.

Methods: Literature search was conducted by two independent investigators through online databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Google scholar using the keywords “inhaled magnesium” and “asthma” in English and Indonesian. Manual searches and snowballing were carried out through national data portals and medical faculty e-libraries. Journal articles included in this study are randomized controlled trials that observed inhaled magnesium in adult with acute asthma attack. All the protocol of this systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO.

Result: There are five articles included in this review. Two of them evaluate the effect of magnesium in term of readmission, three of the studies measures effect of magnesium in vital sign, and two of them evaluate the effect of magnesium in term of severity of asthma There is no significant difference in readmission rate and oxygen saturation in magnesium group compared to control (RR 1; 95% CI 0.92 to 1,08; p= 0,96 and MD 1,82; 95% CI -0.89 to 4.53; p= 0.19, respectively). There is significant reduction of respiratory rate and clinical severity in magnesium (MD -1,72; 95% CI   -3,1 to 0.35; p= 0.01, RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.47; p <0.001, respectively). There was a higher risk of side effect in magnesium group (HR 1.56; 95%CI 1.05 to 2.32; p= 0.03). However, the side effect is relatively mild such as hypotension and nausea.

Conclusion: Inhaled magnesium improves clinical outcome for patient with asthma attack especially lung function, improvement of clinical outcome, and lung function. Moreover, Inhaled magnesium is considered safe to be given to asthmatic patient. However, the inhaled magnesium is given with caution in patient with hypotension."