Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Peningkatan kebutuhan akan kosmetik saat ini berdampak terhadap meningkatnya tuntutan ketersediaan bahan baku kosmetik. Tanaman Soka Jawa (Ixora javanica) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang telah diteliti baik kandungan senyawa dan aktivitasnya, terutama bagian bunganya dan dapat digunakan sebagai kandidat bahan baku alami sediaan kosmetik. Disertasi ini bertujuan mengembangkan metode ekstraksi yang ramah lingkungan terhadap bunga Soka Jawa dalam rangka memperoleh sediaan kosmetik skin-lightening dan antioksidan yang berkualitas, aman dan efektif. Metode ekstraksi yang dikembangkan menerapkan prinsip green extraction menggunakan Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) sebagai alternatif pelarut dan metode Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE). Penelitian disertasi ini dilakukan secara eksperimental yang secara garis besar terbagi menjadi empat tahap penelitian yaitu tahapan skrining DES, optimalisasi kondisi ekstraksi, formulasi dan selanjutnya tahap evaluasi sediaan. Pada tahapan skrining DES, kombinasi kolin klorida dan propilen glikol (perbandingan molar 1:1) memberikan hasil perolehan senyawa serta aktivitas yang relatif paling tinggi dibanding pelarut yang lain sehingga dipilih untuk pelarut pengekstraksi bunga Soka Jawa. Hasil optimalisasi dengan bantuan statistik Response surface methodology (RSM) menunjukkan bahwa waktu ekstraksi 40 menit, penambahan air 25%, dan solid-to-liquid ratio 1:27 g/mL merupakan kondisi optimal untuk ekstraksi bunga Soka Jawa menggunakan DES terpilih dengan metode UAE. Ekstraksi pada kondisi optimal tersebut juga terbukti lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan pelarut etanol. Ekstrak DES bunga Soka Jawa yang diperoleh langsung diformulasi menjadi sediaan krim tanpa melalui proses pemekatan ekstrak. Hasil evaluasi terhadap sediaan krim menunjukkan bahwa sediaan krim yang diperoleh memenuhi spesifikasi sediaan dan terbukti stabil secara fisik, kimia, dan mikrobiologi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara menyeluruh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian disertasi ini tidak hanya berhasil mengembangkan green extraction untuk ekstraksi bunga Soka Jawa namun juga memperoleh suatu ekstrak DES bunga Soka Jawa yang optimal sebagai bahan utama sediaan krim skin-lightening dan antioksidan yang berkualitas serta efektif dan aman secara in silico.

---

The increasing demand for cosmetics has resulted in increasing of the need for cosmetic raw materials. Soka Jawa (Ixora javanica) is one of the plants that has been studied for its phytochemical and bioactivity, especially its flower and can be used as a candidate for natural raw materials for cosmetic preparations. The aim of this study is to develop an environmentally friendly extraction method for Soka Jawa flower in order to obtain quality, safe and effective skin-lightening and antioxidant cosmetic preparations. The developed extraction method applied the green extraction principle of using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as an alternative solvent and Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE) method. The main stages of this experimental study were DES screening, extraction methods optimization, cream preparation and its evaluation. The combination of choline chloride and propylene glycol (molar ratio of 1:1) showed the highest compound yield and activity compared to other solvents, therefore it was chosen as extraction solvent for Ixora flowers. The extraction method optimization using the Response Surface Method (RSM) showed that the extraction time of 40 minutes, the addition of 25% water, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:27 g/mL were the optimal conditions for the extraction of Soka Jawa flowers using selected DES with the UAE method. The extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher extraction yields and activity than ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. The Ixora flower extract obtained was directly formulated into a cream preparation without going through the extract evaporation. The results of the evaluation of all parameters showed that the cream met the specifications and also proved to be physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable. In brief, it can be concluded that this study is not only succeeded in developing a green extraction method for Ixora flowers but also obtained an optimal DES extract of Ixora flowers as the main raw material for high quality skin-lightening and antioxidants cream preparations, and also predicted safe and effective in silico."

"Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimasi pada metode ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) untuk meningkatkan yield ekstrak kurkuminoid dari kunyit, temulawak, dan jahe. Selain itu, metode sokletasi juga dilakukan sebagai pembanding. Hasil dari metode UAE yang sudah dioptimasi lalu dibandingkan metode sokletasi yang sudah dilakukan. Optimasi dilakukan dengan membuat beberapa variasi: kandungan air pada pelarut, solid loading, suhu, dan waktu ekstraksi. Hasil yield kurkuminoid kemudian dihitung dengan menggunakan kurva standar kurkumin yang telah dibuat dengan bantuan alat spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Didapatkan hasil tertinggi untuk hasil ekstrak kunyit sebanyak 84,325 mg/g (8,43% b/b), yang didapatkan pada kondisi operasi: kandungan air 20%, solid loading 4%, suhu 55oC, dan waktu 40 menit. Hasil ini sedikit lebih rendah dari hasil sokletasi, yaitu 88,476 mg/g (8,8% b/b). Untuk hasil ekstrak temulawak dan jahe, didapatkan yield sebanyak 2,056 mg/g dan 0,21 mg/g, secara berurutan. Selain itu, dilakukan separasi ekstrak kurkuminoid dari senyawa pengotor dan kristalisasi untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi ekstrak kurkuminoid. Separasi pada kunyit meningkatkan konsentrasi ekstrak kurkuminoid sebanyak 1,36%, sedangkan proses kristalisasi meningkatkan konsentrasi ekstrak sebesar 2,9%. Meskipun begitu, kedua metode tersebut menyebabkan penurunan konsentrasi kurkuminoid pada temulawak dan jahe sebanyak 85,88% dan 67,36%, secara berurutan. Setelah itu, model kinetik ekstraksi dibuat berdasarkan model Peleg dan persamaan transfer massa.

---

In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was optimized to increase the yield of curcuminoid extracts from turmeric, Javanese turmeric, and ginger. In addition, the soxhletation method was also carried out as a comparison. The result of the optimized UAE method is then compared to the soxhletation method that has been carried out. Optimization is done by making several variations: water content in the solvent, solid loading, temperature, and extraction time. The yield of curcuminoids was then calculated using a standard curve of curcumin that had been made using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest curcuminoid extract yield obtained from turmeric was 84,325 mg/g (8,43% w/w), which was obtained under operating conditions: 20% water content, 4% solid loading, temperature of 55oC, 40 minutes extraction time. This result was slightly lower than the soxhletation result, which was 88,476 mg/g (8,8% w/w). For the curcuminoid extracts obtained from Javanese turmeric and ginger, the yields were 2,056 mg/g and 0,21 mg/g, respectively. In addition, the curcuminoid extract was separated from impurities and crystallized to increase the concentration of the curcuminoid extract. The separation of turmeric increased the concentration of the curcuminoid extract by 1,36%, while the recrystallization process increased the concentration of the extract by 2,9%. However, both methods caused a decrease in the concentration of curcuminoids in Javanese turmeric and ginger by 85,88% and 67,36%, respectively. After that, the extraction kinetic model was made based on the Peleg model and the mass transfer equation."

"One species of the red algae (Rhodophyceae) resulted from carrageenan is Eucgeuma cottonii. This algae is cultured intensively in Madura island espicially in district of Sumenep in village of Pekandangan - Buto. Production of E. cottonii in Sumenep - Madura rised over the last years but extraction of carrageenan has not been performed extensively. Unfortunately, it has been exported to abroad in dried from used as raw materials either food or non food industry. The objective of this research is to stydy the influence of extraction method of carrageenan on its quality. The best carrageenan quality was resulted by the modification of extraction metod by using cold alkali treatment so this method can be considered as alternative methods. The carrageenan quality that serulted from this methods is one the standard suggested by food and agriculture Organization,"

"Kurkumin, polifenol hidrofobik yang diekstrak dari rimpang suku temu-temuan telah terbukti dalam banyak studi farmakologi memiliki potensi terapeutik yang beragam, termasuk sifat anti-inflamasi, antioksidan, antikanker, dan antivirus. Oleh karena itu, kurkumin berpotensi untuk dijadikan bahan baku obat herbal. Metode ekstraksi kurkumin yang saat ini paling sering digunakan adalah sokletasi karena menghasilkan yield yang tinggi. Akan tetapi, metode ini memerlukan waktu ekstrak yang lama, penggunaan pelarut organik dalam jumlah banyak, dan melibatkan proses pemanasan yang dapat merusak fitokimia. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) merupakan salah satu metode alternatif yang dapat dipilih karena metode ini mampu meningkatkan permeabilitas sel sehingga ekstraksi dapat dilakukan dengan waktu yang lebih singkat dalam suhu ruang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi metode UAE dengan menggunakan natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) berbasis kolin klorida dan asam laktat sebagai pelarut ramah lingkungan dan memiliki biokompabilitas yang lebih baik dibanding pelarut organik. Pengaruh parameter ekstraksi seperti kandungan air dalam pelarut, % (b/v) solid loading, suhu, dan waktu ekstraksi akan diuji. Yield tertinggi yang diperoleh dari ekstraksi kunyit adalah 79,635 mg/g dengan kondisi 20% kandungan air dalam pelarut, 4% solid loading, suhu ekstraksi 350C, dan waktu ekstraksi 60 menit. Kinetika dari optimasi UAE ini kemudian dijelaskan dengan model Peleg dan transfer massa di mana hasilnya sudah kompatibel dengan data eksperimen. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh dari ekstraksi kunyit selanjutnya digunakan untuk ekstraksi temu mangga dan temu ireng yang memperoleh yield berturut-turut sebesar 31,322 mg/g dan 19,730 mg/g. Berdasarkan yield yang diperoleh, penggunaan pelarut, suhu, dan waktu ekstraksi, metode UAE hasil optimasi dapat dipilih menjadi alternatif metode sokletasi. Selanjutnya, heksana sebagai antipelarut digunakan dalam separasi kurkuminoid dari oleoresin pada kunyit, temu mangga, dan temu ireng yang memberikan recovery kurkuminoid berturut-turut sebesar 39%, 27%, 7%. Solidifikasi kurkuminoid juga dilakukan dengan metode kristalisasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana dan isopropil alkohol. Akan tetapi, kurkuminoid tidak bisa disolidifikasi dikarenakan masih adanya NADES dalam larutan ekstrak

---

Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the plant of ginger family (Zingiberaceae) has been shown in many pharmacological studies to have diverse therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Therefore, curcumin has the potential to be used as a raw material for herbal medicines. The most frequently used method to extract curcumin is Soxhlet since it gives high yields. However, this method requires a long extraction time, the use of large amounts of organic solvents, and involves a heating process that can damage the phytochemicals. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an alternative method that can be chosen because this method causes an increase in cell membrane permeability so that extraction can be carried out in a shorter time at room temperature. This study aims to optimize the UAE method, which is a modern extraction method using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and lactic acid as environmentally friendly solvents and have better biocompatibility than organic solvents. The impact of various process parameters such as solvent water content, % (w/v) solid loading, temperature, and extraction time were investigated. The maximum curcuminoid yields of 79.635 mg/g was achieved based on extraction in 20% water content NADES with 4% solid loading in 350C temperature for 1 hour. Peleg’s model and mass transfer model was used to describes the kinetics of the optimized UAE method, and the results were found to be compatible with experimental data. The optimum conditions obtained from turmeric extraction were then used for the extraction of mango ginger and black turmeric which gives yields of 31.322 mg/g and 19.730 mg/g, respectively. Based on the yield obtained, the use of solvents, temperature, and extraction time, the optimized UAE method can be chosen as an alternative Soxhlet method. Furthermore, hexane as an anti-solvent was utilized in the separation process of curcuminoids from oleoresin in turmeric, mango ginger, and black turmeric which gave curcuminoid recovery of 39%, 27%, 7%, respectively. Solidification of curcuminoids was also carried out by crystallization method using n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol as solvent. However, curcuminoids could not be solidified due to the presence of NADES in the extract solution."

"Pemisahan gula dari tetes tebu (molasses) menggunakan pelarut minyak nabati dilakukan dengan studi awal melalui proses ekstraksi pelarut sistem cair dalam kolom ekstraksi berpengaduk sederhana. Pada penelitian ini, tetes tebu dengan potensi 2,5 juta ton per tahun di Indonesia dimodelkan sebagai larutan gula 20% dan dipisahkan kandungan gulanya. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan pengujian ekstraksi sederhana dan pengujian kolom ekstraksi yang ditinjau secara umum, serta membandingkan profil ekstraksi antara penggunaan pelarut minyak kelapa sawit dan minyak kedelai, yaitu dengan mengamati profil kecepatan gelembung ekstraksi, koefisien distribusi, dan pengaruh pengadukan terhadap proses ekstraksi. Pada pengujian ekstraksi sederhana diperoleh bahwa sistem dengan pelarut minyak kedelai dan dengan perbandingan volume lebih besar memiliki waktu yang lebih lama pada profil kecepatan gelembung, akan tetapi nilai koefisien distribusinya (Kd) lebih kecil yaitu rata-rata 0,7 dan 0,58, daripada sistem dengan minyak kelapa sawit dengan koefisien distribusi lebih besar yaitu rata-rata 0,1 dan 0,07. Disamping itu, pengujian dalam kolom ekstraksi dilakukan, dengan mengandalkan dua jenis pengadukan dan diperoleh hasil bahwa untuk sistem dengan pelarut minyak kelapa sawit pada pengadukan secara mekanis (mechanic stirring) dapat memisahkan kandungan gula lebih banyak yaitu hingga 14%, daripada pengadukan secara statis (static stirring) yang hanya memisahkan hingga 8%.

---

The sugar separation from molasses with vegetable oil as solvent was did by apply the pre-eliminary study with liquid extraction process method and use a simple design of mixer extraction column. In this research, the molasses which 2.5 million ton per year potential in Indonesia was modeled as sugar solution and the sugar (sucrose) composition was separated. Observation were made towards a simple test of extraction process and the extraction column with a generally observe, and compare the extraction profile between the system with solvent palm kernel oil and soybean oil, consist a bubble rate profile, distribution coefficient (Kd) and stirring effects towards extraction process. Moreover, system with soybean oil has a longer time of bubble rate, however has a smaller of distribution coefficient where averages 0,7 and 0,58, than the palm oil has the bigger value of distribution coefficient where averages 0,1 and 0,07. Furthermore, on extraction column testing operated by applying two types of stirring, the mechanical stirring which can separate more sugar untill 14%, than the static stirring where just 8%."

"ABSTRAKCr(III) merupakan spesi ion logam kromium (Cr) yang esensial bagi tubuh manusia karena memiliki peran penting dalam metabolisme glukosa, lemak dan protein. Untuk menetapkan konsentrasi spesi Cr(III), sistem ekstraksi titik awan digunakan sebagai metode pemisahan dan prakonsentrasi yang murah, cepat dan ramah lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengembangan metode analisis Cr(III) dalam matriks susu menggunakan ligan 1-(2-piridilazo)-2-naftol (PAN) dan surfaktan nonionik Triton X-114 yang dideteksi dengan Spektroskopi Serapan Atom Tungku Karbon. Faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi ekstraksi seperti pH larutan, konsentrasi ligan, konsentrasi surfaktan, suhu ekstraksi dan waktu ekstraksi dioptimasi hingga mendapatkan efisiensi ekstraksi yang optimum. Penambahan Na₂SO₄ juga dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi. Analisis Cr(III) dalam produk susu yang telah diberi perlakuan dengan asam trikloro asetat menghasilkan presisi dengan RSD 4.1 % dan rentang perolehan kembali Cr(III) 80.0 sampai 100.8 %. Batas deteksi dalam produk susu yang diperoleh adalah 45 ng/g dan batas kuantisasi 150 ng/g. Faktor pengayaan setelah pengenceran fase kaya surfaktan 125 kali adalah 2.1 dan faktor prakonsentrasi yang diperoleh adalah 310.3. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa metode analisis dengan ekstraksi titik awan ini dapat digunakan untuk penetapan konsentrasi Cr(III) dalam produk susu.

---

Cr(III) is one of chromium (Cr) metal ion species which is essential for human body because it has important role in glucose, fat and protein metabolism. To determine the concentration of Cr(III), cloud point extraction was used as a method of separation and preconcentration which is low cost, fast and environmentally friendly. In this study, analytical method development of Cr(III) in dairy products was performed using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) ligand and nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 which was detected by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Factors affecting extraction efficiency such as pH of solution, concentration of ligand, concentration of surfactant, equilibration temperature and time were optimized to obtain optimum extraction efficiency. Addition of Na₂SO₄ was also carried out to improve extraction efficiency. The analysis of Cr(III) in dairy products which was previously treated with trichloro acetic acid produces precision with 4.1% RSD and the recovery range of Cr(III) is of 80.0 to 100.8%. The detection limit in dairy products obtained is 45 ng/g and the quantization limit is 150 ng/g. The enrichment factor after 125 times surfactant-rich phase dilution is of 2.1 and the preconcentration factor obtained is of 310.3.  It is proved that the analytical method using cloud point extraction can be employed to determine the concentration of Cr(III) in dairy products."

"The use of ultrasound in extraction process creates novel and interesting methodologies, which are often complementary to conventional extraction methods. In the present study, the use of ultrasound to extract oleoresin from ginger (Zingiber officinaleR.) was investigated. The extraction was performed by using ethanol as solvent in the presence of ultrasonic irradiations operating at frequency of 42 kHz at extraction temperature of 60oC. The oleoresin extracted was in the form of dark thick liquid with specific ginger flavor. Based on GC-MS analysis, the use of ultrasound was not give an effect on alteration of main component in ginger oleoresin. The main component in extracted ginger oleoresin was zingerone. Gingerol as one of the pungent principle of the ginger oleoresin was not detected due to decomposition of gingerol at a temperature above 45oC. Extraction rate of ultrasound-assisted extraction was about 1.75 times more rapid than a conventional system based on soxhlet. The scanning electron microscopy images provided more evidence for the mechanical effects of ultrasound, mainly appearing on cells? walls and shown by the destruction of cells, facilitating the release of their contents. "

"Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) merupakan salah satu metode green extraction yang menjadi salah satu solusi dalam meningkatkan yield dan mempercepat waktu ekstraksi. Penelitian dengan metode konvensional seperti soxhlet, maserasi, perkolasi dan refluks telah dilakukan dan memiliki beberapa kekurangan antara lain, menghasilkan yield yang rendah, selektivitas yang rendah dan menggunakan volum pelarut organik yang besar sehingga menimbulkan masalah keamanan dan lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode Continuous Ultrasonic Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (CUAEE) yang merupakan salah satu metode green extraction untuk mengekstraksi berbagai jenis senyawa. Kondisi operasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu ukuran simplisia daun kejibeling 80 mesh, konsentrasi enzim selulase 30 mg/g, pelarut etanol konsentrasi 50%, waktu ekstraksi 180 menit dan variasi suhu 30, 40, 50 dan 60 0C. Hasil uji menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan Total Phenolic Content (TPC) optimum sebesar 2,864 mg GAE/g daun kering dan Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) optimum sebesar 2,582 mg QE/g daun kering pada suhu 50 0C dengan waktu ekstraksi 10 menit. Ekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode CUAEE, menunjukkan bahwa proses ekstraksi secara kontinyu dapat mempercepat waktu ekstraksi. Ekstrak daun kejibeling diuji menggunakan GC–MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) dan teridentifikasi senyawa yang memiliki senyawa aktivitas antihiperglikemik yaitu 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester serta yang memiliki senyawa aktivitas antihiperkolesterolemia yaitu Tetradecanoic acid dan Palmitic acid vinyl ester.

---

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) is a green extraction method that is one of the solutions to increase yield and speed up extraction time. Research using conventional methods such as soxhlet, maceration, percolation and reflux has been carried out and has several shortcomings, including low yield, low selectivity and using large volumes of organic solvents, causing safety and environmental problems. The method used in this research is the Continuous Ultrasonic Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (CUAEE) method, which is one of the green extraction methods for extracting various types of compounds. The operating conditions used in this study were the size of kejibeling leaf simplicia 80 mesh, cellulase enzyme concentration 30 mg/g, 50% ethanol solvent concentration, extraction time of 180 minutes and temperature variations of 30, 40, 50 and 60 0C. The test results using UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the optimum Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was 2.864 mg GAE/g dry leaves and the optimum Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) was 2.582 mg QE/g dried leaves at 50 0C with an extraction time of 10 minutes. Extraction using the CUAEE method, shows that the continuous extraction process can speed up the extraction time. Kejibeling leaf extract was tested using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) and identified compounds that have antihyperglycemic activity compounds, namely 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester and those with antihypercholesterolemic activity compounds, namely Tetradecanoic acid and Palmitic acid vinyl ester."