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"This study investigates the interregional district-level inequalities and the spatial associations of household access to sustainable water and sanitation in Indonesia between 2004 and 2018. The findings show that although the gap of household access to water and sanitation declined over years, the disparities among districts in Indonesia kept persisting. Related to proliferation, the access in the districts that never separated is higher than in others. Furthermore, this study also confirms the presence of spatial cluster/outlier of accesses, although it remains very weak. The majority of districts with high access are clustered in the western part of Indonesia, especially in Java island. At the same time, in the mountainous areas of Papua island and some districts in Sumatera island where forest land has been degraded into plantation and mining areas have relatively low access for years. These left-behind districts need government attention and s"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Gambaran Perkembangan Program Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat STBM pada Dua Puskesmas dan Dua Desa di Kabupaten Cianjur Sampai Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pelaksanaan program setiap tahunnya mengalami peningkatan, namun sampai saat ini hasilnya masih dibawah target nasional. Permasalahan yang terjadi dalam program ini yaitu perekonomian masyarakat yang rendah serta kurangnya keinginan masyarakat untuk berubah, sumber daya manusia masih kurang, dukungan regulasi masih kurang, cetakan jamban yang belum digunakan dengan optimal, anggaran yang dirasa masih kurang, serta waktu pelaksanaan program yang terlambat.

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This study aims to find out the Description of the Development of Community Based Total Sanitation Program at Two Health Center and Two Villages in Cianjur District Until 2018. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive design. The results of the study show that the implementation of the program each year has increased, but until now the results are still below the national target. The problems that occur in this program are the low economy of the community and the lack of willingness of the community to change human resources are still lacking regulatory support is still lacking latrine molds that have not been used optimally budget that is still lacking and as well as late program implementation time."

"Digestive disorders rank among the most common problems faced in Indonesia, especially for the Baduy people in Banten Province. Although the Baduy live in water-rich areas, their lack of sanitation facilities and unawareness of methods of disease prevention have prompted high morbidity and mortality rates in their communities, largely due to digestive system disorders that they continue to treat with medicinal plants. This survey was undertaken to document Baduy indigenous medicinal plants that were used to treat and prevent different types of digestive system disorders in their communities using quantitative ethnobotanical approaches. Ethno medicinal data were collected from 30 informants regarding their knowledge on medicinal plants. Quantitative approaches were used to determine the use value and informant consensus factor values of collected data. The results revealed that the Baduy currently use 54 medicinal plant species belonging to 30 families to treat digestive system disorders. Additional research is required, however, to validate the function of the medicinal plants and identify their active compounds."

"Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK), baik DAK fisik dan non fisik merupakan satu dari beberapa sumber pendanaan di daerah yang digunakan untuk menyelenggarakan kegiatan kesehatan. Pada Bantuan Operasional Kesehatan (BOK) yang masuk kedalam ruang lingkup DAK non fisik, terdapat menu kegiatan Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) bagi Desa/Kelurahan prioritas. Menu ini ditujukan bagi desa/kelurahan prioritas yang bertujuan mendukung implementasi indikator Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan, yakni Desa/Kelurahan Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan (SBS) dan terwujudnya pilar pertama STBM (stop buang air besar sembarangan). Pelaksanaan kegiatan ini di daerah perlu dilakukan pengawasan sebagai upaya untuk memastikan kegiatan terlaksana sesuai dengan tujuannya. Sehubungan dengan belum terdapatnya sistem informasi yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu pemantauan kegiatan ini, maka perlu dibuat rancangan sistem informasi pelaporan kegiatan STBM pilar 1 SBS pada desa/kelurahan prioritas bersumber dana BOK Puskesmas. Sistem informasi yang dirancang menggunakan metode System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) dengan pendekatan prototipe. Dalam sistem informasi ini akan diperoleh data terkait lokasi sasaran, akses sanitasi sebelum dan sesudah, rencana kegiatan, besaran rencana anggaran, realisasi kegiatan, besaran realisasi anggaran, kondisi STBM paska kegiatan, hingga kendala yang dialami saat melaksanakan kegiatan. Penggunaan sistem informasi ini dapat mendukung fungsi pengawasan dalam manajemen untuk memastikan kegiatan BOK STBM telah terlaksana sesuai dengan tujuannya. Selain itu, sistem informasi ini juga dapat mengefisiensikan pekerjaan serta sumber daya dalam hal pengawasan, penyusunan laporan, dan mendapatkan informasi untuk digunakan dalam perencanaan kegiatan BOK STBM pada tahun anggaran berikutnya.

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Special Allocation Funds (DAK), both physical and non-physical allocations and serve as one of the funding sources for organizing health activities in the regions. Within the Health Operational Assistance (BOK), which is include in the scope of non-physical DAK, there is a menu of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) activities designed for priority Villages/Sub-District. This menu aims to support the implementation of the Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan indicators, specifically focusing on Villages/Sub-District Open Defecation Free (ODF) and the first pillar of CLTS, which is to stop open defecation at the designated locations. Given the absence of an information system that can serve as a monitoring tool for these activities, it becomes necessary to design an information system for reporting CLTS activities in priority villages/sub-district funded through BOK Puskesmas. The information system is designed using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method with a prototype approach. Within this information system, data related to the target location, sanitation accessibility before and after activity, activity plans, budget plans, activity realization, budget utilization, post-activity CLTS conditions, and any constraints encountered during the implementation will be collected. The implementation of this information system can effectively support the oversight function in management to ensure that BOK CLTS activities are carried out in accordance with their objectives. Moreover, the utilization of this information system will streamline work and resources in terms of supervision, report preparation, and information acquisition for planning CLTS BOK activities in the upcoming year."

"UKBM covered Posyandu , Poskesdes and POD/WOD. Posyandu, Poskesdes POD/WOD are organized in village/or rural area with the goal to prepare health services. warung Obat Desa (WOD) based on SK Menkes No. 983/Menkes/VIII/2004 about WOD implementation guide. The objective of the study is assessment about of the influence factors of Using and the Effort of Health community based services "UKBM" at Household in Indonesia."

"Penduduk DKI Jakarta mengandalkan air tanah sebagai sumber air utama untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. Kualitas air tanah saat ini telah berada pada kategori kritis karena telah tercemar bakteri Escherichia coli dari limbah tinja, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengelolaan lumpur tinja yang baik untuk mengatasi pencemaran air tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode gabungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui minat masyarakat terhadap layanan lumpur tinja berkala, keberhasilan LLTT, bobot prioritas faktor keberlanjutan layanan lumpur tinja, dan menyusun model strategi keberlanjutan LLTT di DKI Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 80% dari responden mengetahui program LLTT dan 65% masyarakat berminat untuk menjadi pelanggan LLTT. Faktor kepemimpinan mempunyai prioritas tertinggi dengan bobot sebesar 39% dan faktor teknologi menjadi prioritas terendah dengan bobot hanya sebesar 4,8%. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah keberlanjutan LLTT dapat dicapai jika terdapat intervensi aspek sosial budaya melalui sosialiasi kepada masyarakat dan intervensi aspek kepemimpinan dan kelembagaan melalui kebijakan penggabungan pembayaran tarif dengan PAM Jaya dan peraturan gubernur untuk mencapai cakupan layanan 75% di 2030.

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Residents of DKI Jakarta rely on groundwater as the main source of water for their daily lives. The quality of groundwater is currently in the critical category because it has been contaminated by Escherichia coli bacteria from fecal waste, so good fecal sludge management efforts are needed to overcome groundwater pollution. This study uses a quantitative approach with a combined method. The purpose of this study was to determine public interest in periodic fecal sludge services, the success of LLTT, the priority weight of fecal sludge service sustainability factors, and to develop a model of LLTT sustainability strategy in DKI Jakarta. The results showed that 80% of respondents were aware of the LLTT program and 65% of the community were interested in becoming LLTT customers. The leadership factor has the highest priority (39%) and the technology factor is the lowest priority (4.8%). Conclusion of the study is that the sustainability of LLTT can be achieved if there is an intervention in the socio-cultural aspect through socialization to the community and an intervention in the leadership and institutional aspects through the policy of combining tariff payments with PAM Jaya and the governor's regulation to achieve 75% service coverage in 2030."

"Di Jakarta sebesar 71% masyarakat membuang air limbah rumah tangga ke tangki septik yang tidak aman dan mencemari permukaan air terdekat. Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik (IPALD) komunal yang memiliki rencana dan biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan yang mencukupi dapat berjalan berkelanjutan. Namun, IPALD komunal yang terbangun dan beroperasi di Rukun Warga 01 Kelurahan Menteng Jakarta Pusat tidak memiliki rencana dan biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan yang mencukupi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas IPALD komunal, mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap responden dengan persepsi responden mengenai operasional dan pemeliharaan IPALD komunal, mengetahui kesediaan membayar masyarakat untuk biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan, serta merumuskan strategi untuk IPALD komunal yang berkelanjutan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah uji kualitas effluent IPALD komunal melalui uji laboratorium, korelasi spearnan, regresi linear berganda, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) dan Systematic Strategic Planning (SSP). IPALD Komunal unit 1 termasuk kategori cukup baik, dan unit 2 dan 3 termasuk kurang baik. Terdapat hubungan sikap dengan persepsi masyarakat pada unit 1 dan terdapat hubungan pengetahuan dengan persepsi masyarakat pada unit 2 dan unit 3. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pendapatan masyarakat dan tingkat kepuasan dengan kesediaan membayar masyarakat. Kesediaan membayar retribusi biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan instalasi tersebut adalah sebesar Rp 15.273. Strategi untuk IPALD komunal dapat beroperasi adalah dengan menjalankan perkuatan lembaga di pemerintah daerah dan lembaga kelompok pengelola, bekerja sama dengan PALjaya untuk penyambungan IPALD komunal ke pengolahan air limbah skala perkotaan, dan penambahan teknologi aerator dan media filter

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One of solution to improve the quality of the environment is the construction of a communal domestic wastewater treatment (WWTP) with a community-based sanitation (CBS) program. Communal WWTP has a plan operational and maintenance costs can run sustainably. However, the communal WWTP that was built and operates in Rukun Warga 01 Menteng Kelurahan, Central Jakarta, does not have a plan and sufficient operational and maintenance costs. This study aims to evaluate the quality of communal WWTPs, determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of respondents with respondents' perceptions of the operation and maintenance (O&M) of communal WWTPs, determine community's willingness to pay for )&M costs, and formulate strategies for sustainable communal WWTPs. The research method used is the effluent quality test in communal WWTPs through laboratory tests, Spearnan correlation, multiple linear regression, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Systematic Strategic Planning (SSP). Communal WWTP unit 1 is categorized as good enough, and units 2 and 3 are not good. There is a relationship between attitude and community perception in unit 1 and there is a relationship between knowledge and public perception in unit 2 and unit 3. There is no relationship between people's income and level of satisfaction with people's willingness to pay. Willingness to pay a retribution for operating and maintaining the installation is Rp 15,273. The strategy for communal WWTPs to operate is to strengthen local government institutions and management group institutions, collaboration with PALjaya to connect communal WWTPs to urban scale WWTP, and replenishment aerator technology and filter media."

"Escherichia coli merupakan bakteri yang umum digunakan sebagai parameter terkait cemaran tinja dan sanitasi. Keberadaan nitrat pada air juga menjadi salah satu indikator terkait sanitasi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi dapat mempengaruhi konsentrasi TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) dalam air tanah. Adanya kandungan E .coli, nitrat, dan TDS berlebih dalam air tanah yang digunakan sebagai air minum rumah tangga dapat berdampak pada kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kondisi sanitasi rumah tangga dengan kualitas air minum rumah tangga bersumber air tanah berdasarkan parameter E .coli, nitrat, dan TDS. Kondisi sanitasi yang diteliti meliputi 7 aspek, yaitu sarana buang air besar, tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, jarak tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, tempat pembuangan sampah rumah tangga, jarak TPS/TPA terdekat, sarana pembuangan limbah cair rumah tangga, serta jarak sarana pembuangan limbah cair rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode cross sectional. Analisis dilakukan dengan uji univariat dan uji bivariat menggunakan uji chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 90%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan signifikan antara tempat pembuangan akhir tinja dengan kandungan TDS (p=0.086), tempat pembuangan sampah dengan cemaran E. coli (p=0.054), dan jarak TPS/TPA terdekat dengan kandungan TDS (p=0.061). Disarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut mengenai keterkaitannya dengan kesehatan.

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Escherichia coli is a commonly used bacteria as a parameter related to fecal contamination and sanitation. The presence of nitrate in water is also an indicator related to sanitation. Several studies show that sanitation can affect concentration of TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) in groundwater. So, the presences of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS in groundwater that used as daily needs household drinking water can affect human health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between seven household sanitation conditions and the quality of household drinking water from groundwater based on the presence of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS as the parameters. The sanitation conditions include 7 aspects, such as defecation facilities, faecal disposal sites, the distance between feces disposal sites and drinking water sources, household waste disposal sites, the distance between household and temporary storage sites (TPS)/Final Processing Sites (TPA), household waste water disposal facilities, and the distance between household waste water disposal facilities and drinking water source. This research uses secondary data with a cross sectional analysis method. The analysis was carried out with univariate test and bivariate test using chi square test with a confidence level of 90%. The research results showed that there was significant relations between faecal disposal sites and TDS (p=0.086), waste disposal sites and E. coli (p=0.054), the distance to the nearest waste disposal sites and TDS. Therefore, the suggestions for further researcher to analyze the relations with health.

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"Dana Alokasi Umum merupakan transfer pemerintah pusat kepada daerah bersifat "Block Grant" yang berarti kepada daerah diberi keleluasaan dalam penggunaannya sesuai dengan prioritas dan kebutuhan daerah dengan tujuan untuk menyeimbangkan kemampuan keuangan antar daerah. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat berbagai persoalan yang mengakibatkan DAU belum secara efektif mengurangi kesenjangan fiskal antar daerah.Secara teoritis transfer fiskal mempunyai fungsi ekualisasi kemampuan keuangan antar daerah, penelitian ini akan menjawab apakah kebijakan alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) yang dilaksanakan selama TA 2001 sampai dengan TA- 2005-telah mampu mengurangi horizontal fiscal-imbalance-antar-kabupaten kota di Indonesia.Selama periode tahun 2001 - 2005, peranan DAU pada masing -masing kabupatenikota secara konsisten relatif tetap yaitu berkisar 70%. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa telah terjadi ketergantungan yang sangat besar di hampir seluruh kabupaten/kota di Indonesia terhadap transfer fiskal terutama DAU.Hasil analisis koefisien variasi selama periode 2001 - 2005 menunjukkan bahwa angka koefisien variasi cenderung meningkat sampai dengan tahun 2003, namun kembali mengecil sampai dengan tahun 2005. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan fiskal semakin meningkat sampai dengan tahun 2003 namun kemudian mengecil. Keadaan ini berhubungan dengan perubahan porsi Alokasi Minimum (AM) yang semakin mengecil dari tahun ke tahun.Hasil analisis lndeks Williamson juga menunjukan kecenderungan yang sama dengan koefisien variasi namun cenderung konstan. Artinya alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) yang diberikan selama tahun 2001 - 2005 belum mampu secara signifikan mempengaruhi kesenjangan fiskal kabupaten/kota di Indonesia.

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General Allocation Fund (DAU) is the transfer of central government to local government has the character of ?Block Grant" meaning to local government given by facility in its use as according to priority and requirement of local government as a mean to balance interregional fiscal ability. But, in the execution of there were various problem resulting DAU not yet effectively lessened interregional fiscal disparities.

This research would answer how the allocation of General Allocation Fund (DAU) during FY 2001 up to FY 2005 had been able to lessen horizontal fiscal imbalance across districts and municipalities in Indonesia.

During period of fiscal year 2001 - 2005, role of DAU of municipaties/districts consistently is gyrating 70%. This matter prove that have happened a high depended to fiscal transfer especially DAU, in entire municipaties/districts in Indonesia

The Result of analysis of coefficient variation during period FY 2001 - 2005 indicated that coefficient variation number tend to increase up to year 2003, but again minimize up to FY 2005. This matter indicated that fiscal disparities progressively mount up to year 2003 but later then minimize. This situation relate to change of Minimum Allocation (AM) portion which progressively minimize.

The result of analysis with Index Williamson also tendency equal to coefficient variation analysis but tend to constantly. Its mean the allocation of General Allocation Fund (DAU) during FY 2001 - 2005 not yet can influence fiscal disparity of municipalities/districts in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisis upaya China untuk mengamankan pasokan energinya di Indonesia melalui economic statecraft. Sejak menjadi net oil importer pada tahun 1993, China mengubah kebijakan energi yang pada awalnya dilakukan secara self sufficiency menjadi going abroad melalui kerja sama dan ekspansi ke luar negeri. Diversifikasi sumber pemasok energi adalah hal yang vital untuk menekan resiko dependensi pada pemasok tertentu. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa China menggunakan instrumen economic statecraft yang berupa bantuan asing dan foreign direct investment dalam melakukan diplomasi energi di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

This research attempted to do an analysis of strategies used by China, in its efforts to secure energy supplies from Indonesia through economic statecraft. Since becoming a net oil importer in 1993, China's changing energy policy that was originally done in self-sufficiency be going abroad through cooperation and overseas expansion. Diversification of sources of energy suppliers is vital to reduce the risk of dependency on specific suppliers. The results of this study show that China's use of economic statecraft?s instruments in the form of foreign aid and foreign direct investment in doing energy diplomacy in Indonesia."