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"Minyak kelapa sawit dan turunannya saat ini tidak banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang farmasi terutama sebagai sistem pembawa obat. Palm stearin dan palm kernel merupakan turunan minyak kelapa sawit mengandung lipid yang dapat digunakan dalam formulasi berbasis lipid, salah satunya nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel yang optimum untuk menghasilkan NLC dengan karakteristik yang sesuai dan memiliki kemampuan penetrasi subkutan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan formulasi tanpa NLC. Optimasi pembuatan NLC mengandung linestrenol dilakukan dengan variasi komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel dengan perbandingan 4:6 (F1), 6:4 (F2), dan 5:5 (F3) kemudian NLC linestrenol yang diperoleh diformulasikan dalam gel dan dievaluasi. Karakterisasi dan evaluasi terhadap NLC linestrenol meliputi ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas, zeta potensial, efisiensi penjerapan, dan uji penetrasi in vitro. Formula terbaik dihasilkan oleh formula F2 dengan perbandingan palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) yang menghasilkan ukuran partikel 129,20 ± 2,851 nm; zeta potensial -31,80 ± 2,36 mV; indeks polidispersitas 0,25 ± 0,075; bentuk sferis, efisiensi penjerapan 84,742 ± 0,264 % serta memiliki stabilitas yang baik dalam gel. Pada uji penetrasi in vitro, gel  NLC linestrenol formula 2 (FGN2) menghasilkan pelepasan obat yang terkontrol dengan jumlah kumulatif linestrenol terpenetrasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan formula gel tanpa NLC (FG) yaitu 74236,77 ng/cm2 untuk FGN2 dan 49591,93 ng/cm2 untuk FG. Nilai fluks untuk FGN2 dan FG masing-masing adalah 4008,6 ng.cm-2.jam-1 dan 3940 ng.cm-2.jam-1. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) menghasilkan NLC dengan kemampuan penetrasi yang lebih baik dan pelepasan obat yang lebih terkontrol dibandingkan dengan formula gel non NLC.

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Palm oil and its derivatives are currently not widely used in the pharmaceutical field particularly for drug delivery systems. Palm stearin and palm kernel oil were derivatives of the palm oil that contained lipid that can be used in lipid-based formulations such as nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). The main purpose of this study was to develop an optimized ratio of palm stearin and palm kernel oil to obtained NLC with desirable characteristics and better subcutaneous penetration compared with formulation without NLC. NLC containing lynestrenol was optimized with the variation of palm stearin-palm kernel 4:6 (F1), 6:4 (F2), and 5:5 (F3) then NLC obtained were formulated into a gel dosage form. Formulations of NLC lynestrenol were evaluated on its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro penetration test. The best result obtained from formula F2 with ratio palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) that produced particle size 129.20 ± 2.851 nm; zeta potential -31.80 ± 2.36 mV; polydispersity index 0.25 ± 0.075; spherical shape, entrapment efficiency 84.742 ± 0.264 % and physically stable. According to in vitro penetration test, NLC lynestrenol F2 (FGN2) showed controlled drug release with cumulative penetration of lynestrenol from FGN2 higher compared with lynestrenol gel without NLC (FG), which value of FGN2 was 74236.77 ng/cm2 and FG were 49591.93 ng/cm2. Flux for FGN2 and FG were 4008.6 ng.cm-2.hour-1 and 3940 ng.cm-2.hour-1, respectively. It can be concluded that the ratio of palm stearin:palm kernel (6:4) obtained NLC that had better subcutaneous penetration compared with formulation without NLC. "

"Minyak kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor utama Indonesia ke berbagai negara. Hasil fraksinasi utama minyak kelapa sawit yaitu palm stearin (fraksi padat) dan palm olein (fraksi cair). Pengembangan penggunaan palm stearin dan palm olein dibidang farmasi perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan manfaat dari minyak kelapa sawit, diantaranya dengan pembuatan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). Medroksiprogesteron asetat yang merupakan salahsatu obat KB dipilih sebagai zat aktif yang dibuat dalam bentuk NLC, untuk mensukseskan program Keluarga Berencana. Tingkat putus pakai suntik KB 28%. Alasan wanita berhenti menggunakan alat KB diantaranya karena menginginkan metode yang lebih efektif. Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan pemberian secara transdermal. Tetapi dalam pemberian secara transdermal, stratum korneum menjadi barrier terbesar untuk transpor obat ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan penetrasi obat ke dalam kulit dengan pembuatan medroksiprogesteron asetat dalam bentuk NLC. NLC dibuat dengan metode high shear homogenization (HSH) dan ultrasonikasi. Optimasi formula NLC dilakukan dengan membuat 3 variasi komposisi palm stearin : palm olein (7:3); (5:5);(3:7). Berdasarkan hasil optimasi, NLC dengan perbandingan palm stearin : palm olein (7:3) dipilih sebagai formula optimum dengan karakteristik ukuran partikel 110+0,49 nm, zeta potensial -27,53+1,13 mV, indeks polidispersitas 0,13+0,03 dan efisiensi penjerapan 98,39+0,006 %. NLC terpilih dibuat menjadi bentuk sediaan gel, dibandingkan dengan gel non NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat dan diuji secara in vitro menggunakan uji sel difusi franz. Berdasarkan hasil uji in vitro nilai fluks untuk NLC 285,81 ng/cm2.jam dan untuk gel non NLC 119,25 ng/cm2.jam. Jumlah kumulatif medroksiprogesteron asetat terpenetrasi untuk NLC 5461,66+679,1 ng/cm2 sedangkan untuk non NLC 2204,20+333,68 ng/cm2. Lag time untuk NLC 0,34 jam dan non NLC 2,73 jam. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat mempunyai daya penetrasi lebih besar dibandingkan dengan non NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat.

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Crude palm oil is one of main commodities exported by Indonesia to many countries. The main fractions of palm oil are palm stearin (solid fraction) and palm olein (liquid fraction). The development of palm stearin and palm olein in the pharmaceutical sector needs to be carried out to increase the benefits of palm oil, this includes manufacture of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). Medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is one of the injectable contraceptive drugs,was chosen as the active substance in the NLC, for the success of the Family Planning program. The discontinuation rate for KB injections is 28%. Some of the reasons why patients stop using family planning devices are because they want a more effective method. This problem can be treated with transdermal administration. However, in transdermal administration, stratum corneum is the biggest barrier for drug transport into the skin. This research was conducted to increase the penetration of the drug into the skin by forming medroxyprogesterone acetate to an NLC. NLC was made by high shear homogenization (HSH) and ultrasonication methods. The NLC optimization formula performed by making 3 variations of palm stearin composition: palm olein (7:3); (5:5); (3:7). Based on the optimization results, NLC with a ratio of palm stearin : palm olein (7:3) was chosen as the optimum formula with the characteristics of particle size 110+0.49 nm, zeta potential -27.53+1.13 mV, polydispersity index 0.13+0.03 and entrapment efficiency 98.39+0.006 % . The selected NLC was made into a gel dosage form, compared with non-NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate gel and tested in-vitro using the Franz diffusion cell. Based on the in-vitro test results, the flux value for NLC was 285.81 ng/cm2.hour and for non-NLC gel was 119.25 ng/cm2.hour. The cumulative amount of medroxyprogesterone acetate penetrated for NLC was 5461.66 +679.1 ng/cm2 while for non-NLC was 2204.20+333.68 ng/cm2. Lag time for NLC was 0.34 hours and non-NLC was 2.73 hours. Based on the research, it can be concluded that NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate has higher penetration than non NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate."

"ABSTRAKLinestrenol merupakan derivat hormon progestin yang dapat menekan produksihormon estrogen dan progesteron sehingga ovulasi tidak terjadi. Akan tetapibioavaailabilitas linestrenol dalam sediaan oral 65% dengan waktu paruh 5-6 jam, dan efeksamping rasa tegang pada payudara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penetrasisubkutan linestrenol dengan formulasi transfersom. Optimalisasi linestrenol dalamtransfersom dilakukan dengan variasi lipid surfaktan (fosfolipid-Tween 80) denganperbandingan 90:10 (F1) dan 80:20 (F2). Karakterisasi transfersom linestrenol meliputiukuran partikel, indeks polidipersitas, potensial zeta dan efisiensi penjerapan.Hasiloptimalisasi terbaik diformulasikan dalam gel untuk uji penetrasi subkutan in vitro dan invivo.Uji penetrasi subkutan in vitro dilakukan dengan sel difusi Franz dan uji in vivodilakukan menggunakan tikus putih betina galur Sprague Dawley. Hasil optimalisasiterbaik transfersom yaitu F2 dengan ukuran partikel 73,113 ± 1,340 nm, indekspolidipersitas 0,312 ± 0,03, potensial zeta -32,166 ± 1,64 mV, dan efisiensi penjerapan89,668 ± 0,602%. Penetrasi subkutan gel transferom linestrenol secara in vitrolebih tinggidibandingan gel non transfersom dengan nilai fluks40,02 ± 5,236 ng/cm2.. Pada hasil uji invivo konsentrasi linestrenol dalam plasma dari sediaan gel transfersom linestrenol lebihtinggi dari sediaan gel non transfersom dengan nilaiarea under the curve (AUC) sebesar24.336 ng/mL jam.Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula geltransferosom dapat meningkatkan penetrasi subkutandan ketersediaan hayati linestrenolbila dibandingkan dengan formula gel non transfersom.

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ABSTRACTLynestrenol is a progestin hormone derivative that can suppress the production ofendogenous estrogen and progesterone hormones (ovaries) so that ovulation does not occur.However, bioavailability of linestrenol in oral preparations 65% with half life of 5-6 hours,and side effects of tension in the breast. This aim of this study was toimprovedsubcutaneous penetration of lynestrenol by transferosome formulation.Lynestrenol transferosome was optimalizaed by lipid:surfactant variation 90:10 (F1) and80:20 (F2). The characterization of lynestrenol transferosome were particle size,polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The best result ofoptimalization was formulated into gel dosage form for in vitro subcutaneous penetrationand in vivo study. In vitro subcutaneous penetration study conducted using cell difussionFranz and in vivo study conducted using female white rats Sprague Dawley strain. The bestoptimalization transferosome was F2 with particle size of 73.113 ± 1.340 nm,polydispersity index of 0.312 ± 0.03, zeta potential of -32.166 ± 1.64 mV, and entrapmentefficiency of 89.091 ± 0.310 %. Subcutaneous penetration of lynestrenol transferosomal gelin in vitro higher than non transferosomal gel with flux 40.02 ± 5.236 ng/cm2.. The resulf ofin vivo study showed that lynestrenol in plasma from lynestrenol transferosomal gel washigher than non transferosomal gel with area under the curve (AUC) 24336ng/mL.hour. Itcould be concluded that formula transferosomal gel increased subcutaneous penetration andbioavailability of lynestrenol compared with non transferosomal gel."

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan R. azygosporus UICC 539 melalui still-culture fermentation, dan pada campuran lumpur sawit dan bungkil sawit (3:1) tidak steril melalui Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) pada suhu 30^oC dan 40^oC, pembuatan formula R. azygosporus UICC 539 dengan limbah campuran tidak steril sebagai substrat pembawa, analisis kandungan nutrien pada formula, dan mengetahui viabilitas kapang tersebut pada formula setelah pengeringan 60^oC. Perlakuan adalah SSF campuran limbah kelapa sawit tidak steril selama 5 hari oleh biomassa basah R. azygosporus UICC 539 dari Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB). Kontrol adalah campuran lumpur sawit dan bungkil sawit (3:1) tidak steril. Pengeringan campuran limbah terfermentasi pada suhu 60^oC selama 5 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan R. azygosporus UICC 539 selama still-culture fermentation, dan pada campuran limbah tidak steril selama SSF pada suhu terpilih, yaitu 30^oC dan 40^oC. Terdapat pertumbuhan koloni fungi dan bakteri lokal pada campuran limbah tidak steril selama SSF. Jumlah sel R. azygosporus UICC 539 pada campuran limbah menurun setelah pengeringan. Formula dari SSF di suhu 30^oC menunjukkan peningkatan hanya pada kandungan karbohidrat, sedangkan formula dari SSF di suhu 40^oC menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan karbohidrat dan total kalori. Formula 30^oC dan 40^oC menunjukkan penurunan kandungan protein, kadar air, kadar abu, lemak total, energi dari lemak.

 

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This study aims to grow R. azygosporus UICC 539 through still-culture fermentation, and on non-sterile slurry and palm kernel cake mixtures (3:1) through Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) at 30^oC and 40^oC, formulation of R. azygosporus UICC 539 using the palm waste mixture as carrier, analysis of nutrient content of the formula, and viability of R. azygosporus UICC 539 in the formula after the drying process. SSF of palm waste mixtures by wet biomass of R. azygosporus UICC 539 in PSB served as treatment, and non-sterile slurry and palm kernel cake mixtures (3: 1) served as control. The fermented waste mixtures were dried at 60^oC for 5 days. The results showed that R. azygosporus UICC 539 showed growth during still-culture fermentation, and on non-sterile palm waste mixtures during SSF at selected temperatures, 30^oC and 40^oC. There were presence of colonies of local fungi and bacteria in the mixtures during SSF. The number of R. azygosporus UICC 539 cells were decreased after the drying process. Formulation prepared at 30^oC showed an increase only at carbohydrate content, while formulation prepared at 40^oC showed an increase of carbohydrate content and total calories. Both formulas showed a decrease of protein content, water content, ash content, total fat, and energy from fat.

 

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"Kurkumin merupakan bahan alam yang berasal dari tanaman kunyit (Curcuma longa Linn.) yang memiliki banyak khasiat, salah satunya yaitu antiinflamasi. Namun, kurkumin memiliki kelarutan yang sukar larut dalam air dan tingkat bioavailabilitas oral yang rendah karena metabolisme lintas pertama pada saluran pencernaan sehingga penggunaannya secara klinis menjadi terbatas. Maka dari itu, pada penelitian ini dibuat nanoemulsi kurkumin dalam bentuk injeksi parenteral yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kelarutan dan bioavailabilitas kurkumin serta mengevaluasi stabilitas fisik dan kimianya. Kurkumin diformulasikan dalam bentuk nanoemulsi parenteral dengan pembawa kombinasi minyak kelapa sawit dan minyak kelapa, lesitin telur, gliserin, sodium oleat, etanol 96%, dan aquabidest. Nanoemulsi diformulasikan menggunakan homogenizer dengan kecepatan tinggi yaitu 10000 rpm, kemudian dilakukan pengecilan ukuran partikel menggunakan ultrasonikator selama 10 menit dengan frekuensi 60 kHz. Perbandingan konsentrasi kombinasi minyak kelapa sawit dengan minyak kelapa sebesar (1:1) menghasilkan sediaan nanoemulsi kurkumin untuk injeksi parenteral yang optimum. Karakteristik nanoemulsi kurkumin yang baik diperoleh dengan penggunaan konsentrasi surfaktan 1,5% dan 3% yang ditunjukkan ukuran globul <500 nm, memiliki morfologi globul yang sferis, dan memiliki nilai viskositas yang rendah sesuai dengan karakteristik nanoemulsi untuk injeksi parenteral, sementara penggunaan konsentrasi surfaktan 1% terjadi pemisahan fase dengan adanya globul minyak pada permukaan nanoemulsi. Kestabilan yang baik dari nanoemulsi kurkumin diperoleh dengan penggunaan konsentrasi surfaktan 1,5% dan 3% berdasarkan evaluasi stabilitas fisik dan kimia dengan penyimpanan pada suhu rendah (4°C ± 2°C), suhu ruang (30°C ± 2°C), dan suhu tinggi (40°C ± 2°C) selama penyimpanan 4 minggu; uji sentrifugasi; dan cycling test.

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Curcumin is a natural ingredient derived from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa Linn.) which has wide pharmacological activity, such as antiinflammatory. However, curcumin has poor solubility in water and low level of oral bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, so the clinical use was limited. Therefore, in this study, curcumin nanoemulsion was made in the form of parenteral injection which aims to increase the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin and evaluate the stability. Curcumin was formulated in the form of parenteral nanoemulsion with carrier combination of palm oil and coconut oil, egg lecithin, glycerin, sodium oleate, 96% ethanol, and aquabidest. Nanoemulsion was formulated using high speed homogenizer at 10000 rpm, then the particle size was reduced using an ultrasonicator for 10 minutes with a frequency of 60 kHz. The combination concentration ratio of palm oil and coconut oil (1:1) resulted in the optimum preparation of curcumin nanoemulsion for parenteral injection. The good characteristics of curcumin nanoemulsion were obtained by using 1.5% and 3% surfactant concentrations which showed globule size <500 nm, spherical globule morphology, and low viscosity according to the characteristics of nanoemulsion for parenteral injection, while the used of surfactant concentration 1 % occured phase separation in presence of oil globules on the surface of the nanoemulsion. The good stability of the curcumin nanoemulsion was obtained with the use of 1.5% and 3% surfactant concentrations based on the evaluation of physical and chemical stability by storage at low temperature (4°C ± 2°C), room temperature (30°C ± 2°C), and high temperature (40°C ± 2°C) during 4 weeks storage; centrifugation test; and cycling test."

"ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kemampuan tiga strain R. microsporus UICC500, UICC 531, dan UICC 539 dalam memfermentasi campuran lumpur danbungkil sawit 3:1 dan 4:1 nonsteril, serta 3:1 dan 4:1 steril, selanjutnya menganalisis perubahan komposisi karbohidrat, lemak, protein, air, dan abu campuran limbah setelah fermentasi. Konsentrasi inokulum sebesar 10 v/b ,dengan jumlah sel awal sebanyak 1x107 CFU/mL digunakan dalam campurandengan berat total 20g. Kemampuan R. microsporus memfermentasi campuran lumpur dan bungkil sawit ditunjukkan melalui pertumbuhan R. microsporus padacampuran limbah sawit, yaitu morfologi, jumlah sel/mL, kepadatan miselium, dansporulasi; pengamatan pada campuran limbah sawit, yaitu warna, kekompakan,aroma, dan pH; serta perubahan komposisi campuran limbah sawit. Hasilpengamatan mengindikasikan Rhizopus microsporus UICC 500, UICC 531, danUICC 539 tidak memfermentasi campuran lumpur dan bungkil 4:1 nonsterilyang ditunjukkan dengan tidak ada pertumbuhan ketiga strain tersebut. Rhizopusmicrosporus UICC 539 memfermentasi campuran lumpur dan bungkil sawit 3:1 nonsteril, 3:1 steril, 4:1 steril yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya pertumbuhan.Rhizopus microsporus UICC 500 dan UICC 531 memfermentasi campuran lumpur dan bungkil sawit 3:1 dan 4:1 steril yang ditunjukkan dengan adanyapertumbuhan. Pertumbuhan tercepat dan jumlah sel terbanyak pada campuranlumpur dan bungkil sawit 3:1 steril ditunjukkan oleh R. microsporus UICC 539yaitu 1,77 x108 CFU/mL, selanjutnya R. microsporus UICC 531 yaitu 1,35 x108CFU/mL, dan R. microsporus UICC 500 yaitu 1,3 x 108 CFU/mL. Rhizopusmicrosporus UICC 539 dapat mengubah komposisi campuran lumpur dan bungkil 3:1 steril setelah lima hari fermentasi, yaitu dapat meningkatkan kandunganprotein, karbohidrat, dan abu pada campuran limbah steril sebanyak 16 , 1,71 ,dan 17,5 secara berturut-turut, serta menurunkan kandungan lemak dan airsebanyak 48 dan 0,1.

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ABSTRACT This study aims to test the ability of three strains of R. microsporus UICC 500,531 UICC and UICC 539 to ferment slurry and kernel cake mixtures 3 1 and4 1 non sterile, and 3 1 and 4 1 sterile, then analyzes the composition change carbohydrates, fats, protein, water and ash of waste mixtures after fermentation.Fermentation of slurry and palm kernel cake mixtures with inoculumconcentration of 10 v w of the total weight from the mixtures as much as 20 gwith initial cell number 1x107 CFU mL. Rhizopus microsporus was able toferment slurry and kernel cake mixtures, showed by growth of R. microsporus onwaste mixtures, includes morphology, number of cells mL, density of mycelium,and sporulation the observation of slurry and kernel cake mixtures, includes color,compactness, odor, and pH, and also the change of waste mixtures rsquo s composition.The observation results indicated that R. microsporus UICC 500, UICC 531, andUICC 539 were unable to ferment the slurry and kernel cake 4 1 non sterilemixtures, showed by no growth. Rhizopus microsporus UICC 539 was able toferment the slurry and kernel cake mixtures 3 1 non sterile, 3 1 sterile, 4 1 sterile, indicated by growth on the mixtures. Rhizopus microsporus UICC 500 andUICC 531 was able to ferment slurry and kernel cake mixtures 3 1 and 4 1 sterile, showed by growth on the mixtures. The fastest growth and the highestnumber of cells showed by Rhizopus microsporus UICC 539 with 1.77 x108CFU mL, then Rhizopus microsporus UICC 531 with 1.35 x108 CFU mL, and R.microsporus UICC 500 with 1.3 x108 CFU mL on slurry and kernel cake mixtures 3 1 sterile. Rhizopus microsporus UICC 539 was able to change the compositionof slurry and kernel cake 3 1 sterile mixtures after five days fermentation. Theprotein, carbohydrates, and ash content increased by 16 , 1.71 , and 17.5 ,respectively, whereas fats and water content decreased by 48 and 0.1 ,respectively."

"Indonesia is the second world producer of palm oil after Malaysia. Beside production of the palm oil, the industry is also yields a huge of amounts of palm kernel meal (PKM or Bungkil sawit). Utilization of PKM is still limited for cosmetic industrial and margarine. Hem et al. 2008a reported that PKM fermentation was used to bioconversion of maggot larvae. The most popular insect used in this particular case is the Black Soldier (BS) fly, Hermetia illucens L (maggot) (Stratiomyidae, Diptera). Hermetia illucens L. is a non-pest tropical and warm-temperate insect that has been found useful for managing large concentrations of bio-solids as well as other by-products and wastes (O'Mara et al.1999; Choct 2001). Many research studies on the larvae of Hermetia illucens L. have also been conducted in Southeast Asian countries and expanded in Indonesia. As previously reported, Hermetia illucens L. has been found effective in reducing the mass of solid wastes (Lim et al. 2001).Research study of Palm Kernel Meal conversion and bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The objective of this research are: to observed how to PKM conversion occured, isolation the bacteria, study bacterial succession, to observe changing of physical parameters of substrate and storage room, and analyze the proximate value. The study consists of two part: (1) to describe the process of PKM bioconversion. (2) to describe bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The research was carried out at the Loka Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok; Microbiology Laboratory -Department of Biology, FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok during July 2008 -- June 2009. The study of the Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) naturally conversion of Hermetia illusens L. larvae was carried out. The substrate of PKM was added by sterilized water with the composition of 1:2 (Hem et al. 2008a). The natural conversion was done for 7 days. Sampling and isolation bacteria from PKM bioconversion was carried out every day. The isolation of bacteria was done with dilution methods by Otoguro (2006) and purification was carried out with quadrant methods by Cappucino and Sherman (2002)."

"Piroksikam merupakan obat non steroid antiinflamasi dengan efek antipiretik dan analgesik. Obat digolongkan ke dalam sistem BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) kelas II yang memiliki tingkat kelarutan rendah namun permeabilitas tinggi. Pada penggunaannya, obat ini memiliki efek samping dapat mengiritasi mukosa gastrik. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, penelitian bertujuan untuk memformulasikan piroksikam dalam bentuk mikroemulsi dengan minyak pembawa virgin coconut oil dan palm oil yang diadministrasikan secara transdermal. Pada penelitian, dilihat kumulatif obat terpenetrasi secara in vitro dengan sel difusi Franz menggunakan membran kulit abdomen tikus betina galur sprague-dawley. Formulasi mikroemulsi yang digunakan ialah minyak kelapa sawit (palm oil) atau virgin coconut oil, etanol 96% sebagai kosurfaktan, span 80 serta tween 80 sebagai surfaktan, propilparaben dan metilparaben sebagai antimikroba, dan butylated hydroxytoluen sebagai antioksidan. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan pengukuran globul sediaan, tegangan permukaan, pH, viskositas, bobot jenis, pengamatan uji stabilitas fisik pada suhu 40±2oC, 28±2oC, dan 4±2oC, cycling test, dan uji sentrifugasi. Uji penetrasi obat kumulatif terpenetrasi pada formulasi virgin coconut oil adalah 2469,037 ± 41,483 μg/cm2 dan jumlah fluks sebesar 4,317 ± 71,845 μg/cm2.jam dengan persentase kadar sebesar 55,347% sedangkan, pada formulasi palm oil sebesar 2030,907 ± 37,713 μg/cm2 dan jumlah fluks sebesar 3,498 ± 67,363 μg/cm2.jam dengan persentase kadar sebesar 40,881%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikroemulsi yang dihasilkan jernih dan stabil. Pada hasil uji penetrasi obat kumulatif, tingkat penetrasi mikroemulsi dengan pembawa virgin coconut oil memberikan jumlah penetrasi zat aktif lebih banyak dibandingkan mikroemulsi dengan pembawa palm oil.

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Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antipyretic and analgesic effects. Drugs are classified into the BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class II system which has low solubility but high permeability. Piroxicam has side effect can irritate the gastric mucosa. To overcome this problem, the aim of the study is to formulate piroxicam in the form of microemulsion with carrier of virgin coconut oil and palm oil which administered transdermally. In this study, the calculation of cumulative drug penetrated done by in vitro with Franz diffusion cells using the skin abdominal membrane of female sprague-dawley rats. The microemulsion formulations used were palm oil or virgin coconut oil, 96% ethanol as cosurfactant, span 80 and tween 80 as surfactants, propylparaben and methylparaben as antimicrobials agent, and butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidants. Evaluation was carried out by measuring the globule of microemulsion, surface tension, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, observing physical stability tests at three different temperature of 40±2oC, 28±2oC, and 4±2oC, cycling test, and centrifugation mechanical stability test. The cumulative drug penetration test penetrated in the virgin coconut oil formulation was 2469,037 ± 41,483 μg/cm2 and the total flux was 4,317 ± 71,845 μg/cm2.hour with a percentage level of 55,347% while, in the palm oil formulation it was 2030, 907 ± 37,713 μg/cm2 and the amount of flux was 3,498 ± 67,363 μg/cm2.hour with a percentage content of 40,881%. Based on results, it concluded formulation used form microemulsion that was clear and stable. In the cumulative drug penetration test results, the penetration rate of microemulsions with virgin coconut oil carrier provides more penetration of piroxicam substances than microemulsions with palm oil carriers."

"Glimepirid merupakan salah satu obat yang termasuk dalam sistem klasifikasi biofarmasetika kelas II dengan kelarutan yang rendah sehingga disolusi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) yang berpotensi meningkatkan disolusi dengan glimepirid sebagai zat aktif dan ditujukan untuk pemberian melalui oral. Pada penelitian ini dibuat tiga formula NLC yang mengandung asam stearat sebagai lipid, minyak zaitun sebagai minyak, sukrosa laurat L-1695 dan sorbitan monostearat sebagai surfaktan dengan perbandingan lipid:minyak 5:5; 7:3; 8:2 secara berturut-turut untuk formula A, B dan C. Pembuatan NLC dilakukan dengan metode homogenisasi panas menggunakan homogenizer bühler dengan kecepatan 15000 rpm selama 20 menit dan sonikasi selama 2 menit. Lalu dilakukan karakterisasi yang meliputi ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas dan potensial zeta, morfologi, penetapan kadar, efisiensi penjerapan, uji pelepasan obat dengan membran dialisis, serta uji stabilitas. Seluruh formula NLC glimepirid yang diperoleh berwarna putih dengan ukuran partikel 294-515 nm. Potensial zeta ketiga formula NLC glimepirid memiliki nilai -31,5 hingga -35,2 mV dan indeks polidispersitas 0,406-0,433. NLC glimepirid dievaluasi dengan Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) dan tampak memiliki bentuk elipsoid. Kadar glimeprid dalam ketiga formula NLC 95,88-96,84% (b/b). Efisiensi penjerapan formula pada seluruhh formula 75,96-78,78% (b/b). Kumulatif pelepasan obat ketiga formula NLC glimepirid 1,56-1,62 kali lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan glimepirid dan berdasarkan uji ANOVA terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05). Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan penurunan kestabilan seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Berdasarkan hasil yang didapatkan ketiga formula NLC Glimepirid dapat digunakan untuk administrasi oral dan memiliki disolusi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan glimepirid murni.

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Glimepiride is one of the drugs classified in class two biopharmaceutical classification system with low solubility and low dissolution. The aim of the present study was to prepare glimepiride loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) that suitable for oral administration and could improve dissolution. In this research, three NLC formulas were made of stearic acid as lipid, olive oil as oil, sucrose laurate L-1695 and sorbitan monostearate as surfactant with ratio oil:lipid 5:5; 7:3 and 8:2 for formula A, B and C. NLC was prepared by hot homogenization with bühler homogenizer 15000 rpm for 20 minutes and sonication for 2 minutes. The result was characterized for its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, drug content, entrapment efficiency, drug release test by using dialysis membrane, and stability test. The entire NLC glimepiride formula obtained has white color with particle size 294-515 nm. Zeta potential for all formula were -31,5 to -35,2 mV and polydispersity index 0,406-0433. Morphology particle evaluated with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and the result showed NLC glimepiride has ellipsoid shape. Drug content for NLC glimepiride for all formula were 95,88-96,84% (w/w) and entrapment efficiency were 75,96-78,78% (w/w). NLC Glimepiride showed cumulative drug release 1,56-1,62 higher than glimepiride and one way ANOVA test showed significant difference between NLC glimepiride and glimepiride (p<0,05). Stability study of NLC glimepiride formula showed a decrease in stability over time. In conclusion, NLC Glimepiride could be used for oral administration and showed higher dissolution than pure glimepiride. "

"Palm Kernel Meal is solid waste from Palm Oil extraction (Ng, 2003). Akubuo & Eje (2002) reported that mechanical extraction produced Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) dan Palm Kernel Meal (PKM). Perez (1997) mentioned that Palm Kernel Meal contains rich arginin, leusin, and sistein matters. Hem et al., (2008), utilizing Palm Kernel Meal pass through bioconversion process for developing larvae Hermetia illucens L. as alternative natural feedstuff in aquaculture industry. Macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be degrade to be simply compound and can be used by another organism like larvae Hermetia illucens L. in bioconversion process. Bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal for feedstuff nutrition consist with microorganism assistance. Suharyanto et al., (2006) define bioconversion as a certain biological process which involving microorganism or enzyme that can change organic matters. Slime molds have great play role in process reduction macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal. Molds have enzyme which can reduce cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin become more simple compound. Study about fermentation fungi already been done through isolation, identification, and fungi screening. However, only a few study about fungi related consist in process bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal reported in Indonesia. This study consist of two part. First part describes the isolation, identification, and growth screening fungi from bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal. Second part of this study describes the fermentation Palm Kernel Meal by selected indigenous fungi. The selected indigenous fungi obtained from result of the first part. The fermentation result included ash matters, crude fiber, crude protein and dry matters experiment. The study was carried out at the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok and the Laboratory of Microbiology, Departement of Biology, UI, Depok during April?Oktober 2009. The isolation of fungi was conducted with spread methods on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA). Identification of the isolates was carried out on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA), Czapeck Dox Agar (CDA), and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological observation of the colonies. The Mimura agar (MA) was used for growth fungi screening. The isolation resulted in 15 representative isolates consisting of 4 group of fungi (Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, and Geotrichum). Based on 7 days periods of fermentation processing, Mucor groups had the highest frequency distribution and Geotrichum had the highest quantity. After the growth fungi screening, 4 isolates (P3, P4, P10, P15) was selected for futher study in part II. Microscopic identification showed P3 (Penicillium chrysogenum), P4 (Mucor racemosus), P10 (Aspergillus flavus), and P15 (Geotrichum candidum). Mucor racemosus was the most wide diameter colony on Mimura agar?MA (9 cm) comparing to other isolates. These selected fungi was used for fermentation of Palm Kernel Meal as inoculant. After process bioconversion which fermented was done, proximate analysis were carried out to examine crude protein, crude fiber, ash matters, and dry matters. Ng (2003) methods was used for this Palm Kernel Meal fermentation and Hart & Fisher (1971) was used for proximate analysis. The results after 7 days fermentation showed that the increased nutrition of crude protein composition of Palm Kernel Meal fermented by fungus Aspergillus flavus (1,33%), Geotrichum candidum (5,90%), Mucor racemosus (0,29%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (12,09%). The increased crude fiber contains fermented by Aspergillus flavus (3,03%), Geotrichum candidum (1,93%), Mucor racemosus (4,32%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (14,11%). Chemical cellulose structure and fungi species influence the difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber. Chemical cellulose structure which amorf shape was more easy to degrade better than crystal shape. Fungi species have difference complexity enzymes (cellulose, hemicellulose, ligninase) and optimum growth level. High oil that can blocked the optimum growth of fungi and raising temperature matter that have involved in aeration and water activity alteration were another influence factor that have made difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber."