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"During their storage, the traditional ready-to-eat food, such as sticky rice cake, are easily contaminated by spoilage pathogens. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effect of Citrus hystrix extract in reducing spoilage pathogens in sticky rice cake during storage. The experimental sticky rice cake was prepared and formulated with Citrus hystrix extract at varied level of concentrations of 0.65%, 1.26% and 1.82% (w/w). Treated samples were stored at room temperature for 28 days and evaluated periodically for their microbial activity (total plate count), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory analysis. For its antifungal activity, the Citrus hystrix extract was also compared against Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus nidulans prior to formulation. Results exhibited a significant advantage of the added extracts to the sticky rice cake. All extract levels effectively eliminated the spoilage microorganism and significantly lowered the TBARS values. The physico-chemical properties of sticky rice cake including pH, water activity, and moisture content were equal among all the formulated samples and slightly different at 1.82% (w/w) extract level. Moreover, the addition of Citrus hystrix extract up to 1.82% did not affect the acceptability sensory attributes of the sticky rice cake as compared to the control which has no Citrus hystrix extracts (p > 0.05)."

"Meningkatnya jumlah pasien lanjut usia dan pasien disfungsi imun berkontribusi terhadap tingginya beban infeksi jamur invasif di Indonesia. Keterbatasan informasi dan pedoman penggunaan antijamur sistemik di Indonesia menyebabkan penggunaannya berkaitan dengan masalah terkait obat (MTO). Di Indonesia, antijamur sistemik bentuk injeksi memiliki biaya yang tinggi dan ketersediaan yang terbatas. Penelitian cross-sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi profil penggunaan dan MTO antijamur sistemik bentuk injeksi di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Gedung A periode Januari-Desember tahun 2022. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode quota sampling pada data sekunder berupa rekam medis. Analisis MTO terhadap regimen pengobatan pasien difokuskan pada ketepatan dosis, ketepatan durasi, potensi interaksi obat, dan efek samping obat. Flukonazol merupakan antijamur sistemik bentuk injeksi yang paling sering digunakan (63,6%) dengan indikasi penggunaan empiris yang paling umum (41,1%). Kandidiasis merupakan jenis infeksi jamur invasif yang paling umum terjadi (26,2%) dengan median durasi pengobatan antijamur sistemik selama 9 (4-26) hari. Terdapat 45 pasien yang mengalami MTO. Termasuk dosis terlalu rendah sebanyak 4 (3,7%), durasi pengobatan terlalu singkat sebanyak 10 (9,3%), durasi pengobatan terlalu lama sebanyak 3 (2,8%), potensi interaksi obat sebanyak 19 (17,8%), dan efek samping obat sebanyak 18 (16,8%) pasien. Hasil uji Chi-square menunjukkan bahwa pasien dengan durasi pengobatan  >9 hari (p = 0,041) dan berusia >60 tahun (p = 0,005) lebih tinggi 2,438 dan 3,646 kali mengalami MTO antijamur sistemik bentuk injeksi. Temuan terkait efek samping obat dan interaksi obat memerlukan pemantauan oleh tenaga kesehatan dan implementasi protokol de-eskalasi antijamur untuk MTO terkait durasi dapat mengurangi biaya perawatan pasien di rumah sakit.

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The rising population of elderly and immunocompromised patients contributes to Indonesia's high burden of invasive fungal infections. Limited information and guidelines on systemic antifungal agents in Indonesia contribute to drug-related problems (DRPs). Moreover, in Indonesia, injectable forms of systemic antifungals have high costs and limited availability. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the utilization profile and DRP of injectable systemic antifungal medicines at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Building A between January and December 2022. This study utilized quota sampling of secondary data from medical records. The DRP evaluation of patient treatment regimens focused on dosage accuracy, duration accuracy, possible drug interactions, and adverse drug events (ADE). Fluconazole was the most frequently administered intravenous antifungal drug (63,66%), with empirical therapy being the primary indication for treatment (41,1%). Candidiasis was the most prevalent invasive fungal infection (26,2%), and the median duration of intravenous antifungal treatment was 9 (4-26) days. A total of 45 patients experienced DRPs, encompassing dosage too low in 4 (3,7%), treatment duration too short in 10 (9,3%), treatment duration too long in 3 (2,8%), potential drug interactions in 19 (17,8%), and ADE occurring in 18 (16,8%) patients. Chi-square analysis indicated that patients with treatment duration >9 days and those >60 years of age were 2,438 and 3,646 times more likely to experience DRPs (p = 0,041 and p = 0,005, respectively). Findings concerning ADE and potential drug interactions require monitoring by healthcare providers, and antifungal de-escalation protocols for duration-associated DRPs help reduce hospitalization costs."

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus merupakan dua bakteri umum penyebab penyakit infeksi di masyarakat. Pencarian senyawa dari tanaman sebagai antibakteri banyak dilakukan karena meningkatnya kasus resistensi antibiotik. Diospyros nigra atau buah kesemek hitam mengandung senyawa fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid yang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Pada buah tua D. nigra terjadi penurunan kadar fenol dan peningkatan kadar karotenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa fitokimia; kadar fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid total; aktivitas antibakteri terhadap ekstrak etanol 70% buah muda dan tua D. nigra yang diekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) dan Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi, buah D. nigra mengandung fenol, tanin, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, antrakuinon, dan glikosida. Penetapan kadar fenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 24,22 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 21,79 mgEAG/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 19,83 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 18,36 mgEAG/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 6,85 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 5,73 mgEK/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 2,65 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 1,84 mgEK/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar karotenoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode fraksinasi dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 45,59 mg/g (MAE) dan 43,67 mg/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 55,71 mg/g (MAE) dan 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri paling potensial dihasilkan oleh ekstrak buah tua D. nigra metode MAE pada konsentrasi 16 mg/mL dengan persentase penghambatan pada P. aeruginosa sebesar 94% dan S. aureus sebesar 86,11%.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common bacteria that cause infectious diseases in the community. The search for compounds from plants as antibacterials is widely conducted due to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance. Diospyros nigra (black persimmon fruit) contains phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid compounds which have been shown to have antibacterial activity. In ripe D. nigra fruit there is a decrease in phenol compounds and an increase in carotenoids levels. This study aims to determine the phytochemical compounds; total phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid content; as well as the antibacterial activity of the 70% ethanol extract of unripe and ripe D. nigra fruit using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods. Based on the identification, D. nigra fruit contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides. Determination of total phenol content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with results in unripe fruit is 24,22 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 21,79 mgGAE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 19,83 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 18,36 mgGAE/g (UAE). Determination of total flavonoid content was carried out using the colorimetric AlCl3 method with results in unripe fruit is 6,85 mgQE/g (MAE) and 5.73 mgQE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 2,65 mgQE/g (MAE) and 1,84 mgQE/g (UAE). Determination of total carotenoid content was carried out using the fractionation method with results in unripe fruit 45,59 mg/g (MAE) and 43,67 mg/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 55,71 mg/g (MAE) and 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the microdilution method. The results showed that the most potential antibacterial activity was produced by ripe D. nigra fruit extract using the MAE method at a concentration of 16 mg/mL with an inhibition percentage of 94% for P. aeruginosa and 86,11% for S. aureus."

"Interactions of yeasts, moulds, and antifungal agents : how to detect resistance covers the available antifungal agents, how to perform in vitro testing and how those results should be interpreted for the most common fungal pathogens."

"Iskemia serebral akan mengaktifkan serangkaian kaskade cedera sel yang berakhir pada kerusakan irreversible, sehingga pencegahan terjadinya kerusakan tersebut lebih ditekankan. Hal inilah yang disebut neuroproteksi. Salah satu zat yang diduga memiliki efek neuroprotektif adalah ekstrak akar A. indica L. yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Penelitian yang dilakukan secara eksperimental in vivo ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley dengan berat 200-250 gram yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam tiga kelompok, masing-masing mendapatkan ekstrak akar A. indica L. 300 mg/kgBB/hari, 400 mg/kgBB/hari, dan plasebo sebagai kontrol, selama tujuh hari berturut-turut. Setelah dilakukan oklusi arteri karotis komunis bilateral selama 60 menit, jaringan hipokampus tikus diambil dan dibuat sediaan mikroskopiknya dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin. Jumlah inti sel rusak dan total inti sel di empat area hipokampus dihitung dalam satu lapangan pandang mikroskop dengan pembesaran 400 kali oleh tiga orang observer. Rata-rata persentase inti sel rusak antar kelompok dibandingkan dengan uji One-Way Anova (p=0,05).Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persentase inti sel rusak kelompok 300 mg/kgBB tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol pada keempat area hipokampus. Sementara itu, kelompok 400 mg/kgBB mengalami kerusakan yang lebih rendah secara signifikan pada area CA3 (p=0,035), tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna pada area lainnya. Dengan kata lain, ekstrak tanaman ini memiliki efek neuroproteksi dalam dosis 400 mg/kgBB, tetapi hanya pada area CA3 hipokampus.

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Cerebral ischemia activates a set of cell injury cascades that ends on irreversible damage; hence, prevention of that damage is considered more important. This concept is called neuroprotection. One of substance that is thought to have neuroprotection effect is root extract of A. indica L. which is commonly found in Indonesia. This in vivo experimental study divided rats strain Sprague-Dawley weighed 200-250 grams in three groups, each of which was given A. indica L. root extract 300 mg/kgBW/day, 400 mg/kgBW/day, and placebo as control, for seven consecutive days. After common carotid artery was occluded bilaterally for 60 minutes, hippocampal tissue of rat was removed and turned into microscopic slice with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The amount of damaged nuclei and entire nuclei in area CA1, CA3, DGIN, and DGOUT of hippocampus on one visual field with 400 times magnification was counted by three observers. The average of damaged nuclei percentage was compared between groups using One-Way Anova test (p=0,05).

Result showed that damaged nuclei percentage in group of 300 mg/kgBW was not different significantly than control in four areas of hippocampus. Meanwhile, damage in group of 400 mg/kgBW was less significantly in area CA3 (p=0,035), but not different significantly in other areas. In other words, this extract has neuroprotection effect in dose of 400 mg/kgBB on hippocampal neuron of rat, but only in area CA3."

"Diabetes merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global yang tumbuh paling cepat di abad ke-21. Obat antidiabetes dengan berbagai mekanisme kerja telah banyak di produksi. Namun, sebagian besar penderita diabetes menggunakan tanaman untuk pengobatan alternatif karena merasa efek sampingnya lebih kecil dibandingkan obat antidiabetes. Tanaman yang telah terbukti berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes diantaranya adalah Caesalpinia sappan (secang), Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto), dan Syzygium cumini (jamblang). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antidiabetes dari kombinasi ekstrak etanol herba sambiloto, daun jamblang, dan kayu secang secara in vitro dengan penghambatan enzim alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV (Dipeptidil-peptidase IV). Kombinasi ketiga ekstrak dibuat dalam bentuk granul dan sediaan akhir berupa kapsul. Formula terbaik dilanjutkan untuk pengujian stabilitas selama 3 bulan. Caesalpinia sappan menunjukkan aktivitas paling kuat dalam menghambat enzim alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV dengan nilai masing-masing sebesar IC50 9,60 ± 1,05 µg/mL dan 59,98 ± 6,84%. Sementara, ekstrak kombinasi menghasilkan IC50 64,21 ± 1,37 µg/mL terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase dan 45,14 ± 12,71% untuk penghambatan DPP-IV. Formulasi paling efisien adalah F1 yang menggunakan Avicel PH 101 dengan komposisi paling rendah. F1 memperoleh carr’s index 14,40 ± 1,38% dan hausner’s ratio 1,17 ± 0,02. Setelah penyimpanan tiga bulan, adanya perbedaan fisik. Kadar senyawa penanda turun setelah penyimpanan dua minggu. Namun, terjadi kenaikan setelahnya untuk brazilin dan andrografolid. Aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase berlangsung fluktuatif selama masa penyimpanan, namun mengarah pada peningkatan IC50. Caesalpinia sappan memiliki aktivitas paling kuat terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV serta sediaan kapsul cenderung stabil selama penyimpanan 3 bulan. 

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Diabetes is one of the fastest growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic drugs with various mechanisms of action have been produced. However, most diabetics use plants as alternative medicine because its side effects are lower than antidiabetic drugs. Plants that have been shown to have potential as antidiabetic are Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumin. This study aims to examine the antidiabetic activity in vitro of the combination of ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzymes. The combination of the three extracts was made in the form of granules in capsule. The best formula was continued for stability testing for 3 months. Caesalpinia sappan showed the strongest activity in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzymes with IC50 values of 9.60±1.05 µg/mL and 59.98±6.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined extract obtained an IC50 of 64.21±1.37 µg/mL for alpha-glucosidase inhibition and 45.14±12.71% for DPP-IV inhibition. The most efficient formulation was F1 which use Avicel PH 101 with the lowest composition. F1 obtained a carr's index of 14.40±1.38% and a hausner's ratio of 1.17±0.02. After three months of storage, there was changed in physical appearance. The content of marker compounds decreased after two weeks of storage. However, there was a subsequent increase for brazilin and andrographolide. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity fluctuated during storage but led to an increasing in IC50. Caesalpinia sappan extract has the strongest activity against alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibition and capsule tend to be stable for 3 months of storage."

"Salah satu rempah-rempah di Indonesia yang digunakan sebagai bumbu dan juga sebagai obat tradisional adalah biji jinten putih (Cuminum cyminum) yang mengandung minyak atsiri Cumin oil) dan telah dilaporkan memiliki silat antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antifungal minyak atsiri biji jinten putih terhadap empat spesies khamir hasil isolasi dari produk pangan dan diidentifikasi pada daerah ITS yaitu Candida parapsilosis SS25, C. orthopsilosis NN14, C. metapsilosis MP27, C. etchellsii MP18. Pengujian aktivitas anti fungal dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi medium padat dengan cakram dan metode kontak langsung, nistatin digunakan sebagai kontrol positif. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dari distilasi uap biji jinten putih memiliki rendemen 2,5-3,0%, tidas berwarna atau berwarna kuning muda. Hasil analisis GC-MS dari minyak atsiri jinten putih menunjukkan 12 puncak yang terdiri dari benzaldehida/kuminaldehida (35,44%), ρ -simen (34,77%), β -pinen (15,08%), γ -terpinen (8,15%). Beberapa monoterpen lainnya terdeteksi sebagai α -thujen/ α -pelandren, α-pinen, trans-limonen, cis-limonen, dan senyawa golongan alkena seperti pentilsikloheksena dan sikloheksena serta eter (apiol). Hasil pengamatan uji antifungal menunjukkan bahwa seluruh khamir uji memberikan respon sensitif terhadap minyak atsiri jinten putih dengan radius zona hambat 13,4-16,5 mm. Minyak atsiri jinten putih dapat menghambat pertumbuhan khamir uji dengan nulai MIC 0,028-0,042% dan nilai MFC 0,09%-0,14%. Minyak atsiri jinten putih memiliki aktivitas antifungal yang mangat kuat dibandingkan dengan nistatin, nilai MIC dan MFC nistatin yaitu 0,40-0,50% dan 3,0-4,0%.

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Many kinds of spices are used in Indonesia, one of them is white cumin seed. This spice is used not only for cooking, but also for traditional medicine. This study reported of antifungal activity from white cumin`s essential oil. Extraction and identification of Cumin oil were carried out. We obtained 2.5-3.0% of white essential oil which was colorless or light yellow color. GCMS analysis revealed that there were 12 peaks. Based on peak`s intensity the oil were dominated by 4 compound i.e. cuminaldehide (35.44%), ρ-cymene (34.77%), β-pynene (15.08 %) and γ-terpinene (8.15%). Growth inhibition zone determination has been carried out by diffusion disc and direct method against yeast i.e. C. parapsilosis SS25, C. orthopsilosis NN14, C. metapsilosis MP27, and C. etchellsii MP18. The results showed that all of the yeasts were sensitive to cumin oil. The inhibition zone radius were 13.4-16.5 mm. The cumin oil showed the inhibition of yeast growth with MIC values of 0.028%-0.042% and MFC values 0.09%- 0.14%, while nystatin had MIC values 0.40%-0.50% and MF C values 3.0%-4.0%. The activity of cumin oil was very strong as antifungal."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemberian antijamur secara rasional berdasarkan sistem skoring infeksi Candida di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Data faktor risiko dan evaluasi penggunaan antijamur pada pasien berisiko kandidemia di RSCM belum tersedia. Data ini diperlukan untuk mengembangkan sistem skor yang sesuai dengan kondisi di RSCM. Penelitian retrospektif ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol dari rekam medik pasien tahun 2011-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor prediktor kandidemia di RSCM adalah lama perawatan, sepsis berat dan pembedahan dengan nilai ambang batas 3,5. Skor modifikasi memiliki sensitifitas lebih tinggi sedangkan spesifisitas hampir sama dengan Candida score. Penggunan skor modifikasi ini menurunkan ketidaktepatan penggunaan antijamur sebesar 7%.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of the study is to increase the rationality of antifungal usage based on Candida scoring system in Cipto Mangunkusuno hospital (RSCM). The data of risk factors and evaluation of antifungal usage in patient who have risk factors for candidemia in RSCM is not available yet. The data is important to develop a scoring system that suitable with RSCM condition. This retrospective case control study used patient medical record from 2011-2014. The result of this study showed that predictor of candidemia in RSCM are length of stay in hospital, severe sepsis and surgery, with cut off value 3.5. The modified score has higher sensitivity with equal specificity with Candida score. The modified score is able to decrease the inappropriateness of antifungal usage as high as 7%., The aim of the study is to increase the rationality of antifungal usage based on Candida scoring system in Cipto Mangunkusuno hospital (RSCM). The data of risk factors and evaluation of antifungal usage in patient who have risk factors for candidemia in RSCM is not available yet. The data is important to develop a scoring system that suitable with RSCM condition. This retrospective case control study used patient medical record from 2011-2014. The result of this study showed that predictor of candidemia in RSCM are length of stay in hospital, severe sepsis and surgery, with cut off value 3.5. The modified score has higher sensitivity with equal specificity with Candida score. The modified score is able to decrease the inappropriateness of antifungal usage as high as 7%.]"

"Pendahuluan: Candida sp. Menyumbang 40.9% dari seluruh kasus di seluruh dunia. Namun, resistensi obat terus meningkat akibat kemampuan jamur ini untuk beradaptasi. Oleh karena itu, obat antijamur alternatif untuk melawan kandidiasis invasive sangat dibutuhkan. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa propolis, sebuah produk dari sarang lebah yang bertekstur seperti lilinn, memiliki sifat antijamut. Walaupun demikian, studi yang menyelidiki efektivitas Propolis Brunei (PB) sebagai obat antijamur alternatif masih langka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek PB terhadap pertumbuhan candida albicans (CA). Metode: Studi ini menggunakan metode difusi agar dan mikrodilusi. Melalui difusi agar, peneliti mengevaluasi zona inhibisi. Sedangkan, melalui mikrodilusi, peneliti mengevaluasi optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), dan percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 dipaparkan dengan ekstrak etanol propolis dengan tiga konsentrasi berbeda: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, dan 100 mg/ml. Flukonazole diguanakan sebagai control positif. Hasil: Rerata zona inhibisi PB 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), dan 100 mg/ml (11,5 mm) lebih rendah daripada flukonazol (15,5 mm). ODD PB 100 mg/ml lebih tinggi dari tes sampel yang lainnya (0.0703 nm). %I PB 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), dan 100 mg/ml (92.76%) lebih tinggi daripada flukonazol (21.82%). MIC adalah 50 mg/ml. Kesimpulan: PB memiliki efek antifungal terhadap pertumbuhan CA. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antaran zona inhibisi dan ODD PB jika dibandingkan dengan flukonazol. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara zona inhibisi dan ODD ketika membandingkan ketiga konsentrasi PB. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara konsentasi PB dan %I.

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Introduction: Among all cases, candida species accounts for 40.9% cases worldwide. However, drug-resistance is rising due to its adaptive nature. Thus, an alternative anti-fungal drug to combat invasive candidiasis is needed. Studies have shown that propolis, a wax-like beehive product, possess anti-fungal properties. Still, studies investigating the effectiveness of Brunei propolis (BP) as an alternative anti-fungal drug are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BP against the growth of Candida albicans (CA). Methods: Researcher conducted agar diffusion and micro-dilution method. Through agar diffusion, inhibition zone was evaluated. Meanwhile, through micro-dilution, the author evaluated the optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 was tested against Propolis extract in three different concentrations: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml. Fluconazole was the positive control. Results: The mean inhibition zone of BP 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), and 100 mg/ml (11.5 mm) are lower than fluconazole (15.5 mm). ODD of BP 100 mg/ml is higher than other test samples (0.0703). %I of BP 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), and 100 mg/ml (92.76%) are higher than fluconazole (21.82%). MIC value is 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: BP possess anti-fungal effects towards CA. There is a significant association between inhibition zone and ODD of BP with respect to fluconazole. There is a negative association between all BP concentrations. There is a positive association between BP concentration and %I."

"Indonesia adalah negara tropis yang memiliki kelembaban tinggi, kondisi ini memudahkan manusia untuk mengalami infeksi akibat jamur. Salah satu jamur yang dapat menginfeksi manusia adalah Candida albicans. C. albicans dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis yang merupakan infeksi jamur dengan insiden tinggi. Perawatan antijamur dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat antijamur. Infeksi jamur sering terjadi yang menyebabkan penggunaan obat antijamur mengalami resistensi, oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk memeriksa senyawa aktif dari bahan alami yang memiliki aktivitas antijamur perlu ditingkatkan. Salah satu tanaman yang tersebar di Indonesia yang dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan adalah Tanduk Cananga (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Tanduk Cananga telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antijamur dalam ekstrak metanol dari daun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana dari kulit tanduk Kanenanga. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana dan diklorometana. Diikuti dengan fraksinasi menggunakan metode kromatografi kolom. Tes aktivitas antijamur dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak diklorometana kulit tanduk Cananga memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 200 μg/mL. Fraksi Dichloromethane I dan II memiliki aktivitas antijamur Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 50 μg/mL, fraksi diklorometana III, IV, V, VI, VII, dan VIII memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 100 μg/mL mL. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

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Indonesia is a tropical country that has high humidity, this condition makes it easy for humans to experience infections due to fungi. One fungus that can infect humans is Candida albicans. C. albicans can cause candidiasis which is a fungal infection with a high incidence. Antifungal treatment can be done using antifungal drugs. Fungal infections often occur causing the use of antifungal drugs to experience resistance, therefore, the need to examine active compounds from natural substances that have antifungal activity needs to be increased. One of the plants that are spread in Indonesia that is known to have various health benefits is the Cananga Horn (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Cananga horn has been known to have antifungal activity in methanol extracts from the leaves. This research was conducted to examine the antifungal activity of extracts and dichloromethane fraction from the horn bark of Kanenanga Horn. The extraction method used in this study is the maceration method using hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Followed by fractionation using column chromatography methods. Antifungal activity tests were carried out in vitro by the microdilution method. The results of this study indicate dichloromethane extracts of the skin of the Cananga Horn horn have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg/mL. Dichloromethane fractions I and II have antifungal activity Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL, dichloromethane fractions III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 μg/mL mL. It was concluded that dichloromethane extracts and fractions had antifungal activity against Candida albicans."