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"This book highlights the use of Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) to treat lead-contaminated soils, which are widely present in China. It reveals the evolutionary mechanism of the structural characteristics of Pb contaminated soil during the S/S process. In addition, the book systematically analyzes laws influencing the S/S process and its internal mechanisms, and develops new models for the strength prediction and Pb leaching prediction of S/S monolith. The results can provide essential theoretical guidance and parameter-related support for the design of Pb-contamiated soil S/S remediation and recycling solutions."

"Likuifaksi adalah salah satu fenomena dari Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD) yang terjadi pada kondisi gempa dengan skala besar, dimana tanah pasir jenuh kehilangan kekuatannya akibat meningkatnya tekanan air pori secara berlebihan dan menurunnya tegangan efektif tanah karena proses pemadatan yang terjadi akibat adanya getaran gempa. Tanah pasir ini kemudian memiliki perilaku lebih mirip cairan daripada tanah itu sendiri. Kondisi ini sangat berbahaya bagi jaringan pipa bawah tanah karena tanah sudah tidak mampu lagi menyokong pipa sehingga dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada pipa seperti tertekuk atau terangkatnya pipa keluar dari permukaan tanah. Ada beberapa bentuk kegagalan tanah akibat likufaksi antara lain kegagalan aliran, pergerakan lateral tanah (lateral spreading), kegagalan daya dukung, kegagalan pergoyangan tanah dan penurunan tanah yang berbeda. Dan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh bentuk kegagalan tanah akibat likuifaksi jenis displacement horizontal tanah (lateral spreading) terhadap jaringan pipa bawah tanah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan program AutoPIPE V8i yang merupakan suatu program engineering untuk analisis tegangan pipa yang bertujuan untuk melihat respon pipa akibat terjadinya displacement horizontal tanah tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap pipa baja menerus grade API 5L X65 dengan variasi diameter 16 inci dengan ketebalan dinding 12.7 mm dan diameter 14 inci dengan ketebalan dinding 11.1 mm. Pipa ini merupakan pipa bawah tanah penyalur gas yang dikubur pada kedalaman 1.5 meter dari permukaan tanah. Variasi lebar area tanah terlikuifaksi dibuat 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m dan 50 m. Hasil dari analisis akan memperlihatkan rasio tegangan pipa dan juga gaya dalam yang dialami pipa akibat displacement horizontal tanah. Hasil analisis dengan bantuan program komputer Autopipe V8i menunjukkan bahwa pipa meskipun dengan diameter lebih besar akan tetap mengalami kegagalan jika terjadi likuifaksi pada tanah disekelilingnya. Maka sebaiknya sebelum menentukan rute pipa, sebaiknya terlebih dahulu dilakukan investigasi geoteknik untuk melihat area tanah yang berpotensi mengalami likuifaksi jika terjadi gempa dengan skala besar. Jika memungkinkan rute pipa harus dihindarkan dari area tanah yang berpotensi likuifaksi tersebut, namun jika tidak memungkinkan maka diperlukan tindakan perbaikan tanah disekeliling jalur pipa bawah tanah tersebut.

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Liquefaction is one of the Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD) phenomena which occurs in a large-scale earthquake condition, where the saturated sandy soil loses its strength due to the increase in excess pore water pressure and reduced effective stress due to soil compaction processes which is induced by the earthquake shaking. This sandy soil is then behave more like fluids than the soil itself. This condition is very dangerous for the underground pipeline because the soil is no longer able to support the pipes so that it can cause damage to the pipeline such as buckling, pipe lift off from the surface of the soil, etc. There are several types of ground failure induced by liquefaction, those are flow failure, soil lateral movement (lateral spreading), loss of bearing strength, ground oscillation and differential settlement.

And this research is conducted to see the effect of soil failure kind of horizontal ground displacement (lateral spreading) induced by liquefaction to the underground pipelines. The research is performed by using AutoPIPE V8i program which is an engineering program for pipe stress analysis to see the response of the pipes due to the horizontal displacement of the soil. Research is conducted to a continuous steel pipes grade API 5L X65 with a variation of diameter of 16 inches with a wall thickness of 12.7 mm and a diameter of 14 inches with a wall thickness of 1.11 mm. This pipes is a gas transmission underground pipeline which buried at a depth of 1.5 meters from the ground level. Variations of the width of liquefied soil area is made for 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m and 50 m. The results of the analysis will show the pipe stress ratio and also internal force and moment occurred to the pipe due to ground horizontal displacement.

The analysis result by using AutoPIPE V8i computer program shown that eventhough the pipes with larger diameter would still experience a failure if the liquefaction occurred to the surrounding soil of the pipes. So, before determining the pipeline route, it shall be better to do a geotechnical investigations to observe the soil area which is potential for the liquefaction to occur if a large scale of the earthquake happened. If possible the pipeline route should be avoided from the potential liquefied soil area, however if it is impossible to do so then a soil improvement around the pipeline route will be required."

"Pupuk berperan dalam penyediaan unsur hara bagi keperluan tanaman yang dibedakan menjadi dua jenis pupuk yaitu, pupuk organik dan anorganik. Pemberian pupuk (organik dan anorganik) secara berlebih membuat kondisi lahan menjadi kekurangan unsur hara yang berpengaruh dalam kesuburan tanah, perubahan struktur tanah dan pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan metode resistivitas untuk mengamati perubahan nilai resistivitas akibat pemberian pupuk organik dan anorganik pada lahan pertanian di Kecamatan Caringin, Kabupaten Bogor. Pemilihan metode resistivitas geolistrik karena dapat memetakan karakteristik tanah dengan cepat dan murah. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data resistivitas lapangan dan sampel tanah. Pengukuran resistivitas lapangan dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali pengukuran (1 kali sebelum diberi pupuk dan 4 kali setelah diberi pupuk) pada setiap lintasan (lintasan Organik dan lintasan Anorganik). Konfigurasi yang digunakan merupakan konfigurasi dipole-dipole dengan panjang lintasan 6 meter dan elektroda sebanyak 16 batang. Sedangkan pengukuran sampel tanah dilakukan di laboratorium sedimentologi, FMIPA UI untuk mendapatkan klasifikasi tekstur tanah dan grafik resistivitas fungsi kadar air. Hasil yang didapat menunjukan bahwa perubahan nilai resistivitas dalam rentang 27 jam setelah diberi pupuk (organik dan anorganik) cenderung mengalami penurunan yang disebabkan oleh kadar air dan reaksi larutan kimia pupuk dan penurunan resistivitas pemberian pupuk organik lebih tinggi dibandingkan larutan anorganik.

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Fertilizers play a role in providing nutrients for plant needs and are categorized into two types of fertilizers, namely, organic and inorganic fertilizers. Excessive application of fertilizers (organic and inorganic) causes a lack of nutrients that affect soil fertility, changes in soil structure, and environmental pollution. This study uses the resistivity method to observe changes in resistivity values due to applying organic and inorganic fertilizers on agricultural land in Caringin District, Bogor Regency. The geoelectric resistivity method was chosen because it can map soil characteristics quickly and cheaply. The data used in this study consisted of field resistivity data and soil samples. Field resistivity measurements were carried out five times (1 time before being fertilized and four times after being fertilized) on each line (Organic line and Inorganic line). The configuration used is a dipole-dipole configuration with a line length of 6 meters and a total of 16 electrodes. Meanwhile, soil sample measurements were carried out at the sedimentology laboratory, FMIPA UI to obtain a soil texture classification and a resistivity graph of the water content function. The results showed that the change in resistivity values within 27 hours after being given fertilizer (organic and inorganic) tended to decrease due to the fertilizer solution's water content and chemical reaction. The decrease in resistivity of organic fertilizer application was higher than inorganic solutions."

"Several studies have already been published in order to better understand the behaviour of interfaces. Different experimental methods, including direct shear tests, simple shear test, and tortional ring test, and also various constitutive models were presented to modelize the behaviour of the interface. These studies revealed that the main factors that affect the behaviour of the interface include the roughness of the interface, the soil mineralogy, the soil density, and the normal stress applied. This work was therefore directed primarily to better understand the overall behaviour of the interface and the influence of these factors in a monotonic and cyclical solicitation. Through the simulation of a direct shear test at constant normal stress (CNL) in FLAC 5.0, several typical behaviours, including degradation of shearing resistance and contractancydilatancy, have been observed and modelled. At first, the law of Mohr-Coulomb and its correspondent failure criterion have been implemented. Then several models have been proposed to model more precisely the behaviour. Finally, two cyclicals laws, the law of Ramberg-Osgood law and Byrne, originally developed for the soil, have been implemented in this model. This study has verified the consistency of the results and has determined whether the injection of such laws is sufficient to modelize the behaviour of the interface under cyclic loading. "

"This thesis continues the same research last year with a different condition. It presented a numerical study of the improvement of solt soil using columnar inclusions with Fixed Base End Condition In this new condition the inclusions are assumed reach rock like layer condition. Review of analytical studies has been concentrated to British Standard BS8006, modified Terzaghi theorem, and arching theorem Numerical model in this study is using FLAC3D code to generate 3D model. The materials properties uses in this model refer to typical values. Some of important design variables have been considered in our parametric study. The most efficient platform thickness is 1m for loading 3OkPa or more, in point of view to minimize the proportion stress on soft soil or to maximize ratio of load transferred to columns. Optimal area ratio A, is in range from 5% to 10% its depends on the considered parameters, but 10% is acceptable for most parameters. Study of stress distribution on column indicate that the negative friction will act on top part of column in any level of loading. Due to the mechanism of stress distribution, inclusion system could settle as a group. The maximum of stress reduction ratio S, and stress concentration ratio E, is obtained for the same value as Terzaghi analysis."

"Penelitian ini meninjau seberapa besar pengaruh campuran kapur dan pasir terhadap perilaku kompresibilitas terutama indeks pengembangan apabila mengalami kondisi loading-unloadingreloading. Tanah yang digunakan adalah tanah lempung ekspansif daerah Perumahan Eucalyptuss Lippo Cikarang dengan bahan stabilisasi 15% kapur hidup (CaO) dan 10% pasir dari daerah Cimangkok. Pengujian dilakukan dengan masa pemeraman selama 0 hari, 4 hari, dan 7 hari.. Hasil pengujian konsolidasi menunjukan bahwa proses stabilisasi mampu menurunkan Compression Indexs sebesar 21,03%, menurunkan Recompression Indexs sebesar 21,83%, menurunkan Swelling Indexs sebesar 40,38%. Hasil pengujian Swelling Pressure menunjukan bahwa proses stabilisasi mampu menurunkan nilai swelling potential sebesar 21,98% dan menurunkan swelling pressure sebesar 10,59%.

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The study reviewed the influence of lime and sand mixture on the compressibility behavior especially for the expansion index when the soil have loading-unloadingreloading conditions. We use an expansive clay soil at Eucalyptuss Lippo Cikarang housing with using 15% calcium oxide (CaO) and 10% sand from the area of Cimangkok as stabilizing materials. Test conducted by the curing for 0 days, 4 days, and 7 days. Test results showed that the stabilization process of consolidation can make compression index lower by 21.03%, recompression index lower by 21.83% and swelling index lower by 40.38%. Test results showed that the stabilization process can reduce the swelling potential of 21.98% and reduce swelling pressure by 10.59%."

"Logam berat dan beracun seperti timbal, arsenik, kadmium, kromium, tembaga, dan seng mencapai lingkungan tanah dengan dua proses, proses geogenik dan antropogenik. Di antara logam berat di dalam tanah, timbal adalah racun paling sistemik yang mempengaruhi beberapa organ dalam tubuh manusia Tchounwou et al., 2012. Timbal dapat mencemari udara, air, dan tanah, namun, sektor yang paling penting di lingkungan kita adalah tanah karena tanah memainkan peran penting dalam rantai makanan. Ini adalah alasan mengapa banyak jenis penelitian dan inovasi sedang dipelajari untuk mengembangkan teknik untuk meremediasi tanah, terutama dengan cara yang efisien. Perlakuan tanah yang terkontaminasi timbal secara umum diklasifikasikan menjadi dua prinsip utama; mobilisasi dan imobilisasi timbal pada tanah yang terkontaminasi timbal. Prinsip dasar mobilisasi melibatkan teknik mobilisasi yaitu melepaskan logam loid ke dalam larutan tanah. Namun, metode ini memiliki kerugian besar. Ini karena kecenderungan besar logam berat untuk meluruh. Selain itu, kerugian lain dari metode ini adalah proses yang rumit, biaya sangat tinggi dan tidak aman secara ekologis. Imobilisasi sebagai metode pengobatan untuk tanah yang terkontaminasi timah tampaknya menjadi pilihan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan mobilisasi karena beberapa keuntungan. Salah satu manfaat utama metode imobilisasi adalah timbal Pb karena kontaminan tidak dapat dijangkau oleh makhluk hidup lain.

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Heavy and toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, and zincreach the soil environment by two processes, geogenic and anthropogenic process. Among the heavy metals inside soil, lead is the most systemic toxicant that affects several organs in the human body Tchounwou et al., 2012 . Lead can contaminate the air, water, and soils, however, the most critical sector in our environment is soil because soil plays a vital role in the food chain. This is the reason why many types of research and innovation are being studied to develop techniques to remedy the soils, especially in an efficient way. The treatment of lead contaminated soils is generally classified into two main principles mobilization and immobilization of lead in lead contaminated soils. The basic principle of mobilization involves the mobilization technique which is to release the metal loid s into the soil solution. However, this method has a big disadvantage. This is because of the big tendency of heavy metals to leach. Besides that, other disadvantages of this method are a complex process, cost very high and not ecologically safe. Immobilization as a treatment method for lead contaminated soil seems to be a better option compared to mobilization due to several advantages. One of the major benefits of immobilization methods is thatlead Pb as the contaminants are unreachable by other creatures."