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"This book summarizes the results of experimental work on the development of technologies for the manufacture of sour service line pipe steels. It presents the latest theories on the mechanisms of cracking and factors affecting fracture resistance in H2S-containing media of low-alloy pipe steels. The authors propose methods for improving the quality of continuously cast slabs and show the effect of the chemical composition on the microstructure and properties of rolled plates for pipes. Considerable attention is paid to the metallurgical aspects of microstructure formation and its mechanical properties, as well as the enhancement and cracking resistance of sour service sheets under thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling. In brief, the book presents a cutting-edge overview of sour service sheet and pipe production."

"Industri pelat kuningan di Indonesia saat ini hanya menghasilkan pelat-pelat yang nilai tambahnya rendah, karena belum dikuasainya teknologi termomekanikal sebagai dasar rekayasa proses untuk pengembangan produk pelat, yang pada prinsipnya adalah rekayasa butir di dalam struktur mikro. Dalam penelitian disini akan dipelajari hubungan pengaruh kadar aluminium dibawah dan diatas 0,03% terhadap parameter proses anil cepat yaitu temperatur dan waktu tahan, terhadap Difraksi Sinar X, besar butir, struktur mikro, kekerasan, kekasaran dan mampu bentuknya, kemudian analisa dari hubungan tersebut, digunakan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi temperatur dan waktu tahan proses anil cepat, yang menghasilkan kemampuan bentuk optimal. Variabel dalam proses penelitian ini yaitu komposisi kadar aluminium memenuhi syarat (Al ≤ 0,03%) dan melebihi syarat (Al > 0,03%), pengaruh temperatur anil cepat yaitu 500°, 600° dan 700°C waktu tetap 3 menit, dan pengaruh waktu anil cepat yaitu 2,3 dan 4 menit temperatur tetap 600°C. Dari penelitian didapatkan kadar aluminium 0,16112% > 0,03% masih tergolong dalam kuningan 70/30 karena fasanya masih alfa, kemudian dengan semakin tingginya temperatur dan lamanya waktu anil cepat setelah pelat mengalami pengerolan dingin dengan reduksi 38%, terjadi penurunan besar butir rata-ratanya mengecil yaitu 11,742%, sedangkan penurunan kekerasan rata-ratanya membesar yaitu 51,05% berarti terjadi pertumbuhan butir, sehingga didapatkan temperatur dan waktu anil cepat optimal yaitu 600°C waktu 3 menit, kemudian diaplikasikan di pelat untuk menguji kemampuan bentuk melalui sampel uji tarik, ternyata elongasi, kekuatan tarik maksimal, koefisien pengerasan regang (n) dan anisotropi normal (r) mendekati referensi standar dan industri pengguna, untuk anisotropi planar (Δr) atau pengupingan sedikit diatas nilai nol. Kekasaran permukaan menurun dari pengerolan dingin ke proses anil cepat, akan tetapi distribusi kekasarannya masih tidak homogen. Dari pengerolan dingin melalui difraksi Sinar X didapat bidang (220) dan (111), setelah dianil terjadi penambahan satu bidang lagi yaitu (200).

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Currently brass sheet industry in Indonesia only produce low value added sheet product, because not yet understand the thermomechanical technology as the basic of process engineering for sheet product development. The basic process that is grain engineering in the sheet microstructure. In this research we will be studied the relation of aluminium content under and up specification 0,03%, to rapid annealing process parameter that is temperature and holding time, correlation to X Ray Diffraction, grain size, microstructure, hardness, and surface roughness, and then from this analysis relationship, applied to get combination of optimal temperature and rapid annealing process holding time, for getting the optimal sheet formability. Process parameter using in this research that is aluminium content below or over 0,03%, effect of anneal temperature such as 500°,600° and 700°C with fixed 3 minute holding time, and effect of anneal holding time such as 2,3 and 4 minute with fixed temperature of 600°C. Resulting from this research is got aluminium content that is 0,16112% > 0,03% still classify as brass 70/30 because only one phase in the microstructure that is alpha, then with increasing anneal temperature and holding time after the sheet experiences cold rolling with reduction 38%, exist mean grain size decreasing 11,742%, whereas mean hardness decreasing extend to 51,05%, these means happen enlarge of grain size, until got temperature and rapid anneal optimal that is 600°C with time 3 minute, then after apply to brass 70/30 sheet for testing sheet formability by tensile testing method. The results such as elongation, ultimate tensile strength, strain hardening coefficient (n), normal anisotropy (r) close to standard reference and user industry specification, for planar anisotropy (Δr) or earing tendency is little about zero. Although surface roughness declines from cold rolling to rapid annealing process, however distribution of its roughness still not homogen. From cold rolling resulting two plane such as (220) and (111), after that from rapid annealing process add one more plane that is (200) because crystal plane move to stabil condition after got cold rolling and rapis annealing."

"This book contains everything engineers and designers need to make sound technical judgments about which stainless steels to use and how to use them. Extensive composition and property information on all five families of stainless steel, including newest alloys is included. Coverage addresses selection for corrosion resistance, processing, and major applications, FREE access to Thermo-Calc software for 3 element phase diagram simulation."

"Steels: processing, structure, and performance is a comprehensive guide to the broad, dynamic physical metallurgy of steels. The volume is an extensively revised and updated edition of the classic 1990 book Steels: heat treatment and processing principles. Eleven new chapters expand the coverage in the previous edition, and other chapters have been reorganized and updated."

"Combines a tutorial explanation with a listing of data on the various steels used to make tools. Introduces the various grades in each class of steel in tables on composition, processing, and performance. Then presents graphically the effects of composition and heat treatment processing variations, ...."

"Material baja khususnya baja paduan rendah kekuatan tinggi (HSLA) dalam kebanyakan aplikasi membutuhkan kombinasi dari kekuatan dan kekerasan. Sifat ini dapat dicapai dengan kontrol terhadap proses pada saat pembuatan baja. Salah satu proses yang biasa diterapkan adalah proses Thermomechanical Treatment atau pengerolan terkendali. Proses ini akan menyebabkan peningkatan kekuatan dan kekerasan baja HSLA melalui mekanisme penghalusan butir ferit dan juga pengerasan presipitat. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perilaku butir ferit dan hubungannya dengan ketahanan korosi benda uji sebelum dan sesudah pencanaian. Benda uji berupa baja paduan rendah kekuatan tinggi (HSLA) berukuran 100x6x60 mm dengan kandungan 0.029% Nb, 0.01% N, 0.087% C dan sejumlah kecil paduan lainnya dipersiapkan untuk proses pencanaian. Benda uji kemudian dipanaskan hingga temperatur 1200 °C dan ditahan selama 60 menit. Proses pencanaian dilakukan dengan deformasi sebesar 30% menggunakan mesin rol berkapasitas 20 ton dan dilanjutkan dengan pendinginan udara. Larutan nital 2% digunakan untuk mengamati butir ferit sedangkan picral digunakan untuk mengamati butir austenit. Perhitungan besar butir dilakukan menggunakan metode planimetri sesuai ASTM E 112. Untuk mengamati ketahanan korosi, uji sembur kabut garam dilakukan menggunakan larutan NaCl 3.5% , pH 6.8 dan temperatur 28°C selama 48 jam sesuai standar ASTM B 117, benda uji dibersihkan menggunakan 1000 ml HCl, 20 gr antimony (III) trioxide, dan 60 gr tin (II) chloride dihydrate sesuai standar JIS Z 2371 dan perhitungan laju korosi dilakukan menggunakan metode kehilangan berat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran butir ferit sesudah deformasi menurun dari 17.2 ± 0.92 µm menjadi 15.4 ± 0.17 µm sedangkan laju korosi meningkat dari 106.82 mpy menjadi 114.45 mpy.

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Good mechanical properties, such as strength and hardness, is a must have charecteristics for high strength low alloy steel in many application. This excellent properties can be achieved through controlling final microstructure. Therefore, thermomechanical treatment was worked out in order to get those properties through grain refinement and precipitation hardening that formed after this process applied. The main objective of this experiment was to measure the ferrite grain size before and after hot rolling process and to calculate the corrosion rates between rolled and un-rolled specimens. A 100x6x60 mm rolling specimen was cutted from HSLA slab containing 0.029 wt% Nb, 0.01 wt% N, 0.087 wt% C and some other micro alloying elements. Specimen then reheated at temperature of approximately 1200 0C then soaked in 60 mins. Specimens then rolled using 20 ton rolling machines and slowly cooled to room temperature at about 6.670C/min. Metallographic technique was implemented in order to observe the final microstructure. 2% nital etch was used to observe final ferrite size and morphologies while picral used for austenite phase. Grain size was measured using jefferies or planimetric methods according to ASTM E 112. Corrosion test was worked out using salt spray fog test (ASTM B 117). Using 3.5% NaCl with 6.8 pH as a salt solution. The specimens then exposed in the chamber for 48 hours and cleaned using 1000 ml HCl, 20 gr antimony (III) trioxide, dan 60 gr tin (II) chloride dihydrate to remove corrosion products. Specimens then weighed to calculate the corrosion rates using weight loss methods. The results of this experiments show that after hot defromation final ferrite grain size was decreased from 17.2 ± 0.92 µm to 15.4 ± 0.17 µm while corrosion rates increased from 106.82 mpy to 114.45 mpy."

"This book provides the electrical design engineer with an insight into the properties and applications of electrical steels which are used in transformers and rotating machines. An acknowledged international expert in this field, Professor Beckley describes the principles controlling the action of electrical steels, including rotational loss and the influence of compressional stresses in transformers and rotating machines. The coverage of this book includes: manufacturing methods and applications, machine structuring and operation, cost versus quality issues, and physical properties including the magnetic response of composites, amorphous and microcrystalline materials."