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"Hyperduplex Stainless Steel 3207 (SAF 3207 HD) is one of the materials used in the oil and gas industry, especially for umbilical, which is a system to connect cables or instrumental setups between control platforms and wellhead station. It is used in deep water containing high chloride ion (Cl-), so it needs high tensile strength and must be a highly corrosion-resistant material. In this research, several corrosion resistance tests were conducted on 3207 hyperduplex stainless steel such as polarization and weight loss testing. Roughness surface tests were carried out to observe alterations to the surface caused by underwater corrosion. SAF 3207 HD can form a passive layer due to an environmental reaction; to observe this phenomenon, an EIS test was conducted at the interface of the material. The weight loss test was conducted on a particular sample, in accordance with ASTM G48-97 method B. The corrosion test was carried out at temperatures of 60-90°C (at 5°C intervals) in 6% FeCl3 solution. The results show that SAF 3207 HD has good crevice corrosion resistance, although crevices were not seen below temperatures of 70oC, which is known as critical crevice temperature. At this temperature, the corrosion rate reached 10.032 mm/year and the crevice depth was 1.034 ?m. This means that the operating temperature of the umbilical can be increased up to 70oC."

"Tesis ini membahas hubungannya pengaruh durasi (umur pakai) stainless steel AISI 409 terhadap IGC (Intergranular Corrosion) yang dapat menurunkan kualitas lasan dan pengaruh penambahan proses post weld pada proses pengelasan terhadap terbentuknya IGC (Intergranular Corrosion). Penelitian ini menggunakan uji tarik, uji kekerasan, pengamatan metalografi dan SEM, serta uji korosi dengan metode weight loss. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa perpustakaan perlu dilibatkan dalam pengembangan kurikulum; materi pendidikan pemakai perpustakaan harus dikembangkan sesuai dengan komponenkomponen yang ada dalam information literacy; perpustakaan juga harus menyediakan sarana dan fasilitas yang mendukung peningkatan literacy mahasiswa.

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This thesis discusses the relationship influences the duration (lifetime) of stainless steel AISI 409 on the IGC (intergranular corrosion) which can degrade the quality of welds and the effect of the addition of post-weld process on the welding process of the formation of the IGC (intergranular corrosion). This study used a tensile test, hardness test, metallographic and SEM observations, as well as corrosion test by the method of weight loss. The research concludes that the library should be involved in curriculum development; library user education materials should be developed in accordance with the components were present in the information literacy; the library must also provide facilities that support improved student literacy."

"ABSTRAKInhibisi Ammonium Molibdat terhadap perilaku korosi pitting pada material baja tahan karat martensitik diinvestigasi menggunakan pengukuran elektrokimia polarisasi Siklik dan electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS .Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan Amonium Molibdat menginhibisi korosi AISI410 dan bertindak sebagai inhibitor anodik. Maksimum efisiensi inhibisi mencapai 78 dengan konsentrasi Amonium Molibdat 200ppm pada larutan 3,5 NaCl. Perilaku korosi pitting tertinggi pada larutan konsentrasi NaCl 3,5 . Hasil pengujian elektrokimia mengungkapkan Amonium Molibdat menginhibisi sebagai inhibitor anodik yang teradsorpsi secara fisika pada AISI410 dan mengikuti mode adsorpsi Langmuir.

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ABSTRACTInhibisi Ammonium Molibdat terhadap perilaku korosi pitting pada material baja tahan karat martensitik diinvestigasi menggunakan pengukuran elektrokimia polarisasi Siklik dan electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS .Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan Amonium Molibdat menginhibisi korosi AISI410 dan bertindak sebagai inhibitor anodik. Maksimum efisiensi inhibisi mencapai 78 dengan konsentrasi Amonium Molibdat 200ppm pada larutan 3,5 NaCl. Perilaku korosi pitting tertinggi pada larutan konsentrasi NaCl 3,5 . Hasil pengujian elektrokimia mengungkapkan Amonium Molibdat menginhibisi sebagai inhibitor anodik yang teradsorpsi secara fisika pada AISI410 dan mengikuti mode adsorpsi Langmuir."

"Studi ini membahas pengaruh penambahan mangan & nitrogen dan pengerjaan dingin pada perilaku elektrokimia baja tahan karat austenitik. Mekanisme dari berbagai makalah dievaluasi dengan uji gravimetri dan pengukuran polarisasi. Morfologi produk reaksi yang dikembangkan dalam bahan dianalisis dengan spektroskopi fotoelektron sinar-X (XPS), spektroskopi dispersif energi (EDX), dan mikroskop elektron pemindaian (SEM). Berbagai baja tahan karat austenitik dengan jumlah elemen paduan yang berbeda dievaluasi pada suhu dan lingkungan larutan yang berbeda. Penambahan mangan tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang luar biasa pada ketahanan korosi secara umum karena kemampuannya yang tidak signifikan untuk membentuk senyawa yang tidak larut. Sementara itu, mangan menunjukkan pengaruh berlawanan terhadap ketahanan korosi lokal, biasanya karena adanya inklusi MnS yang berperan sebagai inisiator pitting. Penambahan N menurunkan celah energi bebas bahan kimia antara struktur BCC dan FCC dan meningkatkan energi kesalahan susun secara lebih signifikan. Akibatnya, N dapat membuat austenit lebih stabil secara termal tetapi memiliki efek yang lebih kecil pada stabilitas mekanik. Ditemukan bahwa nitrogen meningkatkan ketahanan korosi baja. Pengaruh berbagai intensitas deformasi plastis dilakukan dengan pengerolan dingin pada temperatur yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan strain-induced martensite (SIM) jelas memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap korosi dan sifat mekanik.

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The study addresses the effect of manganese & nitrogen addition and cold working on electrochemical behaviors of austenitic stainless steels.  The mechanism from various papers was evaluated by gravimetric tests and polarization measurements. The morphology of the reaction products developed in the material was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various austenitic stainless steels with different amounts of alloying elements were evaluated in different temperatures and solution environments. The addition of manganese did not show a remarkable influence on the general corrosion resistance because of the insignificant ability to form insoluble compounds. Meanwhile, manganese indicated an opposite influence on localized corrosion resistance, normally due to the existence of MnS inclusion which played as pitting initiators. The addition of N decreases the chemical-free energy gap between BCC and FCC structures and raises the stacking fault energy more significantly. Consequently, N can render austenite more thermally stable but has less effect on mechanical stability. It was found that nitrogen improved the corrosion resistance of the steel. The influence of various intensities of plastic deformation is conducted by cold rolling at different temperatures. The result shows that the formation of strain-induced martensite (SIM) obviously led to a significant effect on corrosion and mechanical properties."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh dari proses pengelasan perbaikan berulang terhadap evolusi struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik dari super duplex stainless steel(SDSS) UNS S32750. Enam sampel di las dengan proses pengelasan gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW). Sampel pertama disiapkan sebagai original weld(OW), kemudian daerah lasan di eksavasi dengan grinda, dan di preparasi kembali pada area yang sama yang selanjutnya di lakukan pengelasan kembali dengan variasi masukan panas, yaitu masukan panas rendah dan tinggi 1,0 and 1,75 kJ/mm. Sampel repairpertama diberi identifikasi R1-LHI & R1-HHI kemudian proses repairkedua di lakukan sama dengan proses repairpertama dengan identifikasi R2-LHI & R2 HH1 begitu juga dengan R5. Sampel-sampel tersebut selanjutnya di-uji untuk mempelajari perubahan struktur mikro, kandungan ferrit, dan sifat mekanik hasil lasan. Pengujian impak dan kekerasan dilakukan untuk mengkarakterisasi sifat mekanik hasil sambungan, stuktur mikro dan analisa patahan dari sampel impak di teliti menggunakan mikroskop optik (OM) dan Scanning Electron Microscopic-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(SEM-EDS).Hasil penelitian proses pengelasanrepairyang berulang menunjukan terjadinya perubahan yang signifikan terhadap struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik material SDSS. Ukuran butir ferrit pada area HAZ sampel HHI terlihat lebih kasar dibandingkan LHI, mengakibatkan penurunan kekuatan impak hingga 12 J pada sampel R5. Mode patahan ulet terjadi pada sampel OW, R1-LHI, R2-LHI & R1-HHI sedangkan patahan getas terjadi pada sampel R2 HHI & R5, presipitat Cr2N dan fasa sigma juga ditemukan pada foto struktur mikro R5 dimana keduanya dapat menurunkan kekuatan impak hasil lasan. Hasil analisa kandungan ferrit menunjukan pengelasan dengan masukan panas tinggi dapat menurunkan kandungan ferrit dibandingkan dengan masukan panas yang rendah, dan nilai kekerasan rata-rata sampel R1-LHI & R2-LHI terlihat lebih tinggi dari batas kekerasan yang diperbolehkan. Secara keseluruhan pembatasan pengelasan repair hingga repair pertama dengan masukan panas yang sama menghasilkan hasil yang optimal.

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This research is performed to evaluate the effects of repeated weld-repairs on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) UNS S32750. Six specimens were welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The first specimen was prepared as original weld (OW), then weld area was ground, re-beveled on the same location and re-welded with different parameters, low and high heat input 1,0 and 1,75 kJ/mm respectively. The first repair with low heat input and high heat input were called as R1-LHI & R1-HHI and the second repairs were prepared as same as the first repairs and called as R2-LHI & R2 HH1 and also for R5. Specimens with the different condition were studied by examining the changes in microstructures, ferrite content, and the mechanical properties. Impact and hardness test were carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of welded joints, the microstructural and fractography of raptured impact specimens were investigated using optical microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopic-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).

The results showed that microstructures, mechanical properties of SDSS weldments were changing significantly as the effect of repeated repair heat cycle by differences heat input. Ferrite grain size on HHI HAZ specimen was found coarser than LHI, which affected in the reduction of impact value up to 12 J on R5 specimen. Ductile mode fracture was reported occurred on OW, R1-LHI, R2-LHI & R1-HHI and brittle fracture on R2 HHI & R5, Precipitate Cr2N and Sigma phase are also found on R5 microstructure, which may reduce the impact properties of the materials. From ferrite content report shows that welding with HHI reduced the ferrite content compare to LHI samples, and the average hardness values for R1-LHI & R2-LHI were found higher than acceptance. From the results of the examination, limited repair up to the first repair with the same heat input as the original weld was given the optimum results."

"Stainless steel 316L dikenal sebagai salah satu material yang paling resistan terhadap korosi pada berbagai macam lingkungan. Ketahanan korosi ini disebabkan oleh lapisan tipis kromium yang terbentuk dan melapisi permukaan material secara spontan. Pada penelitian ini, stainless steel 316L mengalami perlakuan panas anil pada suhu 1000°C dengan empat variasi durasi waktu yaitu 0,5 jam, 1 jam, 1,5 jam, dan 2 jam, serta media pendinginan cepat yang digunakan yaitu air. Dari pola difraksi sinar-X diketahui bahwa ukuran kristal fasa austenitik mengalami perubahan yang tidak stabil karena material berada pada proses rekristalisasi dimana ukuran kristal tidak stabil sebelum kemudian berada pada fase grain-growth dimana ukuran kristal akan membesar. Pengamatan korosi dilakukan menggunakan metode voltametri linear (LSV) pada larutan 5 x M dengan pH = 2. Data yang sudah didapatkan akhirnya diolah menggunakan rumus laju korosi dan didapatkan hasil nilai laju korosi yang berubah-ubah sehingga tidak teramati pola peningkatan atau penurunan, namun nilai laju korosi paling kecil didapatkan pada sampel yang dianil pada durasi waktu terlama yaitu 2 jam.

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Stainless Steel 316L is recognized as one of the most corrosion-resistant materials in a wide variety of environments. This corrosion resistance is caused by a thin layer of chromium that forms and coats the surface of the material spontaneously. In this study, 316L stainless steel underwent annealing heat treatment at 1000 ° C with four variations of time duration, namely 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, and 2 hours, and the fast cooling medium used was water. From the X-ray diffraction pattern, it is known that the crystallite size of the austenitic phase experiences an unstable change because the material is in the recrystallization process where the crystal size is unstable before then going into the grain-growth phase where the crystal size will increase. Corrosion observations were carried out using the linear voltammetry (LSV) method in a solution of 5 x M with pH = 2.The data that has been obtained is finally processed using the corrosion rate formula and the results of the corrosion rate change change so that no pattern of increase or decrease is observed, but the smallest corrosion rate value is obtained in the samples annealed for the longest time duration of 2 hours."