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"The main problem with the slurry process is the difficulty in recovering the photocatalyst nanoparticle from water following purification. An alternative solution proposed the photocatalyst be immobilized on magnetic carriers, which would allow them to be recollected from the water suspension following treatment using an external magnetic field. Magnetically photocatalyst composites were prepared using simple heteroagglomeration by applying attractive electrostatic forces between the nanoparticles with an opposite surface charge. The Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized in an aqueous slurry solution containing Fe3O4/SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles under pH 5 conditions. Meanwhile, Fe3O4/SiO2 was prepared by a simple procedure via a coprecipitation of iron(II) and iron(III) ion mixtures in ammonium hydroxide and was leached by sodium silicate. The synthesized samples were investigated to determine the phase structure, the magnetic properties, and the morphology of the composites by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results indicated that the composites contained anatase and rutile phases and exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior. Fe3O4/SiO2 particles, which were of the aggregation spherical form at 20 nm in size, were successfully attached onto the TiO2 surface. The catalytic activity of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 composites was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The presence of SiO2 as a barrier between Fe3O4 and TiO2 is not only improves the photocatalytic properties but also provides the ability to adsorb the properties on the composite. The Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 (50% containing TiO2 in composite) were able to eliminate 87.3% of methylene blue in water through the adsorption and photocatalytic processes. This result is slightly below pure TiO2, which is able to degrade 96% of methylene blue. The resulting Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 composite exhibited an excellent ability to remove dye from water and it is easily recollected using a magnetic bar from the water. Therefore, they have high potency as an efficient and simple implementation for the dye effluent decolorization of textile waste in slurry reactor processes."

"The main problem with the slurry process is the difficulty in recovering the photocatalyst nanoparticle from water following purification. An alternative solution proposed the photocatalyst be immobilized on magnetic carriers, which would allow them to be recollected from the water suspension following treatment using an external magnetic field. Magnetically photocatalyst composites were prepared using simple heteroagglomeration by applying attractive electrostatic forces between the nanoparticles with an opposite surface charge. The Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized in an aqueous slurry solution containing Fe3O4/SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles under pH 5 conditions. Meanwhile, Fe3O4/SiO2 was prepared by a simple procedure via a coprecipitation of iron(II) and iron(III) ion mixtures in ammonium hydroxide and was leached by sodium silicate. The synthesized samples were investigated to determine the phase structure, the magnetic properties, and the morphology of the composites by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results indicated that the composites contained anatase and rutile phases and exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior. Fe3O4/SiO2 particles, which were of the aggregation spherical form at 20 nm in size, were successfully attached onto the TiO2 surface. The catalytic activity of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 composites was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The presence of SiO2 as a barrier between Fe3O4 and TiO2 is not only improves the photocatalytic properties but also provides the ability to adsorb the properties on the composite. The Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 (50% containing TiO2 in composite) were able to eliminate 87.3% of methylene blue in water through the adsorption and photocatalytic processes. This result is slightly below pure TiO2, which is able to degrade 96% of methylene blue. The resulting Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 composite exhibited an excellent ability to remove dye from water and it is easily recollected using a magnetic bar from the water. Therefore, they have high potency as an efficient and simple implementation for the dye effluent decolorization of textile waste in slurry reactor processes."

"Fotokatalis bermagnet Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 telah dibuat dengan cara heteroaglomerasi. Fotokatalis bermagnet ini diterapkan dalam reaktor sistem slurry untuk eliminasi zat organik (metilen biru dan paraquat) dalam air. Dan juga, fotokatalis bermagnet ini memberi kemudahan untuk dikumpulkan kembali dengan bantuan medan magnet luar sehingga fotokatalis bekas pakai ini dapat digunakan kembali secara berulang-ulang. Sintesis fotokatalis bermagnet Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 diawali dengan membuat nanopartikel Fe3O4 dengan cara presipitasi menggunakan campuran Fe(III)/Fe(II) (rasio mol 2:1) dalam larutan amonia dan kemudian dilapisi dengan SiO2 dengan cara hidrolisis ion silikat. Fe3O4/SiO2 yang terbentuk dicampurkan dengan TiO2 dengan cara hetero-aglomerasi, untuk memperoleh fotokatalis bermagnet Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua jenis TiO2 komersil yang digunakan, yaitu nanopartikel TiO2 Aldrich dan nanopartikel TiO2 P25 Evonik. Fotokatalis bermagnet yang telah dibuat dikarakterisasi dengan berbagai teknik, di antaranya, difraksi sinar-x (XRD) untuk menentukan fasa kristal, zeta potensial meter untuk menentukan muatan permukaan partikel, VSM untuk menentukan sifat kemagnetan, spektrometer FTIR dan Raman untuk identifikasi gugus fungsi dan ikatan logam-oksida, EDS untuk menentukan komposisi unsur permukaan, TEM untuk mengetahui morfologi dan adsorpsi-N2 untuk menetukan luas permukaan. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan bahwa TiO2-Aldrich mengandung fasa anatase 55% dan rutil 45% sedangkan TiO2-P25 Evonik mengandung fasa anatase 86% dan rutil 14%. Fasa magnetit (Fe3O4), TiO2 anatase dan rutil dipertahankan dalam fotokatalis bermagnet yang terbentuk. Dalam tahapan pembentukan bahan, ke dua jenis TiO2 telah berhasil menempel secara permanen pada Fe3O4/SiO2 melalui interaksi elektrostatik gugus hidroksil permukaan masing-masing oksida. Spektromentri FTIR mengamati ikatan Si-O-Ti yang terbentuk, hasil interaksi elektrostatik TiO2 dengan Fe3O4/SiO2, selanjutnya dinotasikan sebagai Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald dan Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. Kedua jenis bahan mempunyai sedikit perbedaan sifat fisika-kimia dan morfologi. Semakin banyak fraksi TiO2 dalam bahan maka luas permukaannya semakin turun. Fotokatalis bermagnet yang diperoleh mempunyai sifat magnet cukup baik dan nilai remanent magnetization dan coercivity yang rendah, artinya bahan ini dapat dengan mudah dikumpulkan kembali dari cairan dengan bantuan medan magnet luar dan tanpa medan magnet dapat terdispersi kembali dengan baik dalam air. Fe3O4/TiO2-Ald dan Fe3O4/TiO2-P25 yang telah dibuat mampu mengeliminasi metilen biru dan paraquat dalam air melalui proses fotokatalitik, namun demikian aktivitasnya dianggap masih rendah. Diduga terjadi pelemahan aktivitas TiO2 yang ada dalam fotokatalis bermagnet akibat dari efek fotodisolusi. Adanya barrier SiO2 di antara Fe3O4 dan TiO2, metilen biru yang terdegradasi meningkat dari 44,2% menjadi 52,3% oleh Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald dan paraquat yang terdegradasi meningkat dari 16,3% menjadi 45,8% oleh Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. Aktivitas kedua fotokatalis bermagnet yang punya barrier SiO2 ini setara dengan aktivitas rasio fraksi aktif TiO2 terhadap TiO2 murninya. Tidak ada kehilangan aktivitas TiO2 dalam fotokatalis bermagnet setelah diberi barrier SiO2. Adanya SiO2 dalam fotokatalis bermagnet ini juga mampu mengeliminasi senyawa metilen biru dan paraquat melalui proses adsorpsi. Maka dari itu, lebih banyak lagi metilen biru dan paraquat tereliminasi melalui kedua proses. Secara total, Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald mampu mengeliminasi metilen biru 87,3% dan paraquat 71,5%. Sedangkan Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25 mampu mengeliminasi paraquat 82,6%. Kapasitas adsorpsi Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald lebih rendah dari kapasitas adsorpsi Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25, tetapi aktivitas fotokatalitik Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald lebih tinggi dari aktivitas fotokatalitik Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. Fotokatalis bermagnet yang dikembangkan menunjukkan kestabilan fotokatalitik paling tidak sampai empat kali pemakaian berulang dan juga masih dapat dikumpulkan kembali dengan mudah dengan bantuan medan magnet luar.

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Magnetic photocatalysts of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 have been prepared using heteroagglomeration method. The magnetic photocatalysts were applied in slurry reactor system for elimination of organic compounds (methylene blue and paraquat) in water. In addition, the magnetic photocatalysts are able to be recollected easily with the assistance of an external magnetic field so that the spent composite can be used repeatedly. Synthesis of magnetic photocatalysts of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 were preceded by preparing Fe3O4 nanoparticles through precipitation method using mixture of Fe(III)/Fe(II) (2:1 mole ratio) in ammonia solution and further coating with SiO2 through hydrolysis of silicate ion. The formed Fe3O4/SiO2 were mixed with TiO2 in hetero-agglomeration manner, to obtain Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic photocatalysts. In this study, two type of commercial TiO2 nanoparticles were used, namely; TiO2 Aldrich and TiO2-P25 Evonik. The prepared magnetic photocatalysts were characterized with various techniques, i.e, x-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystal phase, zeta potensial meter to determine the surface charge of particles, VSM to determine the magnetic properties, FTIR and Raman spectrometer to identify the functional groups and metal-oxide bond, EDS to determine the surface chemical composition, TEM for morphological examination and N2-adsorption to determine surface area.

The results of XRD characterization showed that TiO2-Aldrich contains 55% of anatase and 45% of rutile, while TiO2-P25 Evonik contains 86% of anatase and 14% of rutile. Magnetite (Fe3O4), anatase and rutile phase of TiO2 were retained in the formed composites. In the stage of composite formation, both TiO2 types have been successfully attached to Fe3O4/SiO2 via electrostatic interaction of surface hidroxyl group of oxides. FTIR spectrometry analysis revealed the formed Si-O-Ti bond, resulting of electrostatic interaction both TiO2 and Fe3O4/SiO2. Hence, they were denoted as Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald dan Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. The both magnetic photocatalysts have a slight different physico-chemical properties and morphology. The more the fraction of TiO2 in magnetic photocatalysts, the lower its surface area. The obtained magnetic photocatalysts have high saturation magnetization and low coercivity and remanent magnetization value. It means that the magnetic photocatalysts can be still recollected from water with assistance of external magnetic field. In a non-magnetic field, magnetic photocatalyst can be well dispersed in water again.

The formed Fe3O4/TiO2-Ald and Fe3O4/TiO2-P25 was able to eleminate methylene blue and paraquat in water by photocatalytic process, nevertheless itsactivities was low. Allegedly it occurs weakening of TiO2 activity in magnetic photocatalyst caused by photodissolution effects. The presence of SiO2 barrier between Fe3O4 and TiO2, the degraded methylene blue was increased from 44.2% to 52.3% by Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald and the degraded paraquat was increased from 16.3% to 45.8% by Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. The photocatalytic activity of the both magnetic photocatalysts which having SiO2 barrier was equivalent to the activity of fraction ratio of TiO2 to its pure TiO2.

There was no loss of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in magnetic photocatalysts after SiO2 barrier being introduced. The presence of SiO2 on magnetic photocatalysts was also able to eliminate methylene blue and paraquat compounds through adsorption process. Therefore, more methylene blue and paraquat eliminated via both process. Totally, the Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald was able to eliminate 87.3% of methylene blue and 71.5% of paraquat. Meanwhile Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25 was able to eliminate 82.6% of paraquat. Adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald was lower than that of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25, but photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-Ald was higher than that of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-P25. The developed magnetic photocatalysts show its activity photocatalytic stability and still can be well magnetically separated after being repeatedly used for four times."

"Tujuan: Metabolit yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme merupakan sumber yang potensial untuk dieksplorasi guna memperoleh senyawa aktif antimikroba, salah satunya adalah kelompok biosurfaktan lipopeptida. Berbagai senyawa lipopeptida mempunyai aktifitas biologi yang tinggi. seperti aktifitas antikanker, antivirus, antipembekuan darah, immunomodulator, antiadesif, antiparasit, antibakteri dan antijamur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi kekayaan biodiversitas nasional dengan melakukan isolasi dan skrining mikroba penghasil biosurfaktan lipopeptida serta karakterisasi dari lipopeptida yang dihasilkan sebagai antimikroba untuk aplikasi di bidang biomedis.Metode: Isolasi dan skrining mikroba penghasil biosurfaktan lipopeptida dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel berupa tanah dan air dari lokasi yang tercemar minyak baik di darat maupun di laut. Isolat terpilih digunakan dalam proses fermentasi untuk produksi lipopeptida. Uji aktifitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap beberapa bakteri uji gram positif maupun negatif. Senyawa aktif lipopeptida yang dihasilkan diisolasi dan dikarakterisasi strukturnya menggunakan spektrometri massa. Optimasi produksi juga dilakukan guna memperoleh kondisi proses yang optimal menggunakan Respon Surface Methodology. Studi efek kombinasi senyawa lipopeptida dengan antibiotik lain dilakukan menggunakan metode double disk dan metode checkerboard.Hasil: Diperoleh mikroba penghasil biosurfaktan lipopeptida Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MD4-12 yang diisolasi dari lokasi di sekitar kilang minyak Pertamina di Palembang. Lipopeptida yang dihasilkan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri uji gram positif dan negatif secara in-vitro menggunakan metode difusi cakram termasuk bakteri resisten MRSA (methicillin resistant strain Staphylococcus aureus) dan E. coli ATCC 32518, bakteri penghasil betalaktamase. Hasil karakterisasi senyawa menunjukkan bahwa lipopeptida yang dihasilkan adalah surfaktin homolog yang terdiri dari C12-C17 surfaktin. Pada optimasi produksi senyawa surfaktin diperoleh peningkatan produksi sebesar 2,4 kali dari perolehan sebelum dilakukan optimasi, yaitu dari 0,51 g/L menjadi 1,21 g/L. Studi kombinasi senyawa lipopeptida dengan antibiotik ampisilin menunjukkan efek sinergi dan aditif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri uji Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Nilai FIC indeks yang diperoleh berkisar antara 0,31 ? 0,63. Penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi senyawa lipopeptida surfaktin sebagai antibakteri untuk aplikasi di bidang biomedis.

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Objective. Metabolites produced by microorganisms are potential sources to be explored to obtain biological active compound. One of them belongs to lipopeptide biosurfactants group. Various active compounds of lipopeptide have high biological activity for biomedical application such as anticancer, antiviral, inhibit fibrin clot formation, immunomodulators, antiadesif, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antifungi. The aim of this study was to explore the national biodiversity to obtained microbial lipopeptide biosurfactants producers with antimicrobial activity.

Methods: To isolate and screen lipopeptide-producing microbes, soil and water samples were taken from oil contaminated from terrestrial and marine. Selected isolates were used for fermentation to produce lipopeptides. Active compound were isolated and characterized structurally by mass spectrometry. Optimization of production was also carried out to obtain optimal process conditions using the Response Surface Methodology. The effect of lipopeptides combination with other antibiotics for antimicrobial activity were performed against several test bacteria using double disc and checkerboard methods.

Result: Lipopeptide biosurfactant-producing microbe was obtained from the soil sample around Pertamina oil refinery plant at Palembang. Furthermore the isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MD4-12. The Lipopeptides capable to inhibit the growth of gram positive and negative tests bacteria in-vitro, including resistant bacteria MRSA (methicillin resistant strain Staphylococcus aureus) and E. coli ATCC 32518, a betalactamase-producing strain, using diffusion disc method. Characterization of lipopeptide compounds using mass spectrometry showed that the lipopeptide is surfactin homolog consist of C12-C17 surfactin. Optimum medium composition was obtained during optimization of surfactin production using respon surface methodology. Surfactin production increased 2.4 times from 0.51 g/L, prior to optimization, to 1.21 g/L. Combination lipopeptide with ampicillin for antibacterial activity showed synergistic and additive effects against the test bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The range of FIC index is 0.31 to 0.63. This research showed that surfactin lipopeptide have great potency for antimicrobial activity for biomedical application."

"Pendinginan, pada bidang perikanan, memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kualitas tangkapan ikan yang juga berakibat pada keuntungan yang akan didapat kelak. Salah satu cara untuk menjaga kualitas hasil tangkapan ikan adalah dengan cara diaplikasikannya ice slurry sebagai media pendingin. Ice slurry, dibandingkan dengan es balok konvensional, memiliki performa pendinginan yang lebih baik dikarenakan interaksi antara permukaan hasil tangkapan dengan media pendinginan yang lebih luas. Produksi ice slurry, pada penelitian ini, menggunakan dua evaporator dengan tujuan untuk memaksimalkan performa perpindahan panas pada generator ice slurry. Evaporator I berfungsi untuk menurunkan temperatur air laut dari 30oC menuju ke 5oC sedangkan evaporator II berfungsi untuk menurunkan temperatur air laut dari 5oC menuju ke -2oC yang merupakan titik beku air laut dengan bantuan scraper. Ditargetkan bahwa ice slurry yang dihasilkan memiliki konsentrasi massa es sebesar 30%. Dengan digunakannya dua evaporator, dimensi perangkat yang diperoleh dapat berukuran ringkas, yaitu dengan panjang total yang tidak melebihi satu meter. Selain itu, ice slurry diajukan agar dijual dengan harga Rp250,00 per kilogramnya dengan tujuan agar harganya sangat terjangkau oleh para nelayan. Dengan perhitungan break even point (BEP), didapat bahwa investasi produksi ice slurry ini akan menghasilkan keuntungan pada sekitar bulan ke 15 atau ke 16 sejak dioperasikannya proses pembuatan ice slurry ini.

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Cooling, on fisheries, has significant impact regarding to the quality of fish catching and also has impact on profit that would be gotten later. One of many manners to keep the quality of fish catching is by ice slurry application as cooling medium. Ice slurry, compared with conventional block ice, has better cooling performance due to its larger interaction between cooling media and fish product surface. Ice slurry production, on this study, uses two units of evaporator as an objective to maximize heat transfer performance on ice slurry generator. Evaporator I's function is to decrease the temperature of sea water from 30oC to 5oC whereas evaporator II's function is to decrease the temperature of the sea water from 5oC to -2oC which is the freezing point of sea water. Scraper is applied to evaporator II as a mechanical aid to increase evaporator II's heat transfer performance. It is aimed that the ice concentration of ice slurry is around 30%. Regarding of using two evaporators, the dimension of devices that is obtained could be relatively compact, with their total length do not exceed one meter. Furthermore, produced ice slurry is proposed to be sold by Rp250,00 per kilogram regarding to its affordability by fishermen. With the calculated of break even point (BEP), it is obtained that the investment of this ice slurry production would yield profits on around the 15th or the 16th month since the beginning of ice slurry production."

"Trimethylolethane (TME) trihydrate slurry is a proper phase-change material for latent heat transportation in cooling systems since it has excellence heat transfer performance and high thermal capacity...."

"Adsorpsi merupakan proses efektif dalam pengolahan limbah cair berwarna. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan lumpur alum sebagai adsorben polutan methylene blue, kemudian dilakukan regenerasi agar lumpur tersebut dapat digunakan untuk reuse. Lumpur alum dikarakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX untuk melihat morfologi, dan komposisi kimianya. Hasil mikrograf lumpur alum memiliki struktur kasar, berpori, dan oleh unsur oksigen, silika, dan alumunium. Hasil eksperimen adsorpsi menunjukkan % removal meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi adsorben dan menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi polutan methylene blue. Kapasitas adsorpsi mengikuti pola isoterm Langmuir dengan konstanta a dan b berturut-turut 24.631 dan 0.021 serta kapasitas adsorpsi 26.05 mg/g. Selanjutnya hasil eksperimen Fenton homogen menunjukkan % removal meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi H2O2 dan FeSO4. Kemudian hasil regenerasi menunjukkan semakin besar kapasitas adsorpsi pada adsorben menghasilkan % removal yang semakin rendah. Untuk mengetahui keberhasilan proses regenerasi, beberapa sampel lumpur alum kembali dilakukan proses reuse adsorpsi. Hasil % removal dari reuse untuk adsorben setelah regenerasi adalah 45.25%, dimana lebih besar dua kali lipat jika dibandingkan dengan adsorben tanpa regenerasi. Sebagai kesimpulan, adsorben lumpur alum dan proses oksidasi Fenton homogen efektif dalam penyisihan senyawa methylene blue di air.

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Adsorption is an effective process in the dye wastewater treatment. This research will utilize alum sludge as adsorbent in removal methylene blue pollutants. Then regeneration is carried out so that the sludge can be reused. Alum sludge will be characterized using SEM-EDX to see its morphology, and chemical composition. The alum sludge micrograph has a rough, porous structure, and is dominated by oxygen, silica and alumunium. The adsorption experimental results show that % removal increases with increasing adsorbent concentrations and decreases with increasing methylene blue pollutant concentrations. The adsorption capacity follows the Langmuir isotherm pattern with constants a and b respectively 24.631 and 0.021 and the adsorption capacity of 26.05 mg/g. The Fenton experimental results show efficiency removal increases with increasing H2O2 and FeSO4 concentrations. Then regeneration experiments were carried out with the results showing the greater adsorption capacity of the adsorbent produced lower % removal. To find out the success of the regeneration process, a number of alum sludge samples were reused for adsorption. The result of removal efficiency of reuse for adsorbents after regeneration is 45.25%, the value is more than doubled when compared to adsorbents that have not been regenerated. In conclusion, alum sludge adsorbent and homogeneous Fenton oxidation process are effective for removal of methylene blue compounds in water."

"Peningkatan jumlah lumpur limbah industri pertahunnya, mendorong untuk adanya inovasi dalam pengelolaan lumpur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam upaya menstabilisasikan kadungan karbon pada lumpur melalui proses termal sehingga didapatkan produk akhir yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben. Karbonisasi dilakukan pada suhu 500oC selama 70 menit dan aktivasi dengan gas N2 dengan laju aliran 200 mL/menit pada suhu 800oC selama 1.5 jam. Pencucian logam dilakukan setelah karbonisasi dengan HCl 3M rasio padatan per larutan 0.2 . Hasil karbonisasi didapatkan arang sebesar 23,68 1,288 dan hasil aktivasi didapatkan karbon aktif sebesar 48,51 0,619.

Hasil pengujian karakteristik karbon aktif lumpur diperoleh nilai kadar air 11,42 0,006 , abu 8,16 0,012 , dan bagian mudah menguap 23,71 0,006 memenuhi baku mutu arang aktif, kecuali kadar karbon murni 56,71 dan daya serap iodin 230,78 mg/g . Luas permukaan yang didapat sebesar 89,08 m2/g dan diamter pori yang terlihat pada uji SEM lebih dari 10 ?m. Kapasitas adsorpsi hasil uji batch dari karbon aktif lumpur terhadap zat warna metilen biru dengan uji sistem batch adalah 4.6 mg/g, cocok dengan model isotherm Freundlich.

Kapasitas adsorpsi hasil uji kolom untuk Karbon Aktif Lumpur KAL 7.52 mg/g dan Karbon Aktif Komersial KAK 9.36 mg/g. Kurva Breakthrough menujukan karbon aktif komersial menejukan adsorpsi yang lebih baik dari karbon aktif lumpur. Saat volume larutan MB yang diolah telah mencapai 275 mL dalam waktu 99 menit, hasil penyisihan dari KAL 62 dan KAK 67 . Hasil TCLP menujukan bahwa KAL masih dikategorikan limbah B3.

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The increasing number of industrial sludge annually, encourages innovation in sludge management. This research was conducted to stabilize the carbon content of sludge through the thermal process so that the final product can be used as an adsorbent. The carbonization was carried out at a temperature of 500oC for 70 minutes and activation with gas N2 200mL min at a temperature of 800oC for 1.5 hours. Metal washing was performed after carbonization with 3M HCl solids per solution ratio 0.2 . Carbonization results obtained charcoal of 23.68 1.288 and activation results obtained activated carbon of 48.51 0.619.

The results of testing the characteristics of the sludge activated carbon obtained by the value of water content 11,42 0,006 , ash 8,16 0,012 , and the volatile part 23,71 0,006 and appropriate with the standard, except pure carbon content 56.71 and number of iodine 230.78 mg g . The surface area obtained is 89.08 m2 g and the pore diameter seen in the SEM test is more than 10 m. The adsorption capacity of the batch test results from the slurry activated carbon to uptake methylene blue by batch system test is 4.6 mg g, suitable with Freundlich isotherm model.

Adsorption capacity of column test for Sludge Activated Carbon SAC 7.52 mg g and Commercial Activated Carbon CAC 9.36 mg g. The Breakthrough curve of commercial activated carbon activates better adsorption of the activated carbon of the sludge. When the volume of MB processed solution has reached 275 mL within 99 minutes, the elimination from initial conecentration methylene blue results from SAC 62 and CAC 67 . The TCLP results indicate that KAL is still categorized as B3 waste."

"Metode biodelignifikasi dengan kapang pelapuk kayu saat ini menjadi pilihan utama dan sangat menjanjikan dalam pengolahan limbah lignoselulosa menjadi bahan baku dalam industri obat maupun kertas. Hal ini sejalan dengan pretreatment limbah lignoselulosa secara biologis dengan organisme atau enzim lebih dipilih dan diprioritaskan karena sifatnya lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan pretreatment secara kimiawi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh jamur termofilik dengan aktivitas ligninolitik dan karakteristik enzim mangan peroksidase (MnP). Isolat jamur ini ditumbuhkan pada media PDA, dan aktivitas ligninolitiknya diinduksi dengan substrat serbuk daun nanas. Aktivitas enzim MnP ditentukan setelah mengukur absorbansi dari media menggunakan spektrofotometri UV/Vis dengan Mn2+ sebagai substrat pada panjang gelombang 270 nm. Larutan fraksi enzim MnP didapatkan dari fraksinasi dengan ammonium sulfat pada saturasi 80% dan di dialisis dengan MW cut-off 8000-14000 Da. Jamur diuji pada kondisi pH yang berbeda serta beberapa kondisi suhu inkubasi dan diukur aktivitas enzim MnP-nya. Diperoleh suhu optimum untuk inkubasi adalah 50º C dan pH optimum aktivitas MnP pada pH 3,0. Profil kinetika enzim MnP ditentukan pada rentang konsentrasi substrat MnSO4 (0,2-1 mM). Sehigga diperoleh laju reaksi maksimum enzim (Vmaks) MnP adalah 5,216 μmol. mL−1. menit−1, sedangkan konstanta Michaelis-Mentennya (Km) sebesar 0,156 μmol. mL−1.

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The biodelignification method with wood-rotting molds is currently the main and very promising choice in the processing of lignocellulosic waste into raw materials in the medicine and paper industries. This is in line with the biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste with organisms or enzymes being chosen and prioritized because it is more environmentally friendly than chemical pretreatment. This study aims to obtain thermophilic fungi with ligninolytic activity and the characteristics of the manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme. This fungal isolate was grown on PDA media, and its ligninolytic activity was induced with pineapple leaf powder as a substrate. The activity of the MnP enzyme was determined after measuring the absorbance of the medium using UV/Vis spectrophotometry with Mn2+ as the substrate at a wavelength of 270 nm. MnP enzyme fraction solution was obtained from fractionation with ammonium sulfate at 80% saturation and dialyzed with a MW cut-off of 8000-14000 Da. Mushrooms were tested at different pH conditions and several incubation temperature conditions and their MnP enzyme activity was measured. The optimum temperature for incubation was 50º C and the optimum pH for MnP activity was at pH 3.0. The kinetic profile of the MnP enzyme was determined in the range of substrate concentrations of MnSO4 (0.2-1 mM). So that the maximum reaction rate of the enzyme (Vmax) of MnP is 5,216 μmol. mL−1. min−1 while the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) is 0,156 μmol. mL−1."

"Penilaian efektivitas pengolahan air/air limbah dan emisi gas rumah kaca memerlukan analisis kelayakan mikroba dan kuantifikasi/identifikasi taksonomi mikroba yang ekstensif. Kemampuan kelayakan dan penilaian aktivitas mikroba akan memerlukan pengembangan metode berbasis fluoresensi, sementara kemampuan kuantifikasi/identifikasi akan menyelidiki analisis otomatis dengan citra sel, sitometri aliran, dan kecerdasan buatan untuk pengujian skala besar pada air, air limbah, dan rangkaian pengolahan air daur ulang. Daftar komunitas mikroba target mencakup, namun tidak terbatas pada: (ambang batas) Cyanobacteria, algae, helminth eggs (misalnya telur ascaris yang ditemukan dalam biosolid), patogen indikator dalam air Kelas A, dan metanogen serta seluruh populasi mikroba dalam pencernaan (dengan mempertimbangkan sumbernya). Proyek ini berhipotesis bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran mesin yang diawasi dan dipandu pengetahuan dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mikroba secara akurat dan cepat dalam sampel air produksi yang direkam menggunakan platform analitik berbeda (mikroskopi optik, mikroskopi fluorescence dan imaging flow cytometry). Pendekatan berbasis pembelajaran mesin menggunakan cara komputasi untuk membandingkan gambar mikroba dengan tolak ukur berbagai sel dan filamen untuk mengelompokkannya. Dalam proyek ini, gambar-gambar tersebut dipasok oleh instalasi pengolahan air di Melbourne. Tiga metode pembelajaran mesin yang harus dievaluasi, Segment Anything Model (SAM) pertama kali digunakan untuk mensegmentasi gambar mentah menjadi gambar sel dan filamen individual. Metode pembelajaran mesin RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), UQI (Universal Quality Index) dan SAM (Spectral Angle Mapper) kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung skor kemiripan antara gambar tersegmentasi dan tolak ukur berbagai jenis sel atau filamen. Skor kesamaan tertinggi yang dicapai antara suatu gambar dan suatu tolak ukur menunjukkan bahwa gambar tersebut akan dikelompokkan ke dalam tolak ukur tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil tersebut kemudian akan dibandingkan dengan hasil clustering manual, dimana secara manual membandingkan kesamaan antara setiap gambar dan setiap benchmark.

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Assessment of water/wastewater treatment efficacy and greenhouse gas emissions will require extensive analysis of microbial viability and microbial quantification/taxonomic identification. Microbial viability and activity assessment capabilities will require development of fluorescence-based methods, while quantification/identification capabilities will investigate automated analysis with cell imagery, flow cytometry and artificial intelligence for large scale testing at water, wastewater and recycled water treatment trains. List of target microbial communities includes, but not limited to:(threshold) Cyanobacteria, algae, helminth eggs (e.g. ascaris eggs found in biosolids), indicator pathogens in Class A water, and methanogens and whole population of microbe in digestor (considering the sources of bias). This project hypothesises that supervised and knowledge-guided machine learning approaches can be used to accurately and rapidly identify microbes within manufactured water samples recorded using different analytical platforms (optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and imaging flow cytometry). Machine learning-based approaches use computational ways to compare images of microbes to benchmarks of different cells and filaments to cluster them. In this project, the images were supplied by a water treatment plant in Melbourne. Three machine learning methods is to be evaluated, Segment Anything Model (SAM) was first used to segment raw images into images of individual cells and filaments. Machine learning methods of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), UQI (Universal Quality Index) and SAM (Spectral Angle Mapper) were then used to calculate similarity scores between the segmented images and benchmarks of different types of cells or filaments. The highest similarity score achieved between an image and a benchmark indicated that the image would be clustered into that benchmark. The study shows the results would then be compared with manual clustering results, where the it is manually compared the similarities between each image and each benchmark."