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"Pembangunan ekonomi inklusif dapat diartikan sebagai penciptaan akses dan kesempatan yang luas bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat secara berkeadilan, meningkatkan kesejahteraan, serta mengurangi kesenjangan antar kelompok dan antar wilayah. Konsep pembangunan inklusif tidak hanya dilaksanakan dalam program pembangunan nasional, tetapi juga harus diterapkan dalam pembangunan daerah bahkan hingga level desa. Dalam pemerataan pembangunan, kelembagaan ekonomi desa memegang peran penting dalam menjaga kedaulatan ekonomi, optimalisasi potensi dan sumber daya. Sinergitas antar kelembagaan ekonomi desa di suatu daerah/kabupaten akan memberikan pengaruh besar dalam terwujudnya pembangunan ekonomi yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah kondisi daya dukung kelembagaan ekonomi desa yang meliputi: BUMDes, KUD, dan IKM sebagai independen variabel (X), dapat memberikan pengaruh nyata atau signifkan terhadap inklusivitas pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia. Proksi inklusivitas pembangunan ekonomi ditinjau berdasarkan skor Indeks Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif (IPEI) sebagai dependen variabel (Y). Penelitian ini juga menggunakan variabel kontrol yaitu Infrastruktur Ekonomi, Karakteristik Wilayah, dan Penduduk Miskin. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, analisis regresi data panel menggunakan data cross section dan time series pada 369 kabupaten yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia dalam rentang waktu 2019-2021.Analisis regresi dalam penelitian ini akan mengurai hubungan antar variabel yang ditinjau secara keseluruhan dan berdasarkan 3 pilar IPEI, yaitu: 1. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perekonomian, 2. Pemerataan pendapatan dan pengurangan kemiskinan, 3. Perluasan akses dan kesempatan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa keberadaan kelembagaan ekonomi di tingkat desa memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap pembangunan ekonomi inklusif dalam kerangka pembangunan nasional. Keberadaan BUMDes, KUD, dan IKM sebagai unit usaha menunjukkan bahwa dapat memberi manfaat bagi masyarakat yang diharapkan menjadi sebuah ekosistem pasar/ekonomi di tingkat lokal. Dari hasil estimasi dapat ditinjau ketiga komponen ini menunjukkan hasil positif signifikan terhadap IPEI. Berdasarkan tinjauan pada tiga (3) Pilar IPEI, ketiga aspek kelembagaan ekonomi desa tersebut juga menunjukkan hubungan positif signifikan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk penguatan, keberlanjutan dan sinergitas kebijakan terkait kelembagaan ekonomi desa. Serta mendorong agar pengukuran pembangunan ekonomi inklusif hingga pada level desa.

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Inclusive economic development can be interpreted as creating broad access and opportunities for all levels of society in an equitable manner, increasing welfare, and reducing disparities between groups and between regions. The concept of inclusive development is not only carried out in national development programs, but must also be applied in regional development even down to the village level. In equitable village development, rural economic institutions play an important role in maintaining rural economic sovereignty. Synergy between rural economic institutions in a region/regency will have a major influence on the realization of inclusive and sustainable regional development. The purpose of this study was to see whether the carrying capacity of rural economic institutions which include: BUMDes, IKM and Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) as independent variables (X), can have a real or significant influence on the inclusiveness of economic development in Indonesia. The economic development inclusiveness proxy is reviewed based on the Indeks Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif (IPEI) score as the dependent variable (Y). This study also uses control variables, namely Economic Infrastructure, Region Characteristics, and Population. This study uses a quantitative approach, panel data regression analysis using cross section and time series data in 369 regencies across Indonesia in the 2019-2021 timeframe.

Regression analysis in this study will break down the relationship between the variables reviewed based on overall aspect and the 3 pillars of IPEI, namely: 1. Economic growth and development, 2. Equal distribution of income and poverty reduction, 3. Expansion of access and opportunity. Analysis was also carried out on category 5 regions/large islands in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the existence of economic institutions at the rural level has an influence on inclusive economic development within the framework of national development. The existence of BUMDes, KUD, and IKM as business units shows that they can provide benefits to the community which are expected to become a market/economic ecosystem at the local level. From the estimation results, it can be seen that these three components show significant positive results for IPEI. The three institutional components of the rural economy show different relationships in influencing each IPEI pillar. This research recommends strengthening, sustainability and synergy of policies related to rural economic institutions. As well as encouraging measurement of inclusive economic development down to the rural level."

"Economic Development, Twelfth Edition, presents the latest thinking in economic development with the clear and comprehensive approach that has been so well received in both the developed and developing worlds. The pace and scope of economic development continues its rapid, uneven, and sometimes unexpected evolution. This text explains the unprecedented progress that has been made in many parts of the developing world but fully confronts the enormous problems and challenges that remain to be addressed in the years ahead. The text shows the wide diversity across the developing world and the differing positions in the global economy that are held by developing countries. The principles of development economics are key to understanding how we got to where we are, how great progress has been made in recent years, and why many development problems remain so difficult to solve. The principles of development economics are also key to the design of successful economic development policy and programs as we look ahead. The field of economic development is versatile and has much to contribute regarding these differing scenarios. Thus, the text also underlines common features that are exhibited by a majority of developing nations, using the insights of the study of economic development. The few countries that have essentially completed the transformation to become developed economies, such as South Korea, are also examined as potential models for other developing countries to follow. Both theory and empirical analysis in development economics have made major strides, and the Twelfth Edition brings these ideas and findings to students. Legitimate controversies are actively debated in development economics, and so the text presents contending theories and interpretations of evidence, with three goals. The first goal is to ensure that students understand real conditions and institutions across the developing world. The second is to help students develop analytic skills while broadening their perspectives of the wide scope of the field. The third is to provide students with the resources to draw independent conclusions as they confront development problems, their sometimes ambiguous evidence, and real-life development policy choices-ultimately, to play an informed role in the struggle for economic development and ending extreme poverty"

"Gap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK) laki-laki dan perempuan cenderung stagnan dalam 3 dekade terakhir, berbeda dengan kondisi banyak negara lain yang semakin mengecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh pembangunan ekonomi terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan di Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 1986- 2018. Berbeda dengan penelitian yang ada di Indonesia sebelumnya yang banyak melihat kondisi mikro yang mempengaruhi perempuan untuk masuk dalam angkatan kerja, penelitian ini melihat kondisi makro yang terjadi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode balanced panel data. Penelitian dilakukan di 26 provinsi yang sudah ada di Indonesia sejak tahun 1986.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pembangunan ekonomi berpengaruh pada TPAK perempuan dengan membentuk pola U. Partisipasi perempuan tinggi saat Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita sangat rendah, selanjutnya peningkatan share lapangan usaha primer dalam PDRB akan menurunkan partisipasi perempuan, namun saat share lapangan usaha sekunder dan tersier meningkat perempuan akan kembali masuk dalam pasar kerja meskipun hasilnya tidak signifikan. Kondisi tersubut disebabkan banyak provinsi di Indonesia langsung langsung berpindah ke lapangan usaha tersier dari lapangan usaha primer. Peningkatan penduduk perkotaan akan menurunkan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan. Sedangkan meningkatnya TFR, persentase perempuan berpendidikan tinggi, dan rata-rata upah mendorong perempuan untuk masuk dalam angkatan kerja.

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Gender gap between female and male labor force participation rate tend to stagnant in the past three decades, contrary to many other countries which just narrowed the gap. This study attempts to identify the effects of economic development to female labor force participation in 1986-2018 in Indonesia. Vice versa to other previous research in Indonesia that use micro analysis to find condition that affects female join the labor force, this study use macro conditions by using balanced panel data method. The research focus in 26 provinces have existed in indonesia since 1986.The results show economic development has significant effect on female labor force participation and form a UShaped pattern. Female labor force participation is high when the gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is low. Increasing share of primary sector in the GRDP will decrease female participation, but when the share of secondary and tertiary sector are advance, women will re-enter the labor market, though it is insignificant. It could be caused by directly moved from primary to tertiary sector in many provinces. An increase of urban dwellers will reduce female LFPR. While increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR), percentage of female with high educated and wage rate encourage female into the labor force."

"Peran jasa transportasi udara di Indonesia meningkat secara signifikan sejak awal tahun 2000. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah deregulasi industri jasa penerbangan. Namun demikian, hubungan antara pertumbuhan pengguna jasa transportasi udara dan pembangunan ekonomi regional di Indonesia belum jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkeskplorasi dampak ekonomi dari tumbuhnya penggunaan jasa transportasi udara terhadap pembangunan ekonomi regional di Indonesia. Observasi dilakukan terhadap 52 bandara di Indonesia, dengan menggunakan metode regresi panel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan penumpang dan kargo memberikan dampak positif terhadap indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi, yaitu PDRB per-kapita dan serapan tenaga kerja. Deregulasi industri jasa penerbangan mendorong peningkatan manfaat ekonomi dari tumbuhnya pengguna transportasi udara.

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The role of air transport service in Indonesia has increased significantly since 2000. One of the main causes is the deregulation of air transportation industry. However, the relationship between air transportation growth and regional economics development is unclear. This study seeks to explore the economic impact from the growing number of air transportation usage to the regional economic development in Indonesia. Fifty-two airports are the units of observation with the use of panel regression methods. The result reveals that the growth of passenger and cargo impact the economic growth indicators positively, including GDP per-capita and employment. The deregulation of air transportation industry boosts the economics benefits obtained from the growing users of air transport services."