Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"The land area and production of rubber on smallholder rubber plantations contribute to about 85% and 81% of national rubber production, respectively. Based on this, having technology to utilize vulcanized natural rubber latex (NRL) in a way that is simple, inexpensive, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and according to the quality standards of the processing of NRL is important. The purpose of the current research is to design of a prototype photoreactor ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for the vulcanization of NRL that is irradiated (VNRLI) to produce NRL-irradiated free carcinogens and protein allergens. The methodology used is the technological development of a prototype photoreactor with an UV-mercury irradiator that located in a vertical cylindrical glass column with the capacity of VNRLI about 249.2 tons/year. The development of technologies applied to increase the capacity of VNRLI by enlarging the area of thin NRL films to be irradiated with UV-A rays derived from UV-LED irradiators that are more energy-efficient, long-life, and environmentally friendly than UV-mercury irradiators. The results allowed for the design of a prototype photoreactor UV-LEDs to process feed NRL with the capacity VNRLI about 522 tons/year. The UV-LED photoreactor prototype design results show that the UV-LED photoreactor prototype is ready to test the VNRLI process function that can produce NRL- irradiated free carcinogen and protein allergens."

"EPDM (Ethylene propylene diene monomer) is one of synthetic rubber that widely used in automotive. It must be vulcanized and added by other materials before used. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of vulcanization system and the addition of carbon black (CB) to the mechanical properties and swelling characteristic of EPDM.This research used three vulcanization system: conventional vulcanization (CV), efficient vulcanization (EV), and semi-efficient vulcanization (SEV) with the variation of carbon black 50, 60, and 70 phr (per hundred resin).This research showed that EV system resulted faster vulcanization time and lower delta torque than SEV and CV systems. This system also performed the highest tensile strength, elongation, and tear strength, while SEV system resulted the highest hardness. Furthermore, the conventional vulcanization system resulted the lowest swelling index."

"Karet alam merupakan salah satu komoditas terbesar yang ada di Indonesia. Kondisi tersebut mendorong perkembangan pesat industri karet. Namun rendahnya modulus kekakuan karet alam menjadi kelemahan dari produk karet alam contohnya ban kendaraan dimana akan menghasilkan sifat yang buruk sehingga berpengaruh kepada umur pakai ban tersebut. Untuk mengkompensasi modulus kekakuannya yang rendah, biasaya karet alam ditambahkan penguat yaitu silica atau carbon black. Tetapi kedua bahan tersebut memiliki kelemahan dimana harganya yang mahal. Alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan penguat berupa serat sorgum. Permasalah kompatibilitas antara karet alam dan sorgum yang memiliki sifat permukaan berbeda menjadi hambatan dalam modifikasi ini. Permasalahan kompatibiltas tersebut dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan coupling agent yang dibuat dari hibrida lateks-pati. Coupling agent merupakan senyawa yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan adhesivitas antara dua material yang berbeda. Pengamatan terhadap perilaku alir vulkaniasi dan kompatibilitas karet alam berpenguat serat sorgum dengan penambahan coupling agent berbasis pati dilakukan untuk dapat mengamati kinetika vulkanisasi. Hasil perilaku alir menunjukkan kenaikan torsi maksimum (MH) dan torsi minimum (ML) serta penurunan waktu pematangan optimum (t90) dan waktu scorch (ts2) dengan adanya penambahan coupling agent berbasis pati. Didapat pula optimasi vulkanisasi pada komposisi coupling agent sebesar 3 phr dan temperatur 150oC. Penambahan coupling agent berbasi pati juga berpengaruh kepada kenaikan nilai laju reaksi dan penurunan energi aktivasi dalam proses vulkanisasi. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukan penambahan coupling agent meningkatkan absorpsi ikatan hidrogen O-H serta menurunkan fiber pull-out dan meningkatkan dispersi yang mengindikasikan kompatibilitas karet alam dengan sorgum meningkat.

---

Natural rubber is one of the largest commodities in Indonesia. This condition encouraged the rapid development of the rubber industry. However, the low modulus of natural rubber has become a weakness of natural rubber products, for example vehicle tires which will produce bad properties which affect the life of the tire. To compensate for the low modulus of stiffness, reinforcement is usually used, which are silica or carbon black. But both of these materials have weaknesses where the price is expensive. The alternative is to use sorghum fiber as a reinforced.

Problems of compatibility between natural rubber and sorghum which have different surface properties are obstacles in binding. The compatibility problems can be overcome by using a coupling agent made from a hybrid of latex-starch. Coupling agent is a compound used to increase adhesivity between two different materials. Observations on the behavior of vulcanization and compatibility of natural rubber reinforced with sorghum fibers with the addition of starch-based coupling agents were carried out to be able to observe vulcanization kinetics.

The results of the flow behavior show the increase in maximum torque (MH) and minimum torque (ML) and decrease in optimum ripening time (t90) and scorch time (ts2) with the addition of starch-based coupling agents. Optimization of vulcanization was also obtained on the composition of coupling agent by 3 phr and temperature of 150oC. Addition of starch-based coupling agent also influences the increase in reaction rate and decrease in activation energy in the vulcanization process.

The characterization results show that the addition of coupling agents increases the absorption of O-H hydrogen bonds and decreases fiber pull-out and increases the dispersion which indicates the compatibility of natural rubber with sorghum increases."

"The development of the Para rubber sector in Myanmar was slow for a long time from the early 1960s, mainly due to policy failures under the “Burmese Way to Socialism.” However, with the rubber boom around 2005–12, the sector started developing rapidly, as in other Asian tropical countries. The development of the sector is expected to be an important base for economic development in Myanmar through industrialization. This paper, based on information and data collected in Mon State in 2013 and 2014, clarifies the current status (with historical background) of various actors—including rubber estates (both private and government), smallholders, traders/processors, and tire factories—and investigates major problems they face. The rapid expansion of rubber plantation by smallholders in Mon State is particularly noteworthy, based on the study of two villages. It is found that the smallholders’ major source of investment is remittances from migrants working in the rubber sector in Southern Thailand. The migrants’ work experiences in Thailand, which expose them to technology and knowledge about supporting institutions, are expected to offer good potential for the future development of Myanmar’s rubber sector."

"ABSTRAKSkirpsi ini membahas mengenai perkebunan karet rakyat di Jambi. Karet mulai populer sejak masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda hingga menjadi Republik Indonesia. Pada tahun 1920 karena harga karet mulai tinggi akibat permintaan yang terus meningkat. Tingginya harga karet membawa dampak yang sangat besar bagi perekonomian Indonesia dan Jambi. Akan tetapi, tidak selamanya harga karet tinggi, karet mengalami dinamika dalam perjalanannya menuju puncak kejayaan.

---

ABSTRACTThis thesis will discuss about rubber plantations in Jambi. rubberbecame popular sincethe Government ofthe Netherlands East Indiestothe Republic ofIndonesia. In 1920due tothe highprice of rubberstartedas a result ofthe increasing demand. Rubberbringa huge impactto the Indonesian economyandJambi. However, sometimes rubber price decreased, rubberexperiencingthe dynamics oftheway to theheight of glory.;;;"

"Contents: Internal structure ; production ; The importance of rubber to indonesia ; Estates ; Smallholders ; The marketing of smallholders rubber ; Conclusion"

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perencanaan jaringan FTTH di setiap gedung di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) merupakan suatu format transmisi sinyal optik dari pusat penyedia layanan ke kawasan pengguna dengan menggunakan fiber optik sebagai media penghantaran. Teknologi FTTH mampu memberikan layanan Triple Play Service dengan bandwidth dan bit rate yang tinggi.Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia terdiri dari 7 departemen dan memiliki 12 gedung dengan jumlah mahasiswa,dosen, dan karyawan sebanyak 5162 orang. Kebutuhan Triple Play Service di FTUI terdiri dari 1591 port akses internet, audio, dan video. Hasil rancangan jaringan FTTH membutuhkan perangkat GPON OLT 1 buah, ODC port 96 1 buah, ODP port 12 4 buah, ODP port 24 1 buah, ONU sebanyak 53 buah.Hasil perhitungan power link budget memperlihatkan bahwa perancangan jaringan FTTH ini memenuhi standar dan mampu meningkatkan bandwidth.

---

This thesis discusses the design FTTH networks over the building in Engineering Faculty Universitas Indonesia. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is a format of an optical signal transmission from the provider to the user using optical fiber as a transmission medium. FTTH provide wide bandwidth and high bit rate of Triple Play Service. Engineering Faculty has 7 departements and 12 buildings including 5162 people who study and work there. Engineering Faculty has 1591 ports Triple Play Service contain of internet access, telephone, and video. The design uses 1 GPON OLT, 1 ODN port 96, 4 ODP port 12, 1 ODP port 24, and 53 ONU. Design of FTTH network shows acceptable link power budget and wide bandwidth."

"Pada era yang modern ini, perkembangan teknologi terus meningkat dengan pesat tertuama pada wilayah modern seperti kota mentropolitan. Dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi yang semakin digital dan terhubung terhadap berbagai platform, kebutuhan akan teknologi sistem telekomunikasi dengan kapabilitas yang tinggi semakin meningkat. Teknologi hibrida antara serat optik dengan FSO (Free Space Optic) merupakan salah satu solusi yang mula diimplementasikan terutama pada wilayah metropolitan untuk menjawab tantangan kebutuhan sistem telekomunikasi yang berkapabilitas tinggi. Penelitian ini akan berpusat pada peningkatan dan pengembangan dari sistem hibrida Fiber-FSO. Terdapat beberapa metoda yang digunakan pada penelitian ini guna meningkatkan performa dan kapabilitas dari jaringan Fiber-FSO. Metoda pertama yang digunakan adalah metoda WDM (Wave Division multiplexing). Metoda ini digunakan untuk melakukan peningkatan terhadap kapasitas dari jaringan penelitian hingga mencapai 80 Gb/s pada empat kanal yang digunakan (193,1-193,4 THz). Desain jaringan penelitian yang dilakukan dapat menempuh jarak hingga 10 km serat optik pada setiap sisi jaringan dan 10 km pada jarak tempuh media FSO. Hal ini dapat dicapai dengan memanfaatkan dua metoda yaitu metoda amplifikasi EDFA dan penyaringan dari FBG. Penelitian ini melakukan proses penempatan komponen amplifikasi yang strategis untuk meningkatkan performa dari jaringan terutama pada jarak yang jauh. Penelitian ini juga melakukan proses penyaringan sinyal yang dimiliki dengan komponen FBG sebagai bentuk dari penanggulangan terhadap dispersi yang terjadi selama proses transmisi data.Penelitian ini melakukan uji coba desain jaringan yang dimiliki terhadap beberapa kondisi yaitu kondisi atenuasi media FSO normal (0,2-1 dB/km) dan terhadap beberapa kondisi cuaca seperti kondisi cuaca berkabut dan hujan. Performa jaringan yang dimiliki akan diukur bedasarkan standar nilai Q Factor lebih besar dari 6 dan BER minimal lebih kecil dari 10-9. Pada kondisi normal, jaringan dapat mencapai nilai Q Factor lebih dari 6,78 dan BER minimal lebih kecil dari 10-9. Jaringan pada penelitian ini mengalami penurunan performa terutama pada kondisi cuaca ekstrim. Penurunan performa yang dialami pada kondisi ini berpengaruh terhadap jarak tempuh pada media FSO jaringan. Pada kondisi terburuk yaitu hujan berat, jaringan yang dimiliki mengalami penurunan jarak tempuh media FSO hingga 90 %. Dengan ini, penelitian terhadap jaringan Fiber FSO WDM menemukan bahwa adanya pengaruh faktor atenuasi pada media FSO terutama pada nilai performa dan jarak tempuh FSO. Dapat disimpulkan juga bahwa jaringan dengan metode FBG dan amplifikasi EDFA dapat melakukan peningkatan performa terutama yang dipengaruhi oleh jarak dan atenuasi.

---

In this modern era, technological development is rapidly increasing, especially in metropolitan areas. With the growing advancement of technology that is increasingly digital and connected across various platforms, the demand for high-capacity telecommunications systems is rising. The hybrid technology between optical fiber and FSO (Free Space Optics) is one of the solutions being implemented, particularly in metropolitan areas, to address the challenges of high- capacity telecommunications systems. This research focuses on enhancing and developing the hybrid Fiber-FSO system. Several methods are employed in this research to improve the performance and capabilities of the Fiber-FSO network. The first method used is WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing). This method is used to increase the network's capacity to reach 80 Gb/s on four channels (193.1-193.4 THz). The network design developed can cover a distance of up to 10 km of optical fiber on each side of the network and 10 km on the FSO medium distance. This is achieved by utilizing two methods: EDFA amplification and FBG filtering. The research strategically places amplification components to enhance network performance, especially over long distances. It also filters signals using FBG components to mitigate dispersion during data transmission.The research tests the network design under several conditions: normal FSO medium attenuation (0.2-1 dB/km) and various weather conditions such as foggy and rainy weather. Network performance is measured based on a Q Factor value greater than 6 and a minimum BER of less than 10-9. Under normal conditions, the network achieves a Q Factor value of more than 6.78 and a minimum BER of less than 10-9. The network in this research experiences performance degradation, particularly under extreme weather conditions. This performance decline affects the distance covered by the FSO medium of the network. In the worst-case scenario, heavy rain, the network's FSO medium distance decreases by up to 90%. This research on the Fiber FSO WDM network finds that the attenuation factor in the FSO medium significantly impacts the network's performance and distance coverage. This affects the network design, especially under high attenuation conditions."

"[Next generation optical communication systems will have to transport a significantly increased data volume at a reduced cost per transmitted bit. To achieve these ambitious goals optimum design is crucial in combination with dynamic adaptation to actual traffic demands and improved energy efficiency. In the first part of the book the author elaborates on the design of optical transmission systems. Several methods for efficient numerical simulation are presented ranging from meta-model based optimization to parallelization techniques for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, fast analytical and semi-analytical models are described to estimate the various degradation effects occurring on the transmission line. In the second part of the book operational aspects of optical networks are investigated. Physical layer impairment-aware routing and regenerator placement are studied. Finally, it is analyzed how the energy efficiency of a multi-layer optical core network can be increased by dynamic adaptation to traffic patterns changing in the course of the day, Next generation optical communication systems will have to transport a significantly increased data volume at a reduced cost per transmitted bit. To achieve these ambitious goals optimum design is crucial in combination with dynamic adaptation to actual traffic demands and improved energy efficiency. In the first part of the book the author elaborates on the design of optical transmission systems. Several methods for efficient numerical simulation are presented ranging from meta-model based optimization to parallelization techniques for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, fast analytical and semi-analytical models are described to estimate the various degradation effects occurring on the transmission line. In the second part of the book operational aspects of optical networks are investigated. Physical layer impairment-aware routing and regenerator placement are studied. Finally, it is analyzed how the energy efficiency of a multi-layer optical core network can be increased by dynamic adaptation to traffic patterns changing in the course of the day]"