Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Bioethanol is a renewable and oxygenated bio-based resource with the potential to reduce particulate emissions in direct fuel injection diesel engines. This study aims to further diminish the outflow of a Diesel Fuel Engine motor fueled by diesel-bioethanol by identifying the most suitable blend by applying various blends of diesel-bioethanol, namely E10, E20, E50, and E80 blends. The Diesel engine had been tested using solely diesel fuel and then with bioethanol blends for comparison purposes. The results show that bioethanol fuel can provide a lower torque for the Diesel engine, but a similar engine performance occurs in terms of Horse Power. However, the presence of bioethanol inside the blended fuels increases the emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbon, (HC), CO, CO2, and NOx compared to engines that use only Pure Diesel. E10 has been found as the most ideal blend from all the fuels tested. Further research is required to distinguish the E80 fuel blend, as it is unable to be tested on a 6-cylinder engine, since the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the E80 blend fuel is a single cylinder."

"ABSTRAKBioethanol saat ini banyak dikembangkan untuk penggunaan bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor. Pemanfaatan low grade bioethanol merupakan awal mula penelitian ini dilakukan. Berawal dari pembuatan compact distillator pada mesin SI karburator untuk memperoleh high grade bioethanol dengan memanfaatkan gas buang sampai pada penelitian terbaru mengenai penggunaan zat aditif yang dicampurkan pada bahan bakar ethanol dengan bensin untuk mendapatkan performa dan emisi yang lebih baik. Pengujian dilakukan pada mesin SI 125cc pada engine dyno dengan menggunakan 7 variasi bahan bakar diantaranya, E0, E5, E10, E15, E5 aditif, E10 aditif, dan E15 aditif. Hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa penambahan ethanol umumnya dapat meningkatkan performa motor uji yang dihasilkan, dan dengan penambahan zat aditif oxygenated cyclohexanol pada beberapa variasi bahan bakar dihasilkan kenaikan torsi dan daya yang dihasilkan. Sama halnya dengan performa, emisi gas buang CO dan HC pun mennurun akibat pengunaan ethanol sebagai campuran bahan bakar, dan sebaliknya nilai CO2 meningkat oleh karena molekul ndash;OH yang terkandung dalam campuran bahan bakar dengan aditif akan bereaksi dengan CO. CO2 juga dinilai sebagai salah satu indikator pembakaran yang sempurna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh zat aditif terhadap performa dan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan oleh motor uji.

---

ABSTRACTBioethanol is currently widely developed for the use of vehicle fuel. Utilization of low grade bioethanol is the beginning of this research conducted. Starting from the manufacture of compact distillator on carburetor SI engine to obtain high grade bioethanol by utilizing exhaust gas up to the latest research on the use of additives in fuel mixture ethanol and gasoline to get better performance and emission gas. The test was performed in a 125 cc SI engine on engine dynamometer using 7 variants of fuel, E0, E5, E10, E15, E5 adfitive, E10 additive, and E15 additive. The results obtained that the addition of ethanol can generally improve the performance, and with the addition of oxygenated cyclohexanol additive in some variations of fuel produces increased torque and power generated. Same with performance, CO, and HC exhaust emissions are reduced due to the use of ethanol as a fuel mixture, and the value of CO2 increases because the ndash OH molecules contained in the fuel mixture with the additive will react with CO. CO2 is also rated as one of the perfect burning indicators. This study aims to see the effect of additives on the performance and exhaust emission produced by the motor test."

"Bioethanol is a renewable and oxygenated bio-based resource with the potential to reduce particulate emissions in direct fuel injection diesel engines. This study aims to further diminish the outflow of a Diesel Fuel Engine motor fueled by diesel-bioethanol by identifying the most suitable blend by applying various blends of diesel-bioethanol, namely E10, E20, E50, and E80 blends. The Diesel engine had been tested using solely diesel fuel and then with bioethanol blends for comparison purposes. The results show that bioethanol fuel can provide a lower torque for the Diesel engine, but a similar engine performance occurs in terms of Horse Power. However, the presence of bioethanol inside the blended fuels increases the emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbon, (HC), CO, CO2, and NOx compared to engines that use only Pure Diesel. E10 has been found as the most ideal blend from all the fuels tested. Further research is required to distinguish the E80 fuel blend, as it is unable to be tested on a 6-cylinder engine, since the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the the standard running Diesel engine suitable for the E80 blend fuel is a single cylinder."

"ABSTRACTBahan bakar fosil menjadi salah satu kebutuhan utama manusia modern, terutama untuk kendaraan bermotor. Namun, kekurangan bahan bakar fosil memunculkan berbagai alternatif, salah satunya adalah bioetanol. Bioetanol memiliki Angka RON nilai Oktan lebih tinggi dibanding BBM sehingga dapat meningkatkan performa mesin. Namun, penggunaan bioetanol masih terbatas pada pencampuran dengan bahan bakar fosil pada persentase tertentu. Bioetanol yang digunakan merupakan bioetanol fuel grade dengan kadar air dibawah 0,1. Selain meningkatkan performa, penggunaan bioetanol dapat menghasilkan pembakaran yang lebih sempurna sehingga menghasilkan emisi yang lebih baik. Selain bioetanol, solusi lain dalam mengurangi emisi sekaligus memperkecil nilai COV Coefficient of Variation pada mesin adalah penambahan zat aditif Oxygenate dengan kandungan oksigen lebih tinggi sehingga dapat menghasilkan emisi lebih baik dibanding bahan bakar murni saat pembakaran. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan bioetanol fuel grade dengan perbandingan E5, E10 dan E15 dengan zat aditif Oxygenate Cyclohexanol yang nantinya hasil torsi akan dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar murni E0. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan Engine Dynamometer Test. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan: Pambahan Bioetanol dapat meningkatkan torsi; semakin banyak persentase bioetanol yang dicampurkan maka akan semakin tinggi nilai torsinya. Namun, penambahan aditif membuat rasio udara dan bahan bakar menjadi lean dikarenakan oksigen yang sangat banyak dan menyebabkan nilai torsi menurun.

---

ABSTRACTFossil fuel has become one of modern human primary needs, mainly for motorized vehicles. Nonetheless, due to its drawback, people have created its alternatives, including bioethanol. Bioethanol has higher octane number which produces better emission compared to fossil fuel. However, bioethanol usage is still limited to just mixing it with fossil fuel in a certain ratio. Bioethanol used for this method is fuel grade bioethanol with water percentage less than 0.1 which can improve engine performance as well as produce better emission. Another solution that can reduce emission and lessen Coefficient of Variation COV is by adding Oxygenate additive which has higher oxygen level that helps reducing emission during ignition. In this experiment, writer used fuel grade bioethanol with E5, E10, and E15 ratio with Oxygenate Cyclohexanol additive. Afterwards, torques generated from the experiments will be compared to ones from pure fossil fuel E0 usage. The experiment is conducted by using Engine Dynamometer Test. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that adding bioethanol will increase torque The more bioethanol being added, the higher torque will be generated. However, additive addition makes the ratio between air and fuel become lean and reduce torque due to high level of oxygen. "

"ABSTRACTPermasalahan tentang polusi udara dan kebutuhan energi merupakan fenomena yang dihadapi oleh banyak negara, termasuk di dalamnya Indonesia. Pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia tahun 2012-2016 mencapai 8,19. Kendaraan roda dua mendominasi kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia sebesar 81,33 dari total pada tahun 2016. Karena permasalahan kebutuhan energi dan polusi udara maka dibutuhkan sumber energi lain berupa bioethanol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisa terhadap dampak penggunaan fuel grade bioethanol dan zat aditif Oxygenate Cyclohexanol sebagai campuran bahan bakar pada Brake Power yang dihasilkan oleh mesin injeksi 125cc. Penelitian menggunakan engine dynamometer, dengan metode pengambilan data dari putaran mesin 3000-8500 RPM. Campuran bahan bakar yang digunakan adalah E0, E5, E10, dan E15 beserta tambahan aditif ke dalam campuran gasoline dan fuel grade bioethanol. Dari studi didapatkan hasil campuran bahan bakar paling optimum adalah E15 yang dapat meningkatkan rata-rata daya 1,49 atau 0,08 kW dari E0. Maksimum Brake Power yang dihasilkan ada pada campuran E15 dan minimum Brake Power pada E15 dengan tambahan zat aditif Oxygenate Cyclohexanol.

---

ABSTRACTThe problem of air polution and energy demand is faced by many countries, including Indonesia. The growth of motor vehicles in Indonesia in 2012 2016 reached 8.19. Motorcycle dominates motor vehicle ownership in Indonesia by 81,33 of total in 2016. Due to problem of energy demand and air polution other energy resources are needed in the form of bioethanol. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of Oxygenate Cyclohexanol as an additive substance to the 125cc engines brake power using a mixture of gasoline and fuel grade bioethanol as the fuel. This research using engine dynamometer, with data retrieval method from engine rotation 3000 8500 RPM. The fuel mixtures that used are E0, E5, E10, and E15 along with additional additive to the gasoline and fuel grade bioethanol mixture. From the study, the most optimum fuel mixture is E15 which can increase brake power average of 1.49 or 0.08 kW from E0. Maximum brake power that engine generates is from E15 mixture and minumum from E15 with additional Oxygenate Cyclohexanol additive substance."

"Beberapa polutan udara yang mencemari lingkungan antara lain seperti nitrogen oksida (NOx), sulfur dioksida (SO2), dan karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi kontaktor membran merupakan teknologi alternatif dalam menyisihkan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO karena keunggulannya berupa luas area spesifik yang tinggi. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari proses penyisihan gas buang mesin diesel berupa NOx, SO2, dan CO menggunakan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH pada modul membran serat berongga berbahan polisulfon. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut H2O2. Berdasarkan hasil uji, efisiensi penyisihan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 99,56%, 99,79%, dan 99,28%, fluks perpindahan massa NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9,42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, dan 8,93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s serta NOx, SO2, dan CO loading tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,05 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1,3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, dan 1,2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s.

---

Some air pollutants that affect the environment include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Membrane contactor technology is an alternative technology in NOx, SO2, and CO gases because of its advantages, such as high specific area. This study investigates removing exhaust gases from diesel engines in the form of NOx, SO2, and CO using H2O2 and NaOH solvents on hollow fiber membrane modules made of polysulfone. The exhaust gas of the diesel engine will be in the membrane part of the tube, while the solvent H2O2 and NaOH are in the shell and are static. The independent variables tested in this study were the gas feed flow rate and the concentration of H2O2. Test results, the highest absorption efficiency of NOx, SO2, and CO gas was at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, which are 99.56%, 99.79%, and 99.28%, the highest mass transfer flux of NOx, SO2, and CO at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, namely 1.13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9.42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and 8.93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and also highest NOx, SO2, and CO loading at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.05 M, respectively, namely 1.72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1.3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, and 1.2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s."

"The use of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel has the potential to promote better performance with lower emissions in existing diesel engines. The present study aims to analyzes the influence of operating parameters on the overall engine performance and emission characteristics using W/D emulsion fuel and to obtain the optimum level for favorable performance and emission levels. The engine operating parameters were optimized using a Taguchi–grey relation based multi-response optimization tool. Two controlling parameters, namely compression ratio (CR) and percentage of W/D, were considered as input process parameters. An L16 orthogonal array was used to collect the output responses (performance and emissions) under varying engine load conditions. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and grey relational analysis were used to analyze the performance and emission parameters. From the results obtained, it is noted that both controlling parameters have a significant effect on the performance and emission levels. The optimum level of performance and emission levels are obtained at a CR of 18 and water concentration of 10%. Moreover, under these optimum conditions, i.e. at 10% of water concentration, the fuel properties are at par with the standard diesel fuel properties requirement."

"Negara Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan tingkat konsumsi bahan bakar minyak BBM tertinggi di dunia. Dengan semakin tingginya permintaan BBM di dalam negeri, Indonesia harus mengimpor minyak, baik dalam bentuk minyak mentah maupun dalam bentuk produk kilang atau BBM seperti minyak solar atau ADO Automotive Diesel Oil, premium atau bensin, minyak bakar atau FO Fuel Oil, dan minyak tanah. Oleh sebab itu Indonesia perlu mencari sumber energi lain selain minyak bumi, penggunaan sumber energi lain selain minyak diharapkan mampu untuk mereduksi konsumsi energi fosil dan juga dapat mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca serta pencemaran udara yang disebabkan tingginya kadar timbal di udara yang tidak baik bagi kesehatan manusia karena bersifat racun. Salah satu alternatif energi nonfosil yang mulai diperkenalkan di Indonesia untuk kendaraan bermotor adalah bioethanol. Bahan-bahan seperti nira, tebu, jagung, singkong, umbi dan bahan lainya dapat dengan mudah ditanam untuk diolah menjadi alkohol. Rendahnya biaya produksi bioethanol karena sumber bahan bakunya merupakan limbah pertanian yang tidak bernilai ekonomis dan berasal dari hasil pertanian budidaya yang dapat diambil dengan mudah. proses produksinya juga relatif sederhana dan murah. Berdsasarkan penelitian sebelumnya yang membahas mekanisme pencampuran antara bioetanol hydrous dengan bensin melalui mekanisme fuel mixer ke ruang bakar dengan perbandingan terkontrol melalui bukaan gate valve. Permasalahan dari penggunan bioetanol hydrous sebagai bahan bakar ini yaitu pemanfaatannya masih jarang digunakan, sehingga pengaruhnya terhadap mesin belum banyak diperlihatkan. Oleh karena itu, penulis dalam skripsi ini menciptakan mekanisme pencampuran bensin dengan bioetanol hidrat 96 untuk dilakukan analisis emisi dengan mekanisme fuel injection dan juga perbandingan emisi setelah campuran bahan bakar diberi zat aditif.

---

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest level of fuel consumption BBM in the world. With the increasing demand for fuel in the country, Indonesia must import oil, either in the form of crude oil or in the form of refinery or fuel products such as diesel oil or ADO Automotive Diesel Oil , premium or gasoline, fuel oil or FO Fuel Oil And kerosene. Therefore, Indonesia needs to look for other sources of energy other than petroleum, the use of other energy sources other than oil is expected to be able to reduce fossil energy consumption and also can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution caused by high levels of lead in the air that is not good for human health Because it is toxic.

One of the nonfossil energy alternatives introduced in Indonesia for motor vehicles is bioethanol. Ingredients such as nira, sugar cane, corn, cassava, tubers and other ingredients can be easily planted to be processed into alcohol. The low cost of bio ethanol production because the source of raw materials is agricultural waste that is not economical and derived from the cultivation of farming that can be taken easily. The production process is also relatively simple and cheap.

Based on previous research that discussed the mechanism of mixing between bioethanol hydrous and gasoline through fuel mixer mechanism to combustion chamber with controlled ratio through gate valve opening. The problem of the use of bioethanol hydrous as fuel is the utilization is still rarely used, so the effect on the machine has not been shown. Therefore, the authors in this thesis created a gasoline blending mechanism with 96 bioethanol hydrate for an emission analysis by fuel injection mechanism and also the emission ratio after the fuel mixture was added with the additive."

"The application of bio-oil for biofuel has been limited due to its low heating value, high acidity and high oxygenate content. pursuant to the urgency of obtaining access to sustainable energy from renewable resources, the studies for bio-oil upgrading have been recently placed in high priority. this study is aimed at identifying the effect of biomass types on bio-oil product characteristics. the conversion of several types of biomass, i.e. rice straw, rubberwood (hevea brasiliensis), and palm empty fruit bunches (efb) to bio-oil by-products was investigated in a catalytic fast pyrolysis (cfp) reactor using a ni/zsm-5 nickel nitrate and zeolite catalyst at 550oc and at atmospheric pressure. the results show that ni/zsm-5 catalyst has actively enhanced the de-oxygenation reaction process and aromatic production. the composition of aromatic compounds in bio-oil from rubberwood, rice straw, and efb are 10.25 wt%, 7.8 wt%, and 5.98 wt%, respectively. in the absence of a catalyst, bio-oil from rice straw contains no aromatics."

"Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat memiliki kandungan alkena yang tinggi hal tersebut menyebabkan tingginya ignition delay time dan nilai kalor yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar diesel komersial. Reaksi hidrogenasi diperlukan sebagai upgrading Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat agar dapat memiliki karakteristik mendekati bahan bakar diesel komersial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek kecepatan putar impeller tipe flat blade turbine terhadap karakteristik biofuel produk upgrading Bio-oil fraksi non-oksigenat. Parameter yang dinilai mencakup kandungan ikatan rangkap, branching index, viskositas dan nilai kalor. Investigasi dilakukan terhadap kecepatan putar pengaduk reaksi hidrogenasi pada 200 s.d. 500 rpm dengan rentang 100 rpm. Kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode FTIR, GC-MS, H-NMR, dan viskometer. Penggunaan self-inducing impeller diharapkan dapat menghemat penggunaan gas hidrogen. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa penggunaan self-inducing impeller berhasil mengkonveksi gas hidrogen ke dalam fasa liquid namun tanpa memerlukan suplai hidrogen yang kontinu sehingga penggunaannya lebih hemat. Peningkatan kecepatan putar pengaduk pada reaksi hidrogenasi menyebabkan peningkatan tingkat hidrogenasi Bio-oil untuk range 200 s.d. 400 rpm dan sedikit penurunan pada kecepatan putar 500 rpm karena terbentuknya vortex kearah posisi impeller. Biofuel pada kecepatan putar 400 rpm yang paling mendekati diesel komersial ditinjau dari HHV dan viskositas. Berdasarkan parameter branching index maka biofuel pada kecepatan putar 200 rpm yang paling mendekati diesel komersial.

---

Bio-oil non-oxygenate fraction has a high alkene content which causes high ignition delay time and low heating value when compared to commercial diesel fuel. Hydrogenation reaction is needed as upgrading process for non-oxygenate fraction Bio-oil in order to have the characteristics close to commercial diesel fuel. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the rotating speed of the flat blade turbine type impeller on the biofuel characteristics from upgrading process. The parameters assessed include the double bond content, branching index, viscosity and heat value. Investigations were carried out on the rotational speed of the hydrogenation reaction stirrer at 200 s.d. 500 rpm with a range of 100 rpm. Then analyzed using FTIR, GC-MS, H-NMR, and viscometer methods. The use of self-inducing impeller is expected to save the use of hydrogen gas. From the results of the study it was found that the use of self-inducing impeller succeeded in converting hydrogen gas into the liquid phase but without the need for a continuous supply of hydrogen so that it is more efficient. Increasing the stirring speed of the stirrer in the hydrogenation reaction causes an increase in the extent of hydrogenation for the range of 200 s.d. 400 rpm and a slight decrease in the rotational speed of 500 rpm due to the formation of vortex towards the impeller position. Biofuel at a rotational speed of 400 rpm which is most close to commercial diesel when viewed from HHV and viscosity. Based on the branching index parameters the biofuel at the rotational speed of 200 rpm which is the closest to commercial diesel.

"