Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Terjadinya pandemi COVID-19 membawa pengaruh terhadap sektor ekonomi. Tingkat kemiskinan di Kota Depok meningkat menjadi 2,58% di tahun 2021. Tingkat penularan yang cepat dan kasus yang meningkat mendorong pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan pembatasan sosial sehingga berpotensi menurunkan kunjungan ke fasilitas kesehatan. Self-Medication menjadi salah satu alternatif piliahan yang dilakukan. Tren perilaku mengobati sendiri meningkat di Jawa Barat dari 73,32% di tahun 2019 menjadi 88,28% di tahun 2021. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19 di Kota Depok dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional untuk mengetahui pola dan faktor yang berkontribusi. Pertama adanya kenaikan dilihat dengan membandingkan kondisi sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19. Selanjutnya faktor yang berhubungan dianalisis menggunakan uji hubungan dan dilanjutkan dengan regresi Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication di Kota Depok meningkat selama pandemi COVID-19. Status pendidikan dan tingkat ekonomi berhubungan signifikan dan menunjukan arah hubungan yang positif dengan pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan variabel tingkat ekonomi berpengaruh secara signifikan dimana semakin tinggi tingkat ekonomi maka pengeluaran kesehatan rumah tangga untuk self-medication selama pandemi COVID-19 semakin tinggi. Upaya pengawasan praktik self-medication khususnya penggunaan obat tanpa resep dari tenaga kesehatan menjadi hal utama untuk melindungi rumah tangga baik dari bahaya yang dapat ditimbulkan dan dari tambahan beban pengeluaran rumah tangga terutama kondisi pasca pandemi COVID-19.

---

The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the economic sector. The poverty rate in Depok City increased to 2.58% in 2021. The fast transmission rate and increasing cases have prompted the government to implement a social restriction policy that has the potential to reduce visits to health facilities. Self-medication is one of the alternative choices. The trend of self-medication behavior is increasing in West Java, from 73.32% in 2019 to 88.28% in 2021. This research was conducted to analyze household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic in Depok City using data from the National Socioeconomic Survey to find patterns and contributing factors. First, there is an increase seen by comparing conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then the related factors were analyzed using the relationship test, followed by Ordinary Least squares (OLS) regression. The results of the study show that household health expenditures for self-medication in Depok City increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational status and economic level are significantly related and show a positive relationship with household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate analysis shows that the economic level variable has a significant effect, where the higher the economic level, the higher the household health expenditure for self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to monitor self-medication practices, especially the use of drugs without a prescription from health workers, are the main thing to do to protect households both from the dangers that can be caused and from the additional burden on household expenses, especially in post-pandemic conditions like COVID-19."

"Di masa pandemi COVID-19, swamedikasi menjadi isu kesehatan yang meningkat. Salah satu populasi terdampak yaitu mahasiswa. Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan peningkatan pencarian informasi swamedikasi pada mahasiswa. Situasi pandemi COVID-19 juga dapat menyebabkan perubahan persepsi sehat pada individu yang memicu praktik swamedikasi. Kendati demikian hingga saat ini belum diketahui hubungan antara persepsi sehat dengan swamedikasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross-sectional analitik dan pengumpulan sampel dengan metode purposive random sampling. Terdapat 152 responden yang merupakan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia semester 5-8. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner secara daring dengan media google form. Diperoleh data persepsi sehat sebagian besar mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19 baik. Proporsi mahasiswa yang melakukan swamedikasi obat bebas selama pandemi COVID-19 adalah 71,71%. Jenis obat bebas yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa selama pandemi COVID-19 sebagian besar adalah antitusif dan antipiretik. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara persepsi sehat subvariabel kesehatan umum dengan perilaku swamedikasi obat bebas pada mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia selama pandemi COVID-19 (p=0.001; OR 4,503; 95% CI 1,754 - 11,557).

---

During the COVID-19 pandemic, self-medication has become an increasing health issue. One of the affected population is students. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the search for self-medication information for students. The COVID-19 pandemic situation can also cause changes in health perception in individuals that trigger the practice of self-medication. However, until now there is no known relationship between the health perception and self-medication. This research was conducted by cross-sectional analytic method and sample collection by purposive random sampling. There are 152 respondents students at University of Indonesia semester 5-8. Data collection was done by distributing online questionnaires using google form media. In general, The health perception of most University of Indonesia students during the COVID-19 pandemic is good. The proportion of students who self-medicated with over-the-counter drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic was 71.71%. The types of over-the-counter drugs used by the students during the COVID-19 pandemic were mostly antitussive and antipyretic. There was a significant relationship between the perception of health in the general health sub-variable with self-medication behavior in University of Indonesia students during the COVID-19 pandemic (p=0.001; OR 4,503; 95% CI 1,754-11,557)."

"Pandemi Covid-19 (coronavirus diseases 2019) yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-Cov-2 yang pertama kali muncul Kota Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, China pada akhir tahun 2019. Virus ini muncul di berbagai negara di dunia sehingga menciptakan dampak yang signifikan bagi masyarakat dan ekonomi global. Tidak hanya itu, pandemi Covid-19 juga menimbulkan kekhawatiran dan berbagai gangguan kesehatan mental lainnya di masyarakat. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan juga rentan terhadap gangguan kesehatan mental selama menangani pasien Covid-19. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala kecemasan dan depresi pada tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia pada bulan Juli 2021. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu, univariat, bivariat dan multivariabel dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Dari 42 tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu RS UI didapatkan prevalensi gejala kecemasan sebesar 11,9% dan prevalensi gejala depresi sebesar 14,3%. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square menyatakan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara gejala kecemasan ataupun depresi dengan variabel independen penelitian.

---

The Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus diseases 2019) caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus which first appeared in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China at the end of 2019. This virus appeared in various countries in the world, causing a significant impact on society and the global economy. Covid-19 pandemic has also caused concern and various other mental health disorders in the community. Furthermore, healthcare workers are also vulnerable to mental health disorders while treating Covid-19 patients. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in healthcare workers in the integrated laboratory at the Universitas Indonesia Hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a cross sectional design conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of the Universitas Indonesia Hospital in July 2021. The analysis used is univariate, bivariate and multivariable with a 95% confidence interval. Of 42 integrated laboratory health workers at Universitas Indonesia Hospital, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 11.9% and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 14.3%. The results of the bivariate analysis with the chi-square test there is no significant relationship between symptoms of anxiety or depression with the independent variables of the study."

"Latar belakang: Kekhawatiran pasien dan dokter gigi terhadap penularan Covid-19 dan anjuran PDGI untuk menunda perawatan yang tidak mendesak menyebabkan berkurangnya pasien yang berkunjung ke dokter gigi selama pandemi Covid-19. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai evaluasi kunjungan pasien selama pandemi Covid-19 di Klinik Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI.Tujuan: Mendapatkan data kunjungan pasien selama pandemi Covid-19. Metode: Menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dan observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Data diambil dari 167 rekam medis Klinik Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode Juni 2020-Mei 2021. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Jumlah pasien yang berkunjung mayoritas perempuan (53,9%) dan usia 26-44 tahun (42,4%). Mayoritas pasien yang berkunjung memiliki OHI-S sedang (45%). Keluhan utama paling banyak karena ingin membersihkan karang gigi (29,3%). Pasien banyak mengalami periodontitis (71,8%) dan mayoritas Periodontitis stage III grade C (26,7%). Rencana perawatan initial yang banyak direncanakan adalah Dental Health Education (29,2%) dan Scaling Root Planing (28,1%). Rencana perawatan bedah terbanyak adalah kuretase (30,1%) dan rencana perawatan rekonstruksi adalah rujukan ke Spesialis Prostodonsia (54,2%). Kesimpulan: Terdapat peningkatan jumlah kunjungan, perbedaan jumlah perawatan SRP dan perawatan periodontal lainnya pada periode Juni-September 2020, Oktober 2020-Januari 2021, dan Februari-Mei 2021 di klinik periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI.

---

Background: The concern of patients and dentists about the transmission of Covid-19 and the PDGI's recommendation to postpone non-urgent treatments have led to fewer patients visiting the dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic. This makes researchers interested in conducting research on evaluating patient visits during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Periodontal Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. Objective: To obtain data on patient visits during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Using a descriptive and observational analytic research design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were taken from 167 medical records of the Periodontal Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI for the period June 2020-May 2021. Data analysis was carried out by univariate and bivariate analysis using SPSS. Results: The majority of patients who visited were women (53.9%) and aged 26-44 years (42.4%). The majority of patients who visited had moderate OHI-S (45%). The main complaint was mostly because they wanted to clean tartar (29.3%). Most of the patients had periodontitis (71.8%) and the majority of them had stage III grade C periodontitis (26.7%). The initial treatment plans that were mostly planned were Dental Health Education (29.2%) and Scaling Root Planing (28.1%). Most of the surgical treatment plans were curettage (30.1%) and the reconstructive treatment plan was referral to a prosthodontic specialist (54.2%). Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of visits, differences in the number of SRP treatments and other periodontal treatments in the period June-September 2020, October 2020-January 2021, and February-May 2021 at the periodontics clinic of RSKGM FKG UI."

"Mahasiswa keperawatan yang berada pada masa remaja akhir yaitu sudah mampu mengenali permasalahan dan memikirkan apa yang menjadi penyebab serta sudah mampu memikirkan solusi untuk masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan data demografis Mahasiswa S1 Reguler FIK UI dengan Perilaku adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional dengan 242 sampel diambil dengan stratified sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan yang telah di modifikasi dari penelitian olum,et.al (2020). Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square dan Pearson Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden berada pada rentang usia 18-22 tahun, sebagian besar berjenis kelamin perempuan (92,6%), berasal dari suku Jawa (46,3%) dengan pendapatan lebih dari atau sama dengan rata-rata UMR (75,6%), serta sebagian besar berasal dari angkatan 2020 (26,8%). Sebagian besar responden memiliki pengetahuan baik (54,9%), sikap yang positif (71,1), keterampilan yang baik (73,1%) serta perilaku yang baik (57,4%). Berdasarkan analisis bivariat bahwa usia memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku (p-value 0,002 ) dan angkatan masuk juga memilki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku (p-value 0,010). Jenis kelamin , suku dan status sosial ekonomi tidak memilki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemi COVID-19.

---

Nursing students who are in their late teens are able to recognize problems and think about what is the cause and are able to think of solutions to these problems. This study aims to identify the relationship between the demographic data of the Regular S1 students of FIK UI and the behavior of adapting new habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a cross sectional research design with 242 samples taken by stratified sampling. This study uses knowledge, attitudes and skills instruments that have been modified from the research of olum, et.al (2020). The analysis of this study used the Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square and Pearson Chi-Square tests. The results showed that the respondents were in the age range of 18-22 years, most of them were female (92.6%), came from Javanese ethnicity (46.3%) with income more than or equal to the average UMR (75, 6%), and most of them are from the class of 2020 (26.8%). Most of the respondents have good knowledge (54.9%), positive attitude (71.1), good skills (73.1%) and good behavior (57.4%). Based on bivariate analysis that age has a significant relationship with behavior (p-value 0.002 ) and the entry force also has a significant relationship with behavior (p-value 0.010). Gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status did not have a significant relationship with the behavior of adapting new habits during the COVID-19 pandemic."

"Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah tingkat return harian dari indeks milik perusahaan Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Market memiliki ketahanan terhadap volatilitas asimetris yang muncul ketika dihadapkan dengan pandemi Covid-19. Alasan utama munculnya volatilitas yang asimetris ini dikarenakan pasar keuangan dilanda oleh krisis, yaitu pandemi Covid-19 yang menyerang seluruh negara di dunia dan dampaknya paling dirasakan oleh negara-negara berkembang. Sampel dari penelitian ini terdiri 24 negara berkembang dari wilayah Asia, Eropa, Timur Tengah, Afrika, dan Amerika. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis hal tersebut adalah GJR-GARCH. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa wilayah dengan tingkat leverage effect paling rendah merupakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia dikarenakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia bagian Tenggara (ASEAN) memiliki mayoritas saham dengan nilai yang masih berkembang sehingga memiliki tingkat sentimen investor yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan negara-negara yang sahamnya sudah memiliki nilai tinggi.

---

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the daily rate of return of the index belonging to the company Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets has resistance to the asymmetric volatility that arises when faced with the Covid-19 pandemic. The main reason for the emergence of this asymmetrical volatility is because the financial market was hit by a crisis, which is the Covid-19 pandemic that attacked all countries in the world and its impact was felt most by developing countries. The sample of this study consisted of 24 developing countries from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and America. The method used to analyze this event is GJR-GARCH. This study found that the regions with the lowest levels of leverage effect are developing countries in Asia, especially developing countries in Southeast Asia (ASEAN) most of their stocks have a value that is still small and developing so that they have a lower level of investor’s sentiment compared to other countries. countries whose stocks already have a high value."

"Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan ketidakpastian terhadap seluruh lapisan masyarakat, termasuk dewasa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana peran efikasi diri secara umum sebagai prediktor dalam memprediksi subjective well-being dewasa muda selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan tipe kuantitatif, variabel kesejahteraan subjektif diukur dengan Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) dan efikasi diri secara umum diukur menggunakan General Self-Efficacy Scale. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 488 dewasa muda yang memiliki rentang usia 18 - 25 tahun. Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efikasi diri secara umum berperan sebagai prediktor terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif dewasa muda secara signifikan (Adjusted R² = 0.349, p<0.05). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, semakin tinggi skor efikasi diri secara umum pada partisipan maka semakin tinggi pula skor kesejahteraan subjektif. Oleh karena itu, individu diharapkan dapat meningkat efikasi diri secara umum dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan diri dan persepsi positif mengenai kehidupan sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan subjektif.

---

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused uncertainty for all levels of society, including young adults. Individual’s subjective well-being is thought to be a protective factor in this pandemic. This study aims to describe the role of general self-efficacy on the subjective well-being of young adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a quantitative type, the measurement of General self efficacy uses the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and subjective well-being measurement uses Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Participants in this study were 488 young adults who had an age range of 18-25 years. The results of this study indicate that general self-efficacy plays a significant role as a predictor of subjective well-being in young adults (Adjusted R² = 0.349, p<0.05). Based on these results, the higher the general self-efficacy score on the participants, the higher the subjective well-being score. Therefore, individuals are expected to increase their general self-efficacy by increasing their self-knowledge and positive perceptions about life so that it can increase subjective well-being."

"Latar Belakang Gejala common cold pada COVID-19 dan penyakit respirasi lain menyerupai satu sama lain sehingga seseorang yang mengalami gejala sering kali tidak melakukan perilaku preventif yang sesuai. Untuk mengatasi gejala tersebut, perilaku kesehatan yang sering diterapkan di masa pandemi COVID-19 adalah swamedikasi (self-medication). Swamedikasi ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan dan sikap karena perilaku kesehatan yang baik umumnya didahului oleh pengetahuan dan sikap yang baik juga. Akan tetapi, belum banyak studi yang meneliti hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19 dengan swamedikasi common cold. Metode Penelitian dilakukan secara cross-sectional dengan data primer yang diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang sudah divalidasi oleh penelitian sebelumnya. Kuesioner yang digunakan menilai pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19, serta perilaku swamedikasi masyarakat ketika mengalami gejala common cold. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon, dan sekitarnya sebagai wilayah binaan Pengabdian Masyarakat FKUI. Data dianalisis dengan uji Fisher dan dihitung rasio odds dengan interval kepercayaan 95%. Hasil analisis signifikan apabila p<0,05. Hasil Dari 94 responden, 86,2% memiliki pengetahuan baik, dan 95,7% memiliki sikap positif terhadap COVID-19. Sebanyak 95,7% responden mempraktikkan swamedikasi common cold. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat mengenai COVID-19 dengan swamedikasi common cold di Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon dan sekitarnya. Kesimpulan Pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19 di Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon dan sekitarnya sudah tergolong baik. Selain itu, swamedikasi untuk gejala common cold merupakan perilaku kesehatan yang sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat di daerah tersebut. Maka dari itu, pengaturan kebijakan dan peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat melalui edukasi mengenai swamedikasi yang tepat perlu menjadi perhatian bagi Pemerintah dan stakeholder kesehatan lainnya.

---

Introduction Symptoms of the common cold in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases resemble each other so someone who experiences these symptoms often do not carry out appropriate preventive behavior. In an attempt to alleviate these symptoms, the health behavior that is often practiced in the COVID-19 pandemic is self-medication. This selfmedication behavior can be influenced by knowledge and attitudes because good health behavior is generally preceded by good knowledge and attitudes as well. However, not many studies have examined the relationship between knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 and self-medication for the common cold. Method The research was done with a cross-sectional design with primary data obtained through questionnaires that had been validated by previous research. The questionnaire used assesses knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19, as well as people's self-medication behavior when experiencing symptoms of the common cold. The research was done in Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon, and surrounding areas as it is one of the areas supported by FKUI. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The results are significant if p value <0.05. Results Of the 94 respondents, 86,2% had good knowledge, and 95,7% had a positive attitude towards COVID-19. 95,7% of respondents practiced self-medication towards common cold. No significant differences were found between knowledge and attitudes about COVID-19 and self-medication for the common cold in Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon and its surrounding areas. Conclusion Knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 in Kelurahan Panjunan, Cirebon and its surrounding areas are good. Self-medication for the common cold is a health behavior that is often carried out by the community in those areas. Therefore, setting regulations and increasing public awareness through education regarding proper self-medication for the common cold needs to be a concern for the government and other health stakeholders."

"Latar Belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia belum resmi berakhir, dan karena perilaku protektif yang terlihat diabaikan, menjadi sangat penting untuk terus dikampanyekan guna meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dan menerapkan protokol kesehatan dalam rangka mengendalikan penyebarannya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persepsi risiko dan pengalaman masyarakat terhadap penularan COVID-19 di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode lintang potong dan dilakukan pada bulan Juli hingga Agustus 2022 dengan menggunakan survei daring. Kuesioner dikembangkan berdasarkan kuesioner standar (ECOM, 2015) tentang persepsi risiko wabah penyakit menular. Kuesioner ini kemudian didistribusikan melalui berbagai platform media sosial, termasuk WhatsApp, Facebook, dan Instagram. Hasil: Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa responden wanita lebih banyak daripada pria (61,3%), memiliki pendidikan sarjana (38,5%), bekerja di perusahaan swasta (32,3%), dan pernah tertular Covid (43,8%). Responden yang memiliki skor persepsi risiko di atas rata-rata adalah 60%. Menurut kesepuluh data distribusi persepsi risiko, sebagian besar responden menganggap COVID-19 sebagai ancaman. Memakai masker, rutin mencuci tangan, jaga jarak fisik, dan tinggal di rumah tetap menjadi pilihan dan efektif untuk mencegah penularan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden memiliki penularan COVID-19 yang intens secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.Kesimpulan: Meskipun sebagian besar responden khawatir akan penularan Covid-19, mereka menyatakan siap untuk penularan dan sadar bagaimana mengendalikan dan mencegah penularan.

---

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has not officially ended, and due to the apparent underestimation of protective behavior, it is imperative to continuously promote public awareness and implement health  protocols  to control its spread. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the community's risk perception and experiences of COVID-19 transmission in Indonesia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2022 using an online survey. The questionnaire was developed based on a standard questionnaire (ECOM, 2015) on the risk perception of an infectious disease outbreak. It was then distributed through various social media platforms, including WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram.

Result: This study revealed that there were more female respondents than men (61.3%), held bachelor’s degree (38.5%), work in private company (32.3%), and been infected by Covid (43.8%). Respondents who have risk perception score above average is 60%. According to all ten risk perception distribution data, most respondents considered COVID-19 a threat. Wearing mask, regularly wash hands, physical distancing, and stay at home still options and effective to prevent the transmission. This showed that most respondents had intense COVID-19 transmission directly or indirectly.

Conclusion: Although most of respondents worry of Covid-19 transmission, they stated ready for transmission and aware how to control and prevent the transmission."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang pandemi Covid-19 dan kebijakan penanggulangan yang dikeluarkan di 10 negara anggota Uni Eropa (UE) yaitu Spanyol, Italia, Jerman, Prancis, Belgia, Belanda, Portugal, Irlandia, Austria, dan Swedia. Negara-negara tersebut dipilih karena dikonfirmasi memiliki kasus positif Covid-19 terbanyak pada awal masa pandemi. Penelitian dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan baik data kualitatif mapun kuantitatif. Teori Ancaman Nasional dan Konsep Kapasitas Fiskal diaplikasikan untuk menganalisis mengapa 10 negara anggota UE  berinisiatif mengeluarkan kebijakan masing-masing dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 meskipun berada di bawah institusi supranasional yaitu UE, serta kebijakan pada sektor apa yang menjadi prioritas dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 di 10 negara UE dan mengapa negara memprioritaskan kebijakan tersebut. Argumentasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman nasional yang perlu segera ditangani sehingga masing-masing negara memutuskan untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan tanpa menunggu respon dari UE.  Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman lingkungan yang berdampak pada stabilitas nasional di sektor sosial-kemasyarakatan, politik, dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa semakin kuat kapasitas fiskal suatu negara, semakin kuat juga kebijakan dan peran pemerintah dalam penanggulangan krisis pada negara tersebut.

---

This study discusses the Covid-19 pandemic and the policy response of 10 member countries of the European Union (EU), namely Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, and Sweden. These countries were chosen because they were confirmed to have the highest positive cases of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic. The research was analysed using qualitative methods by utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. National Threat Theory and Fiscal Capacity Concept were applied to analyse why 10 EU member states took the initiative to issue their respective policies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic even though they were under a supranational institution, namely the EU, as well which sector of policies was the priority in handling Covid-19 pandemic in 10 EU countries and why they prioritize those policies. This study argues that 10 EU member states see the Covid-19 as a national threat, which needs to be addressed immediately so that each country decides to issue a policy without waiting for a response from the EU. This study found that 10 EU member states saw the Covid-19 pandemic as an ecological threat that impacts national stability in the social, political, and economic sectors. This study also found that countries with strong fiscal capacity can issue strong government’s policies and involvement in overcoming crisis."