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"Sejak pertama kali dilaporkan pada Desember 2019 di Kota Wuhan, China, infeksi SARS-CoV-2 telah menjadi pandemi global dan mengancam kesehatan masyarakat di seluruh dunia. Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu episenter kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia. Hingga tanggal 25 September 2022, DKI Jakarta menjadi penyumbang kasus tertinggi yaitu sebanyak 1.422.965 kasus, dengan 15.553 kasus yang berakhir dengan kematian. Dari total kasus positif di DKI Jakarta per tanggal 25 September 2022 tersebut, Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat menyumbang sebanyak 131.410 kasus dengan mortality rate yang paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 1,35%.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor iklim (suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kecepatan angin) dan pencemaran udara (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2) dengan kasus COVID-19, menganalisis faktor yang paling dominan dan membuat model prediksi kasus COVID-19 berdasarkan faktor iklim dan pencemaran udara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan desain studi ekologi berdasarkan waktu (time trend). Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Juni 2023 menggunakan data iklim, data pencemaran udara dan data insidens kasus COVID-19 di Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat Tahun 2020-2022. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat serta hasilnya disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik.Hasil uji bivariat dengan korelasi spearman menunjukkan bahwa suhu (p = 0,000; r = -0,291) dan kecepatan angin (p = 0,001; r = 0,265) berhubungan signifikan dengan kasus COVID-19. Hasil uji multivariat dengan regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kasus COVID-19 adalah suhu, kecepatan angin dan PM2.5, dimana faktor yang paling dominan adalah PM2.5. Model prediksi kasus COVID-19 adalah ln(Y) = 22,330 - 0,875(X1) + 1,806(X2) + 0,053(X3) + e dengan R2 = 0,225. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan antara faktor iklim dan pencemaran udara dengan kasus COVID-19 di Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat Tahun 2020-2022. Disarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk melakukan penelitian di tingkat individu dengan desain studi kohort untuk membuktikan hubungan antara iklim dan pencemaran udara dengan kasus COVID-19.

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Since it was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a global pandemic and threatens public health worldwide. DKI Jakarta Province is one of the epicenters of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. As of September 25 2022, DKI Jakarta is the highest contributor of cases, namely 1,422,965 cases, with 15,553 cases ending in death. From the total positive cases in DKI Jakarta as of September 25 2022, the Central Jakarta Administrative City contributed 131,410 cases with the highest mortality rate, which was 1.35%. This study aims to determine the relationship between climatic factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed) and air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2) with COVID-19 cases, to analyze the most dominant factors and to create a case prediction model.

This research is a quantitative study using a time trend ecological study design. The research was conducted in April-June 2023 using climate data, air pollution data and COVID-19 case incidence data in the Administrative City of Central Jakarta for 2020-2022. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.

The results of the bivariate test with spearman correlation show that temperature (p = 0.000; r = -0.291) and wind speed (p = 0.001; r = 0.265) are related significantly to COVID-19 cases. The results of the multivariate test with multiple linear regression show that the variables that had a significant relation on COVID-19 are temperature, wind speed and PM2.5, where the most dominant factor is PM2.5. The COVID-19 case prediction model is ln(Y) = 22.330 - 0.875(X1) + 1.806(X2) + 0.053(X3) + e with R2 = 0.225. This study concludes that there is a relationship between climate factors and air pollution with COVID-19 cases in the Administrative City of Central Jakarta in 2020-2022. It is suggested to future researchers to conduct research at the individual level with a cohort study design to prove the relationship between climate and air pollution with COVID-19 cases."

"Polusi udara dapat meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap COVID-19. Pengendalian polusi udara serta pengendalian COVID-19 di Kota Tangerang belum dilaksanakan dengan maksimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan model prediksi hubungan polusi udara terhadap kasus COVID-19 Kota Tangerang Tahun 2020-2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi tren waktu serta kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kota Tangerang pada bulan April- Juni 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder meliputi data ISPU (NO2, SO2, PM10, dan PM2,5), suhu, kelembapan udara dan kasus COVID-19 di Kota Tangerang. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat, uji korelasi, uji regresi linier berganda. Gambaran NO2, SO2, PM10 tahun 2020-2022 berada dalam kategori baik, sedangkan PM2,5 adalah kategori sedang. Hasil uji korelasi spearman menunjukkan SO2 (p= 0,001 ; r= -0,109) dan PM10 (p= 0,000 ; r= -0,210) berhubungan signifikan terhadap kasus konfirmasi COVID-19. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan polusi udara yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kasus COVID-19 di Kota Tangerang adalah PM10, setelah dikontrol dengan PM2,5, suhu dan kelembapan. Variabel PM10, PM2,5, suhu, dan kelembapan dapat menjelaskan variasi variabel kasus COVID-19 sebesar 17,7%. Model prediksi hubungan polusi udara dengan kasus COVID-19 di Kota Tangerang Tahun 2020-2022 adalah kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 = 4384,38 + 22,47PM10 + 1,63PM2,5 - 120,39suhu - 13,33kelembapan.

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Air pollution can increase vulnerability to COVID-19. Air pollution control and COVID-19 control in Tangerang City have not been implemented optimally. The purpose of this study is to determine the prediction model of the relationship between air pollution and COVID-19 cases in Tangerang City in 2020-2022. This research uses a time trend ecological study design and qualitative. This research was conducted in Tangerang City in April-June 2023. This study used secondary data including ISPU data (NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2,5), temperature, humidity and COVID-19 cases in Tangerang City. Data analysis used univariate analysis, correlation test, multiple linear regression test. The overview of NO2, SO2, PM10 in 2020-2022 is in the good category, while PM2,5 is in the moderate category. The results of the spearman correlation test showed that SO2 (p = 0.001; r = -0.109) and PM10 (p = 0.000; r = -0.210) were significantly associated with confirmed cases of COVID-19. Multivariate analysis shows that the most dominant air pollution affecting COVID-19 cases in Tangerang City is PM10, after controlling for PM2,5, temperature and humidity. PM10, PM2,5, temperature, and humidity variables can explain 17,7% of the variation in COVID-19 case variables. The prediction model of the relationship between air pollution and COVID-19 cases in Tangerang City in 2020-2022 is confirmed COVID-19 cases = 4384,38 + 22,47PM10 + 1.63PM2,5 - 120.39 temperature - 13.33 humidity."

"Tingginya tingkat pencemaran udara masih menjadi permasalahan di DKI Jakarta. Hasil pemantauan kualitas udara oleh pihak Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi DKI Jakarta selama periode tahun 2020 menunjukkan hanya terdapat 8% periode kualitas udara yang menunjukkan kondisi baik. Sementara itu, Kota Jakarta Timur bahkan menjadi kota dengan jumlah kasus COVID-19 tertinggi di Indonesia yaitu sebanyak 300.198 kasus per 10 Juni 2022. Kecamatan Cipayung merupakan salah satu kecamatan dengan kasus COVID-19 tertinggi di Kota Jakarta Timur. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa paparan dari zat polutan yang terdapat di udara ambien beserta faktor meteorologis dapat berkontribusi terhadap dinamika penularan penyakit COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi NO2, konsentrasi SO2, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, curah hujan, dan kecepatan angin dengan kejadian COVID-19 di Kecamatan Cipayung Kota Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi dengan pendekatan analisis tren waktu. Seluruh data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder pada tahun 2021 yang berasal dari BMKG, Suku Dinas Kesehatan Kota Administrasi Jakarta Timur, dan dataset NASA POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara suhu udara, kelembaban udara, dan kecepatan angin dengan kejadian COVID-19 di Kecamatan Cipayung Kota Jakarta Timur Tahun 2021. Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi NO2, konsentrasi SO2, dan curah hujan dengan kejadian COVID-19 di Kecamatan Cipayung Kota Jakarta Timur Tahun 2021. Kecepatan angin menjadi variabel yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian COVID-19

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The high level of air pollution is still a problem in DKI Jakarta. The results from air quality monitoring by the Environmental Agency of DKI Jakarta province during the 2020 period showed that only 8% of the air quality monitoring periods indicated good conditions. Meanwhile, East Jakarta City has the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, namely 300,198 cases as of June 10 2022. Cipayung District is one of the districts with the highest COVID-19 cases in East Jakarta City. Previous studies have shown that exposure to pollutants in the ambient air and meteorological factors can contribute to the dynamics of COVID-19 disease transmissions. This study aims to determine the relationship between NO2 concentration, SO2 concentration, air temperature, air humidity, rainfall, and wind speed with the incidence of COVID-19 in East Jakarta City. This study uses an ecological study design with a time trend analysis approach. All data used is secondary data in 2021 originating from the BMKG, the Health Office of East Jakarta Administrative City, and the NASA POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources) dataset. This study's results indicate a significant relationship between air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed with the incidence of COVID-19 in Cipayung District, East Jakarta City, in 2021. However, there is no significant relationship between NO2 concentration, SO2 concentration, and rainfall with the incidence of COVID-19 in Cipayung District, East Jakarta City, in 2021. Wind speed is the variable that has the most dominant influence on the incidence of COVID-19."

"COVID-19 adalah penyakit yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) sebagai pandemi. Pada November 2022, positivity rate COVID-19 di Kota Serang dalam 7 hari terakhir adalah 19,61% dan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Kabupaten Lebak (18,67%), Kota Cilegon (18,41%), Kabupaten Serang (16,02%), dan Kabupaten Pandeglang (13,47%). Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui hubungan suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kecepatan angin, dan lama penyinaran matahari dengan kasus COVID-19, menganalisis model prediksi kasus dan faktor cuaca dominan terhadap kasus COVID-19 di Kota Serang. Desain studi penelitian menggunakan ekologi tren waktu. Penelitian dilakukan pada Februari – Maret 2023 menggunakan data cuaca dan kasus COVID-19 di Kota Serang Maret 2020 – Desember 2022. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat, uji korelasi, uji regresi linier berganda, dan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kecamatan Serang menjadi wilayah dengan kasus terbanyak. Suhu (r=-0,263) dan kecepatan angin (r=0,258) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19 mingguan. Pada lag 1 minggu, suhu (r=-0,366) dan lama penyinaran matahari (r=-0,179) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19. Pada lag 2 minggu, suhu (r=-0,348) dan lama penyinaran matahari (r=-0,214) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19. Model prediksi kasus COVID-19 adalah ln(Y) = 95,020 – 2,379X1 – 0,306X2 + e dengan R2 = 0,270. Faktor cuaca yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kasus COVID-19 adalah suhu disusul kelembaban.

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COVID-19 is a disease designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. In November 2022, the positivity rate of COVID-19 in Serang City in the last 7 days was 19.61% and higher than Lebak Regency (18.67%), Cilegon City (18.41%), Serang Regency (16.02%), and Pandeglang Regency (13.47%). The study aims to determine the relationship between temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and length of sunshine with COVID-19 cases, analyze case prediction models and dominant weather factors for COVID-19 cases in Serang City. The research study design uses time trend ecology. The research was conducted in February - March 2023 using weather data and COVID-19 cases in Serang City March 2020 - December 2022. Data analysis used univariate analysis, correlation test, multiple linear regression test, and spatial analysis. The results showed that Serang sub-district was the area with the most cases. Temperature (r=-0.263) and wind speed (r=0.258) are associated with weekly COVID-19 cases. At a lag of 1 week, temperature (r=-0.366) and length of sunshine (r=-0.179) were associated with COVID-19 cases. At a lag of 2 weeks, temperature (r=-0.348) and length of sunshine (r=-0.214) are associated with COVID-19 cases. The prediction model for COVID-19 cases is ln(Y) = 95.020 - 2.379X1 - 0.306X2 + e with R2 = 0.270. The most dominant weather factor affecting COVID-19 cases is temperature followed by humidity."

"Kualitas udara merupakan salah satu indikator lingkungan yang berpotensi terkena dampak dari wabah COVID-19 (Zambrano, 2020). Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa pencemaran udara sebagian besar disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Kebijakan lockdown untuk memutus mata rantai COVID-19 membuat mobilisasi masyarakat berkurang signifikan serta menghasilkan peningkatan kualitas udara bahkan menghasilkan manfaat kesehatan manusia yang sejauh ini melebihi jumlah kematian yang dikonfirmasi akibat COVID-19 (Zeng, 2020). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak mobilitas masyarakat selama PSBB terhadap konsentrasi polutan udara. Data set utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah set data harian trend mobilitas dan set data harian indikator polutan udara primer (SO2, CO dan NO2). Ditemukan bahwa mobilitas masyarakat selama PSBB berdampak signifikan meningkatkan ketiga polutan tersebut. Sebaliknya, aktivitas masyarakat dirumah berdampak signifikan mengurangi ketiga polutan udara tersebut. Temuan ini mengkonfirmasi beberapa penemuan penelitian terdahulu. Namun ditemukan bahwa ada kecenderungan masyarakat bermobilisasi menggunakan transportasi pribadi selama pandemi COVID-19. Kebijakan yang direkomendasikan adalah dengan mengatur pola mobilitas masyarakat, yaitu pelaksanaan kegiatan kerja secara hybrid, mengevaluasi sumber energi penyebab tingginya polutan dan menghimbau masyarakat untuk tetap menggunakan transportasi umum dengan protokol kesehatan yang ketat

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Air quality is one of the environmental indicators that may be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak (Zambrano, 2020). It is known that air reports are mostly caused by human activities. Lockdown policies to break the COVID-19 chain have significantly reduced community mobilization and improved air quality and even resulted in human health benefits that far exceed the number of confirmed deaths from COVID-19 (Zeng, 2020). This study aims to analyze the impact of community mobility during PSBB on the concentration of air pollutants. The main data sets used in this study are daily data sets of movement trends and daily data sets of primary air pollutant indicators (SO2, CO and NO2). It was found that community mobility during the PSBB had a significant impact on increasing the three pollutants. On the other hand, community activities at home have a significant impact on reducing the three air pollutants. This finding confirms some of the findings of previous studies. However, there is a tendency for people to mobilize using private transportation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The recommended policy is to regulate the pattern of community mobility, namely implementing hybrid activities, finding sources of energy that cause pollution and urging people to continue to use public transportation with strict health protocols."

"Tujuan yaitu untuk mengetahui pola spasial pencemaran udara yang diakibatkan oleh PLTU dan PLTGU Muara Karang. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis keruangan hasil perhitungan Model Dispersi Gaussian untuk mengetahui semburan emisi PLTGU dan PLTU masing-masing parameter yaitu debu, NO2 dan SO2 pada enam hari pada bulan Juni dan Desember, selanjutnya hasil perhitungan tersebut ditampilkan dalam bentuk peta untuk mengetahui pola spasial pencemaran udara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pencemaran udara dari sumber PLTU dan PLTGU Muara Karang menunjukkan jangkauan dan nilai konsentrasi tiap parameter, berbeda-beda sesuai arah anginnya. Dalam kondisi atmosfer stabil, jangkauan emisi dari kedua sumber pencemar tersebut lebih jauh dibandingkan dalam kondisi atmosfer tidak stabil. Hasil analisis yaitu konsentrasi pencemar menurun sesuai dengan jaraknya. Kecamatan Taman Sari, Sawah Besar, Kemayoran, dan Tambora memiliki resiko paling tinggi terkena dampak pencemaran udara dari sumber PLTU dan PLTGU Muara Karang.

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The objective of the study are to determines the spatial patterns of air pollution caused by Muara Karang Power Plant and Combined Cycle Power Plant. The analysis which used is spatial analysis of the calculated Gaussian Dispersion Model to find out bursts emissions of Combined Cycle Power Plant and power plant of each parameter that is dust, NO2 and SO2 on six days in June and December, then the calculation results are displayed in the form of a map to determine the spatial pattern of air pollution. The results showed that the pattern of air pollution from Muara Karang Power Plant and Combined Cycle Power Plant shows the range and concentration values of each parameter, varies according to wind direction. In stable atmospheric conditions, the range of pollutant emissions from both sources are more distant than in the unstable atmospheric conditions. The results of the analysis that pollutant concentration will be change in the air. Taman Sari, Sawah Besar, Kemayoran, and Tambora has a highest risk area affected by air pollution from Muara Karang Power Plant and Combined Cycle Power Plant."

"Polusi udara dikaitkan dengan jutaan kematian prematur di seluruh dunia dan 20 di antaranya bersifatpernafasan berasal dari polusi udara outdoor dan indoor dalam bentuk partikel serta gas. Pajanan PM2,5 danformaldehid yang berasal dari dalam ruang memiliki efek kesehatan sejak dini pada anak-anak, karenaanak-anak merupakan kelompok rentan dan selama anak dalam proses pengembangan paru-paru dapatmenyebabkan dampak jangka panjang pada fungsi paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengindentifikasihubungan pajanan Particulate Matter 2,5 PM2,5 dan formaldehid terhadap gangguan fungsi paru padasiswa Sekolah Menegah Pertama Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross-sectional yangdilaksanakan pada Maret-Mei 2018. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 160 siswa dengan metode simpel randomsampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa berumur 13-15 tahun berisiko mengalami gangguanfungsi paru 2,9 kali dengan IMT tidak normal dan mayoritas perokok pasif serta dengan aktifitas fisik yangkurang atau jarang dilakukan siswa. Pajanan PM2,5 >NAB 35 ? g/m3berisiko 7.2 kali mengalami gangguanfungsi paru pada siswa di sekolah yang berada dekat jalan raya dan konsentrasi formaldehid tinggi berisiko1,6 kali mengalami gangguan fungsi paru pada siswa di sekolah dekat jalan raya dengan kondisi ventilasiyang tidak memenuhi syarat, suhu dan kelembaban tidak normal di sekolah. Perlu dilakukan pengendalianrisiko pencemaran udara dilingkungan sekolah dengan menjauhi atau membatasi diri dari sumber polusiudara.Kata kunci: PM2,5, Formaldehid, Gangguan fungsi paru.

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Air pollution is associated with millions of premature deaths worldwide and 20 of them are respiratoryfrom outdoor and indoor air pollution in the form of particles and gases. Exposure to PM2.5 andformaldehyde derived from space has an early health effect on children, as children are a vulnerable groupand during childhood in the lung development process can cause long term effects on lung function. Thisstudy aims to identify the exposure relationship of Particulate Matter 2.5 PM2,5 and formaldehyde to lungfunction impairment in Depok State Junior High School students. This study uses a cross sectional studyconducted in March May 2018. The number of samples as many as 160 students with a simple randomsampling method. The results showed that students aged 13 15 years are at risk of impaired lung function2.9 times with abnormal BMI and the majority of passive smokers and with less physical activity or rarelydo students. Exposure of PM2.5 NAB 35 g m3 at risk 7.2 times impaired lung function in students atschools located near the highway and high formaldehyde concentrations at risk of 1.6 times impaired lungfunction in students at schools near highway with no ventilation conditions Eligible, temperature andhumidity are not normal at school. It is necessary to control the risks of air pollution within the schoolenvironment by avoiding or restricting themselves from sources of air pollution.Key words Particulate Matter2,5, Formaldehyde, Lung Function."

"Jalan Raya Daan Mogot-Pesing Kota Jakarta Barat merupakan jalan raya yang memiliki fungsi vital karena dikelilingi perumahan, industri, pasar, menghubungkan dua kota besar (Jakarta Barat dan Tanggerang), serta merupakan jalan raya yang memiliki titik konsentrasi PM2.5 tertinggi dengan 298 µg/m3 berdasarkan data IQair. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah penelitian yang dapat menganalisis risiko kesehatan terhadap masyarakat yang tinggal disekitarnya akibat pajanan PM2.5. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ARKL dengan sampel udara pada 4 titik pengukuran dan sampel subjek sebanyak 96 responden. Pengambilan sampel udara menggunakan alat Dusttrak sedangkan pengambilan data sampel subjek dilakukan dengan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran PM2.5 pada 4 titik pengukuran, terdapat 3 titik yang konsentrasinya telah berada diatas baku mutu PP No.22 tahun 2021 pada titik 2 dengan 73,8 µg/m3, titik 3 dengan 57,2 µg/m3, dan titik 4 dengan 155,4 µg/m3. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara, didapatkan data rerata berat badan responden 59,5 kg, umur 44,5 tahun, waktu pajanan 24 jam/hari, frekuensi pajanan 350 hari/tahun, dan durasi pajanan 20 tahun. Intake realtime dan lifetime tertinggi berada pada titik 4 pengukuran dengan konsentrasi maksimum 0,03 mg/kg/hari dan 0,05 mg/kg/hari. RQ realtime dan lifetime tertinggi berada pada titik 4 dengan nilai maksimum 1,74 dan 2,61. Dibutuhkan manajemen risiko yang dapat menanggulangi titik dengan kategori berisiko diantaranya edukasi penggunaan masker, menanam tanaman penyaring debu dalam rumah, peningkatan gizi, serta penghijauan jalan raya.

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Daan Mogot-Pesing road of West Jakarta is a highway that has a vital function because it is surrounded by housing, industry, markets, connects two big cities (West Jakarta and Tangerang), and is a highway that has the highest PM2.5 concentration point with 298 µg/m3 based on IQair data. Therefore, a study is needed that can analyze the health risks to the people who live around them due to PM2.5 exposure. This study used the EHRA method with air samples at 4 measurement points and a sample of 96 respondents. Air samples were taken using the Dusttrak tool while the subject sample data was collected by interview. Based on the results of PM2.5 measurements at 4 measurement points, there are 3 points whose concentrations are above the PP No. 22 of 2021 quality standards at point 2 with 73.8 µg/m3, point 3 with 57.2 µg/m3, and point 4 with 155.4 µg/m3. Based on the interview results, the average respondent's body weight was 59.5 kg, age 44.5 years, exposure time 24 hours/day, exposure frequency 350 days/year, and exposure duration 20 years. The highest realtime and lifetime intakes were at point 4 of measurement with a maximum concentration of 0.03 mg/kg/day and 0.05 mg/kg/day. The highest realtime and lifetime RQ is at point 4 with a maximum value of 1.74 and 2.61. Risk management is needed that can address points with risk categories including education on using masks, planting dust filter plants in the house, improving nutrition, and planting plants around the road."

"Kota Bekasi merupakan kota yang padat dan berbatasan dengan Ibukota DKI Jakarta. Pencemaran udara di Kota Bekasi mayoritas disebabkan oleh kegiatan transportasi. Konsentrasi zat pencemar udara yang cenderung mengalami peningkatan akan memberikan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan terutama bagi kesehatan saluran pernapasan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas udara ambien (parameter NO2, SO2, dan TSP) dengan kejadian ISPA di Kota Bekasi tahun 2004-2011. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah studi ekologi time trend dengan sampel penelitian 6 Kecamatan. Data kualitas udara diperoleh dari Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (BPLH) Kota Bekasi. Data kasus ISPA diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bekasi.Variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian ISPA berdasarkan hasil analisis korelasi dan regresi adalah TSP (p value = 0,029; r = - 0,226). Hasil uji regresi linear ganda menunjukkan bahwa variabel SO2, TSP, dan interaksi antara NO2 dengan SO2 mempengaruhi kejadian ISPA (p value = 0,004; r = 0,369). Persamaan garis regresi yang menjelaskan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi ISPA adalah jumlah kasus ISPA = 651,09 + 5,054 (konsentrasi SO2) - 0,512 (konsentrasi TSP) - 0,042 (NO2 * SO2).Untuk mencegah peningkatan jumlah kasus ISPA dan peningkatan konsentrasi zat pencemar di udara sebaiknya dilakukan kerjasama lintas sektor oleh Pemerintah Kota Bekasi dalam hal uji emisi kendaraan bermotor, uji emisi cerobong asap industri, penambahan jumlah pepohonan di sepanjang jalan raya, penyelesaian masalah di titik-titik kemacetan, promosi bahan bakar gas, dan penyuluhan kesehatan.

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Bekasi city is densely populated city and bordering the capital city DKI Jakarta. Air pollution in Bekasi city is caused by transportation activity. Increasing of air pollutant every year can cause negative effect to health especially respiratory health.

This study aims to determine the relationship between ambient air quality (parameter NO2, SO2, TSP) with ARI occurrence in Bekasi city in 2004-2011. The study design used is time trend ecological study with 6 subdistrict as sample. Air quality data is obtained from Environmental Management Agency of Bekasi city. ARI cases data is obtained from Departement of Health of Bekasi city.

Based on correlation and regression analysis, TSP has a significant correlation with ARI occurrence (p value = 0,029; r = - 0,226). The result of multiple linear regression test show that SO2, TSP, and interaction between NO2 with SO2 affect ARI occurrence (p value = 0,004; r = 0,369). The equation of multiple linear regression which describe the variables that affect ARI is ARI cases = 651,09 + 5,054 (SO2 concentration) - 0,512 (TSP concentration) - 0,042 (NO2 * SO2).

To prevent the increasing of ARI cases and increasing of pollutant concentration, the government of Bekasi city should make cross-sectors corporation to do vehicle emission test, industry emission test, adding the amount of trees along the road, problem solving in traffic jam area, fuel gas promotion, and health promotion."

"Dampak penting dari semburan Lumpur panas adalah pencemaran lingkungan salah satunya adalah kenaikan intensitas bau. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi H2S, persepsi masyarakat tentang gangguan kesehatan dari H2S, menghitung perkiraan risiko dan pencegahannya. Variabel penelitian adalah konsentrasi H2S, persepsi tentang gangguan kesehatan (iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines, hyperpnoea, apnoea, asphyxia).Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran langsung dan kuesioner. Pemilihan lokasi adalah purposive dan responden dengan simple random. Hasil dan pembahasan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi H2S diatas bakumutu Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996. Uji Pearson Chi Square adalah Ҳ<0,05 antara konsentrasi H2S dengan iritasi mata, sakit kepala, dizzines dan hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pajanan risiko tinggi sebesar 0?0,91 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0- 1825,3) dan risiko rendah 0-0,0011 mgkg-1hari-1 (HQ 0-3,29). Pencegahan risiko dengan meningkatkan kondisi, nutrisi dan penggunaan APD.Kesimpulan dan saran penelitian ini rata-rata konsentrasi H2S di atas 0,2 ppm. Karakterisasi risiko pajanan sebagaian besar adalah diatas dosis harian yang aman, untuk itu disarankan meningkatkan kondisi dan tidak sering kontak langsung pada sumber.

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The major impacts of the Torrent of Hot Mud which happened in May 2006 in Sidoarjo are the changes in environment, social and economy. Another impact which has been identified is the increase of odor intensity which is suspected to be originated from an air pollutan H2S. A smelling disorder happened in which the intensity of odor is predicted to have caused the air pollution in areas surrounding the spewing of hot mud in Sidoarjo.Based on the result of the test conducted by Ministry of Environmental (KLH), it is discovered there are a number pollutants the concentration which are above the standard quality of odor and H2S is one of them. H2S gas is a colorless gas with a strong odor similar to the smell of a rotten egg. A high concentration of H2S can react with tears and sweat resulting sulfuric acid and bring about impacts such as eyes and skin irritation. In addition, exposure to H2S with the concentration 0f 0,025?25 ppm in human requires human to use breathing aid. Problem this research is there isn?t environmental pollution for study of health risk mon environment.Based on evaluation result of the acquired data, the topics of the destination in this research are 1) to find out about the concentration of H2S in the affected areas and to find out about the difference of H2S concentration in the areas with a high risk and the areas with a low risk, 2) to find out about perception of community about odor intensity 3) to find out about perception of community about health problems or not and whether there is a difference between concentration of H2S with the distribution 6 health problems and the duration of stay, age, education, income and job, 4) to calculation about the level of exposure from the pollutan indicator H2S, 5) to calculation about the level characterization of risk from the pollutan indicator H2S,6) to choice about alternative prevention and control. The variables of this research are H2S, distance from the center of torrent of the mud to the points of sampling location, the data on the 6 health problems (eyes irritation, headache, dizziness, asphyxia, apnea and hyperpnoea) which the community suffer and the data consisting of duration of stay, age, sex, education, job and income.The data collection is conducted by direct measurement, and interview with a xii questionnaire. The calculation of exposure and risk characterization (hazard quotient (HQ)) is to determine the exposure level of the pollutan H2S. The selection of location for the research is based on the areas affected by purposive sampling. The size of sample is determined by the size of the population and 10% of trust level, and the selection of respondents is based on the simple random.The data analysis is conducted to find out about the significant difference on the fourth problems. Result for this research is concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996 especially for Siring District, perception of community about health problems gotten there is different significant between concentration of H2S with eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05). Pollution of H2S not influence with losing of job, education and income. Risk assessment with a high risk had intake 0-0,91 mgkg-1day-1(HQ=0-1825,3) and area with a low risk had intake 0,0011 mgkg-1day-1. Average HQ score above from reference concentration. To control effort with wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source.Conclusion from this research are 1) The result of the analysis in the location with a low risk shows that the concentration of H2S in that location is above the standard quality as established by the decree of Kep-50/MENLH/11/1996, 2) perception of community in high risk area about smell of odor is seldom (57%) smell (57%) and in the low risk area is often (63%) strong of smell (76%), 3) Pearson Chi square test show there is significant difference in concentration of H2S with 4 health problems are eye irritation, headache, dizziness and hyperpnoea (Ҳ<0,05), 4) The calculation of the exposure score in the area with the highest risk is 0-0,91 mgkg- 1day-1 and in an area with a low risk it is 0, 0011 mgkg-1day-1, 5) the HQ score in a high risk is 0-1825,3 and in a low risk it is 0-3,29. In a high risk environment, it shows that the HQ score is much bigger than the HQ score in a low risk environment, 6) HQ score > 1 shows that there is a risk of health problems in the affected community. For the reason, it is necessary to carry out the alternative control effort both in areas with a high risk and in areas with a low risk with to wear self protection equipment, masks, glasses and avoiding frequent, direct contacts with the source and decides desease vector are to correct environment , quality of drinking and to correct immune of host. From the result and the discussion, the recommendation is: Regulatory of H2S had intake above reference concentration, avoid recommending re-investigate and necessary to integrated study of environment risk assessment."