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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi matriks terapung polimer kitosan-gum arab-Aloe vera dalam mengenkapsulasi kurkumin (KUR) dan Moringa oleifera (MO) serta pengaruhnya terhadap rilis ekstrak di dalam lambung yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pengobatan GERD. Matriks terapung kitosan-gum arab-Aloe vera yang mengandung KUR dan ekstrak MO dibuat menggunakan metode freeze-drying. Pada pembuatan matriks dilakukan, kedua ekstrak dilakukan penambahan hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin (HP?CD) menjadi dispersi padat untuk ditingkatkan solubilitas ekstrak sehingga profil rilis zat aktif dalam cairan lambung juga dapat ditingkatkan. Variasi komposisi terbaik yaitu CGA1 dengan komposisi rasio kitosan:gum arab sebesar 2:1, kandungan Aloe vera sebesar 16,6% (per total polimer, w), kandungan dispersi padat 20% (per total polimer, w), yield 64,63%, loading actual 5,73 mg GAE/g matriks, persentase rilis kumulatif fenolik 61% pada jam ke-4, dan mampu mengapung selama 4 jam. Matriks CGA1 dimasukkan ke dalam kapsul HPMC sebagai alternatif bentuk sediaan obat oral dan mampu bertahan lebih dari 4 jam dalam media Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF), memiliki persentase rilis kumulatif fenolik 40% pada jam ke-4, serta mengikuti kinetika rilis orde 0 yang ideal untuk pelepasan obat terkendali. Karakteristik matriks lainnya seperti scanning electron microscopy(SEM) dan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) diukur melalui pengujian.

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This study aims to obtain the formulation of the floating matrix of chitosan-gum arabic-Aloe vera polymer in encapsulating curcumin (KUR) and Moringa oleifera (MO) and its effect on extract release in the stomach that can be utilized in the treatment of GERD. Floating matrix containing KUR and MO extract was made using freeze-drying method. In making the matrix, both extracts were added hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin (HP?CD) into solid dispersion to increase the solubility of the extract so that the release profile of the active substance in gastric juices can also be improved. The best composition variation is CGA1 with a chitosan:gum arabic ratio of 2:1, Aloe vera content of 16.6% (per total polymer, w), solid dispersion content of 20% (per total polymer, w), yield of 64.63%, actual loading of 5.73 mg GAE/g matrix, phenolic cumulative release percentage of 61% at 4 hours, and able to float for 4 hours. CGA1 matrix is inserted into HPMC capsules as an alternative to oral drug dosage forms and can last more than 4 hours in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) media, has a cumulative phenolic release percentage of 40% at the 4th hour, and follows order 0 release kinetics which is ideal for controlled drug release. Other matrix characteristics such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are measured through testing. "

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula matriks terapung kitosan-alginat-Aloe vera yang mengandung kurkumin (KUR) dan Moringa oleifera (MO) dengan sifat fisikokimia dan profil rilis obat yang baik di dalam lambung untuk dimantfaatkan dalam pengobatan Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Matriks kitosan-alginat-Aloe vera yang mengandung KUR dan MO dibuat menggunakan metode freeze-drying. Solubilitas KUR dan MO ditingkatkan dengan penambahan hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) pada ekstrak. Komposisi Aloe vera serta rasio polimer kitosan dan alginat divariasikan untuk mengetahui formulasi matriks terapung yang paling baik. Didapatkan formulasi matriks terbaik adalah KA2, dengan rasio kitosan:alginat sebesar 3:1, kandungan Aloe vera sebesar 16,6% (per total polimer, w), kandungan dispersi padat KUR-MO sebesar 20% (per total polimer, w), yield 74%, loading capacity 5,72 mg GAE/g matriks, persentase rilis kumulatif fenolik 65% pada jam keempat, dan persentase kapasitas mengapung 12% setelah empat jam. Matriks juga dimasukkan ke dalam kapsul HPMC sebagai alternatif bentuk sediaan obat oral, di mana kapsul mampu mengapung lebih dari empat jam dalam media Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) dan memiliki persentase rilis kumulatif fenolik tertinggi 43% pada jam keempat. Evaluasi karakteristik fisikokimia lainnya meliputi Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) serta Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

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This study aims to obtain a formulation of a floating matrix of chitosan-alginate-Aloe vera containing curcumin (CUR) and Moringa oleifera (MO) with good physicochemical properties and drug release profiles in the stomach for the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). The chitosan-alginate-Aloe vera matrix containing CUR and MO was prepared using the freeze-drying method. The solubility of CUR and MO was enhanced by adding hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) to the extract. The composition of Aloe vera and the ratio of chitosan to alginate polymer were varied to determine the optimal floating matrix formulation. The best matrix formulation obtained was KA2, with a chitosan:alginate ratio of 3:1, Aloe vera content of 16.6% (based on total polymer, w), solid dispersion content of CUR-MO of 20% (based on total polymer, w), yield of 74%, loading capacity of 5.72 mg GAE/g matrix, cumulative phenolic release percentage of 65% at the fourth hour, and floating capacity percentage of 12% after four hours. The matrix was also encapsulated in HPMC capsules as an alternative oral dosage form, where the capsules were able to float for more than four hours in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and exhibited the highest cumulative phenolic release percentage of 43% at the fourth hour. Other physicochemical characterizations included Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) evaluations

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"Latar belakang : Penalaran klinik merupakan salah satu kemampuan yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang dokter. FK UMSU telah menerapkan metode problem based learning agar kemampuan berpikir kritis dan keterampilan penyelesaian masalah mahasiswa terbentuk. Sayangnya mahasiswa masih sering kesulitan untuk mengaplikasikan ilmunya saat berhadapan dengan pasien di pendidikan klinik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan masukan terhadap rancangan pengajaran penalaran klinik melalui uji coba metode pengajaran penalaran klinik dengan menggunakan pasien simulasi pada pendidikan kedokteran tahap preklinik. Metode : Desain penelitian adalah eksperimental, dilakukan pada mahasiswa angkatan 2012 FK UMSU dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 36 orang. Sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok melalui randomisasi sistematik. Kelompok intervensi diberi simulasi pengajaran penalaran klinik, sedangkan kelompok kontrol belajar mandiri. Kedua kelompok diberikan pretes dan postes dalam bentuk script concordance test. Persepsi kelompok intervensi terhadap pengajaran dinilai melalui focus group discussion (FGD). Perbedaan rerata pretes dan postes dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan uji t, sedangkan data FGD dianalisis secara tematik. Hasil : Hasil uji t tidak berpasangan data prestes dan postes menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan penalaran klinik kelompok intervensi tidak lebih baik atau sama dengan kelompok kontrol (perbandingan data pretes yaitu t=0,921; df=34; α=0,363, sedangkan perbandingan data postes yaitu t =-0,249; df=32; α= 0,805). Selain itu, hasil uji t berpasangan menunjukkan bahwa tidak didapatkan perbedaan rerata pretes dan postes antara kelompok intervensi dan kontrol (rerata pretes dan postes kelompok intervensi adalah t=-0,113; df =17; α=0,911, sedangan kelompok kontrol adalah t= -1,231; df= 17; α=0,235). Secara keseluruhan, melalui intervensi dalam penelitian ini tidak ada perbedaan bermakna peningkatan kemampuan penalaran klinik kelompok intervensi setelah diberikan pengajaran penalaran klinik dengan simulasi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Hasil analisis FGD menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa belum memahami konsep penalaran klinik dengan baik. Namun, mahasiswa berpendapat metode pengajaran ini bermanfaat untuk mengajarkan keterampilan penalaran klinik. Adapun hambatan atau kesulitan yang dihadapi saat aplikasi pengajaran adalah kurangnya pengetahuan mahasiswa dan peran pasien simulasi dan fasilitator yang belum maksimal. Secara keseluruhan, mahasiswa menyambut baik metode pengajaran penalaran klinik dengan menggunakan pasien simulasi. Kesimpulan : Mahasiswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran penalaran klinik dengan menggunakan pasien simulasi tidak lebih baik kemampuan penalaran kliniknya dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa yang belajar mandiri. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena keterbatasan penelitian dalam proses simulasi pengajaran. Metode pengajaran penalaran klinik dengan pasien simulasi dapat dilakukan di FK UMSU dengan memperbaiki segala aspek terkait proses pembelajaran di pendidikan tahap preklinik.

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Background: Clinical reasoning is one of the skills that must be achieved by a medical doctor. Faculty of Medicine (FM) UMSU has implemented problem based learning method to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills. Unfortunately, the students still often feel difficult to apply their knowledge when dealing with patients in clinical training. This study aims to provide feedback to the current design of clinical reasoning teaching by testing a method using simulated patients in preclinical phase.

Method: An experimental study was performed among year 2012 students of FM UMSU with the total sample of 36 students. They were divided into two groups through systematic random sampling. The intervention group was given a clinical reasoning teaching method using a simulated patient, while the control group conducted self directed learning. Both groups were given pretest and postest with script concordance test format. The perception toward the teaching method of the intervention group was collected through focus group discussion (FGD). The mean difference between pretest and posttest data was analyzed using the T test, while FGD data was analyzed based on themes emerged strongly and consistently.

Result: The clinical reasoning skills of intervention group was not better or equal to the control group (the comparative of pretest data is t=0,921; df=34; α=0,363, while postest data is t =-0,249; df=32; α= 0,805). There was no difference in the mean of pretest and posttest between intervention and control groups (mean difference between pretest and posttest data of intervention group is t=-0,113; df =17; α=0,911, while control group is t= -1,231; df= 17; α=0,235). Overall, there was no significant difference in increased clinical reasoning skills of intervention group after being given a clinical reasoning teaching using simulated patient compared to the control group. The FGD data showed that students did not understand the clinical reasoning concept well. However, students thought this teaching method was useful for teaching clinical reasoning skills. The barriers encountered during implementation was the lack of knowledge of students and that the role of patients simulated and facilitators are not yet adequate. Overall, students had good perceptions on the clinical reasoning teaching method using simulated patient.

Conclusion: Clinical reasoning skills of students who experienced the clinical reasoning teaching method by using patient simulation were not better than students who studied independently. This was probably due to limitations in the detailed processes of implemented teaching method. The clinical reasoning teaching method using patient simulation can be potentially conducted at FM UMSU by overcoming limitations related to the learning processes."

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Indonesia adalah negara tropis dengan transmisi infeksi DENV yang tinggi dan sebuah ancaman kesehatan di dunia tanpa terapi spesifik yang dapat bekerja secara tunggal. Rakyat Indonesia memiliki kepercayaan tinggi atas obat herbal, salah satunya yang berasal dari Kunyit dengan senyawa utama, Kurkumin dengan efek antioksidan, pencegah kanker dan anti-inflamasi yang sudah terbukti melalui uji in vivo dan in vitro. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa kurkumin bekerja sebagai antivirus DENV-2 namun mekanisme yaitu waktu dimana kurkumin bekerja paling efektif, belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in vitro dengan Sel Vero yang diinfeksikan DENV-2. Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah membandingkan mekanisme penghambatan replikasi DENV-2 sekaligus persentase viabilitas sel pada pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi setelah diberikan Kurkumin dengan dosis 20 ug/mL. Infektivitas hambatan dan viabilitas sel diteliti melalui metode focus assay dan MTT assay. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, hasil penghambatan inefektivitas pada mekanisme pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi adalah 99,74% ± 3,90 dan 51,31% ± 8,97 secara berurutan. Penelitian untuk viabilitas sel mendapatkan hasil 73,21% dan 81,66% untuk pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi secara berurutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kurkumin memiliki efektivitas dalam mengambat DENV-2 lebih tinggi pada mekanisme pre-post infeksi (whole), dengan persentase penghambatan lebih tinggi serta toksitas rendah dengan viabilitas diatas 50%.

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In Indonesia, DENV infection remains a global health threat without an effective therapy available. One of Indonesian’s herbal medicine, turmeric with Curcumin as its main compound is believed to have antioxidant, cancer-preventing and anti-inflammatory effects through in vivo and in vitro trials. Previous studies have shown that curcumin act as DENV-2 antivirus. However, its mechanism, namely the time at which curcumin work effectively, is not known. This research was conducted using DENV-2 infected Vero cells through in vitro method. The focus of this study was to compare the mechanism of DENV-2 replication inhibition as well as the viability of Cell in the pre-post (whole) and post-infection phases after administrating curcumin with a dose of 20 ug/mL. Focus assay and MTT assay methods were used in the experiment. Based on the research conducted, the results of ineffectiveness inhibition on the pre-post and post infection mechanisms were 99.74% ± 3.90 and 51.31% ± 8.97, respectively. The results for cell viability showed 73.21% and 81.66% for the pre-post (whole) and post-infection mechanisms, respectively. The results showed that curcumin is more effective in inhibiting DENV-2 in the pre-post infection mechanism (whole), with a higher percentage of inhibition and less toxicity with viability above 50%.

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Kurkumin merupakan pigmen kuning alami dari rimpang kunyit yang diduga memiliki aktivitas kemopreventif terhadap sel kanker melalui mekanisme jalur pensinyalan apoptosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan kurkumin terhadap kadar protein RASSF1A,  Bax, dan aktivitas kaspase-3 dalam menunjang  mekanisme apoptosis pada sel kanker payudara CSA03, MCF-7, dan MDA-MB-468.

Penelitian eksperimen in vitro dilakukan di laboratorium terpadu Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia Jakarta,  laboratorium terpadu Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas YARSI Jakarta, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, serta RS Islam Jakarta tahun 2016–2018. Pemberian kurkumin terhadap sel kanker didasarkan atas perbedaan dosis dan waktu pemberian. Uji sitotoksisitas  setelah pemberian kurkumin ditentukan secara MTS.   Kadar protein RASSF1A dan Bax diuji secara ELISA. Aktivitas kaspase-3 digunakan untuk mengetahui apoptosis diuji secara flowsitometri. Selanjutnya perubahan morfologi sel diamati melalui pewarnaan acridine orange/ethidium bromide.

Pemberian kurkumin terhadap sel-sel yang diuji menunjukkan konsentrasi IC₅₀ yaitu 40,85 µg/mL pada sel CSA03; 75,73 µg/mL pada sel MCF-7; dan 380,79 µg/mL pada sel MDA-MB-468. Pemberian kurkumin menunjang mekanisme apoptosis melalui jalur RASSF1A, Bax, dan aktivitas kaspase-3 pada sel kanker payudara.

 

Kata Kunci:  Apoptosis, Bax, CSA03, kaspase-3, kurkumin,  MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, pewarnaan ganda, RASSF1A

 

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Curcumin is a natural yellow pigment from turmeric rhizome which is thought to have a chemopreventive effect on cancer through the mechanism of apoptotic signaling pathways. This study aims to examine the correlation of curcumin with protein level of RASSF1A, Bax, and caspase-3 activities in conjunction with the mechanism of apoptosis in CSA03, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells.

In vitro experimental research was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Jakarta; RSUPN. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta; and Jakarta Islamic Hospital during 2016–2018. Curcumin was administered to the cancer cells in different doses and time. Cytotoxicity test after administration of curcumin was determined by MTS. The protein level of RASSF1A and Bax were measured by ELISA. Caspase-3 activity was used to determine apoptosis by flow cytometry. Furthermore, changes in cell morphology were observed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining.

The administration of curcumin to the cells showed IC50 concentrations of 40.85 µg/mL in CSA03 cells; 75.73 μg/mL in MCF-7 cells; and 380.79 µg/mL in MDA-MB-468 cells. The administration of curcumin supports the mechanism of apoptosis through the RASSF1A, Bax, and caspase-3 activity in breast cancer cells.

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"Latar Belakang: Kurkumin diketahui sebagai antiinflamasi, antioksidan, antiproliferatif, dan antiangiogenik, sehingga menjadi salah satu alternatif terapi diabetes tipe 2 dengan menghambat progresifitasnya. Dengan sediaan nanopartikel availibilitasnya semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat adanya efek nanokurkumin terhadap komplikasi diabetes melitus khususnya kardiomiopati yang dinilai dengan ekspresi mRNA B-type natriuretic peptide BNP pada jaringan jantung. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jaringan tersimpan dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Jaringan kemudian dibuat menjadi cDNA dari sintesis isolasi RNA jaringan jantung tikus. Diabetes tipe 2 pada tikus dibuat dengan menginjeksikan streptozotocin dan nicotinamide. Nanokurkumin diberikan dalam dosis 100mg/kgBB/hari selama 30 hari. Tingkat ekspresi mRNA BNP-45 diukur dengan qRT-PCR dan dihitung dengan metode Livak. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan ekspresi mRNA BNP-45 pada kelompok DM terhadap kelompok normal. Pemberian nanokurkumin sebanyak 100mg/KgBB selama 30 hari pada kelompok DM NK menghasilkan rasio ekspresi mRNA BNP-45 lebih rendah secara statistik terhadap kelompok DM. Kesimpulan: Nanokurkumin dapat menekan ekspresi mRNA BNP-45 pada jantung tikus yang diinduksi streptozotocin dan nicotinamide pada tingkat dosis 100mg/kgBB/hari selama 30 hari.

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Background: Curcumin is known as anti inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic. Therefore it is promising to become alternative treatment of type 2 diabetic by inhibiting its progressiveness. From previous study, it was reported that bioavailability of curcumin increases in form of nanoparticles. This study was conducted to see the effect of nanacurcumin on cardiomyopathy assessed by the expression of B type natriuretic peptide BNP mRNA in heart tissue.

Method: This experimental study used stored tissue from previous research. Then the tissue changed to cDNA from RNA isolation synthesis of rats heart tissue. The type 2 diabetic in rat was induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Nanocurcumin was given orally at the dose 100mg kgBW day for 30 days. The expression level of BNP 45 mRNA was measured by qRT PCR and calculated by the Livak method.

Result: There was an increased ratio of expression of BNP 45 mRNA in the DM group against the normal group. Nanocurcumin 100mg KgBB administered orally for 30 days in the DM NK group resulted in a statistically lower ration of BNP 45 mRNA expression than the DM Group.

Conclusion: Nanocurcumin may suppress expression of BNP 45 mRNA in the heart of rats induced streptozotocin and nicotinamide at a dose level of 100 mg kgBW day for 30 days."

"ABSTRACTCurcumin is an active ingredient obtained from the turmeric plant and has been reported to havemany biological activities as anti cancer, an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant although itsclinical use is limited because of its poor solubility in water and inadequate dissolution. Objective- The aimof this research is to prepare dry dispersible emulsion (DDE) of curcumin and to know its effect on enhancingthe dissolution rate of curcumin. Method-The dry dispersible emulsion was prepared byusing a high-speedhomogenization and ultrasonic technique. Caseinate sodium was used as the surfactant while virgin coconutoil was used as the lipid. Dispersion of the dry emulsion was then spray dried. Dry dispersible emulsionpowder was characterized and compared with standard curcumin. Result-The DSC test showed a significantdecrease in the melting point. Conclusion-The dissolution rate of curcumin can be significantly improvedwith a dry dispersible emulsion formulation. In formula A and formula C, the maximum dissolved curcuminincreased by 83.65%, 81.53% in formula B, and 79.12% in formula C"

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) adalah tanaman berkhasiat obat asli Indonesia dan merupakan tanaman obat unggulan untuk dikembangkan menjadi obat herbal terstandar. Pada beberapa penelitian, ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET) telah terbukti berkhasiat sebagai antimikroba, namun belum diketahui keamanannya terhadap jaringan mukosa mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET) terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva manusia (in vitro). Metoda: Model sel fibroblas gingiva diperoleh dari kultur primer jaringan gingiva manusia. Ekstrak etanol temulawak (1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) dipaparkan pada sel fibroblas gingiva dengan durasi paparan 1 jam, 3 jam, dan 24 jam. Viabilitas sel pasca paparan EET dianalisis dengan uji MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) dan sitotoksisitas ditetapkan berdasarkan Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50). Sedangkan, jumlah sel pasca paparan EET dievaluasi dengan metoda exclusion dye/trypan blue. Hasil: Model sel fibroblas gingiva dapat diperoleh dari kultur primer jaringan gingiva dan secara morfologi teridentifikasi sebagai sel fibroblas. Berdasarkan nilai IC50, EET pada konsentrasi >20% pasca paparan 1 dan 3 jam dan konsentrasi ≥10% pasca paparan 24 jam sitotoksik terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva. Jumlah sel fibroblas gingiva menurun sesuai dengan peningkatan konsentrasi pada durasi paparan 24 jam. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak memiliki efek sitotoksik terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva. Sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol temulawak dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan.

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Background: Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a herbal plant native to Indonesia and is a superior herbal plant to be developed into a standardized herbal medicine. In some studies, Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract (CXEE) had been reported to have antimicrobial effect. However, its safety has not been evaluated for oral mucosal tissue. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract to human primary gingival fibroblast cells (in vitro). Method: Gingival fibroblast cells model were cultured from human primary gingival tissues. CXEE (1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) was added into gingival fibroblast culture for 1 h, 3 hrs, and 24 hrs. Cells viability after treatment of EET was analized with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and determined by Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50). Meanwhile, cell density of treated cells was determined by exclusion dye/Trypan Blue. Result: Primary culture of human gingival tissue was able to produce gingival fibroblast cells model that was morphologically identified. Based on IC50, CXEE was cytotoxic againts gingival fibroblast cells at >20% of final concentration after 1 hr and 3 hrs treatment and at ≥10% of final concentration after 24 hrs treatment. Cell density of gingival fibroblast cells showed reduction as the increase of extract concentration in 24 hrs treatment. Conclusions: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract shows cytotoxic effect againts gingival fibroblast cells and is affected by concentration and duration of treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang mengandung zat aktif Xanthorrhizol merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang telah diketahui memiliki efek anti bakteri dan anti C. albicans. Ekstrak etanol temulawak mengandung turunan alkohol sehingga berpotensi menurunkan pH dan dapat memicu demineralisasi email. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sediaan obat tetes mikroemulsi dengan kandungan 15% ekstrak etanol temulawak.Tujuan: Menguji adverse effect (efek yang tidak diinginkan) dari paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap kekerasan mikro permukaan email gigi.Metode: 28 gigi premolar paska ekstraksi tanpa karies dan kerusakan struktural dipisahkan menjadi 4 kelompok yang akan direndam dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak , kelompok kontrol positif Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 dan Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 dan kelompok kontrol negatif Akuades. Paparan dilakukan selama 1 menit sesuai dengan kelompok bahan paparan, dibilas, lalu direndam selama 10 menit dalam akuades pada suhu 37oC yang dilakukan selama 42 siklus untuk simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan dilakukan 21 siklus tambahan untuk simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Pengukuran kekerasan mikro dilakukan dengan dengan menggunakan Shimadzu HMV-G – Micro Vickers Hardness Tester sebelum paparan, setelah simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan setelah simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Data dianalisis dengan Repeated ANOVA dan One-way ANOVA denganuji Post Hoc Tamehane T2.Hasil: Perendaman dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak selama 2 minggu dan 3 minggu menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan mikro yang berbeda bermakna dibandingkan nilai kekerasan mikro permukaan email awal (p<0,001). Pada simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu, rata-rata dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p 0.065). Kesimpulan: Penurunan kekerasan mikro permukaan email setelah paparan Obat tetes temulawak 3 kali 1 menit dalam sehari selama 3 minggu masih dalam batas aman

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Introduction: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a native plant to the Indonesian Archipelago containing the active compound – Xanthorrhizol. Xanthorrhizol and ethanolic extract of temulawak have previously been studied to have anti-C. albicans activities. Ethanolic extract of temulawak contains alcohol derivative which have a potential to lower pH level and trigger enamel demineralisation. This study uses an oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract to examine its characteristic stability and it’s safety towards enamel surface

Objective: This study is done to analyze the effect of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract exposure on enamel surface micro-hardness.

Method: 28 extracted premolars without caries or any other structural damages is used and grouped into different exposure groups, the of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract, Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 (LO), and Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 (LFB) as positive control, and Distilled water as negative control. Exposure is done for 1 minute following the exposure group, then for another 10 minutes in distilled water at temperature 37oC. The cycle is done 21 times for exposure simulation of 2 weeks use and 42 times for exposure simulation of 3-weeks use. Data obtained before exposure, after simulation of 2-weeks use, and 3-weeks used are statistically analyzed with Repeated ANOVA and One-way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tamehane T2.

Result: A decrease in enamel surface microhardness following exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract for 2 weeks and 3 weeks were found with significant difference compared to baseline number (p <0,001). After 3 weeks exposure, the mean deacreased of enamel surface hardness was not found significantly diffrenct than the negative control (p 0.065).

Conclusion: exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract 3 times a day, 1 minute long for 3 weeks of exposure was still within normal limit."

"Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) merupakantanaman obat Indonesia yang mengandung senyawa kurkuminoid dan xantorizol yang memiliki aktivitas biologis yang luas. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) merupakan pelarut hijau alternatif yang memiliki dampak minimal untuk lingkungan karena sifatnya yang biodegradable.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan menarik senyawa kurkuminoid dan xantorizol yang memiliki polaritas berbeda dengan pelarut NADES menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbasis utrasonik (UAE) yang dibandingkan dengan ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Setelah dilakukan pengujian terhadap 3 kombinasi NADES, kombinasi NADES terpilih diekstraksi dengan 3 variabel bebas hingga dicapai kondisi optimum menggunakan rancangan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Variabel bebas pada RSM yaitu penambahan air pada NADES (10, 20, 30%), waktu ekstraksi (10, 20, dan 30 menit), dan rasio pelarut terhadap serbuk (15, 20, 25 mL/g). Penetapan kadar kurkuminoid dan xantorizol dilakukan dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) dengan fase gerak 0,07% asam format–asetonitril (45:55 v/v) lalu dideteksi pada panjang gelombang 425 nm untuk kurkuminoid dan 275 nm untuk xantorizol. Dari hasil analisis, kondisi ekstraksi optimal dihasilkan dari kombinasi NADES kolin klorida-gliserol (1:1) pada variasi 8 dengan kondisi penambahan air pada NADES sebanyak 10%, waktu ekstraksi 20 menit, dan rasio pelarut terhadap sampel 25 mL/g. Kondisi tersebut menghasilkan kadar kurkuminoid sebesar 7,32 mg/g dan kadar xantorizol sebesar 2,01 mg/g. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, UAE-NADES lebih efektif dalam menarik senyawa kurkuminoid sebesar 7,32 mg/g dan maserasi-etanol lebih efektif dalam menarik senyawa xantorizol sebesar 12,61 mg/g. Kondisi optimum dipilih berdasar solusi RSM dengan kadar kurkuminoid sebesar 4,952 mg/g dan kadar xantorizol sebesar 0,694 mg/g.

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Javanese turmeric contains curcuminoid and xanthorrhizol that have wide range of biological activities. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) is an alternative green solvent that has minimal impact on the environment due to its biodegradable nature. This study aimed to evaluate the ability to extract curcuminoids and xantorizol that have different polaritieswith NADES using Ultrasound-Asissted Extraction (UAE) compared to conventional maceration extraction using ethanol. After testing 3 NADES combinations, the selected NADES was extracted with 3 independent variables until the optimum conditions were achieved using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design.The independent variables used were the addition of water to NADES (10, 20, 30%), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 minutes), and the ratio of solvent to powder (15, 20, 25 mL/g). The levels of curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol were determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a mobile phase of 0.07% formic acid–acetonitrile (45:55v/v) then detected at a wavelength of 425 nm for curcuminoids and 275 nm for xanthorrhizol. From the analysis results, the optimal extraction conditions resulted from the combination of NADES choline chloride-glycerol (1:1) at run 8 with the conditions of adding 10% of water to NADES, 20 minutes extraction time, and solvent to sample ratio 25 mL/g. This condition resulted in curcuminoid levels of 7.32 mg/g and xantorizol levels of 2.01 mg/g. Based on the results of the study, UAE-NADES was more effective in attracting curcuminoid of 7.32 mg/g and maceration-ethanol was more effective in attracting xanthorizolof 12.61 mg/g. The optimum conditions were selected based on the RSM solution, with curcuminoid levels of 4.952 mg/g and xanthorizol levels of 0.694 mg/g."