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"Pengembangan baterai listrik sebagai sumber energi utama untuk electricity-vehicle menjadi fokus utama dalam industri otomotif terkini. Salah satu dari sumber energi listrik yang paling banyak dikembangkan adalah baterai ion lithium. Komponen penting pada Baterai Ion-Lihium yakni katoda merupakan salah satu komponen yang banyak dilakukan pengembangan pada bidang industri, katoda yang paling banyak digunakan pada pengembangan industri baterai ion-lihium adalah LiCoO2 dan NMC 622. NMC material memiliki keuntungan dibandingkan LiCoO2 terutama dalam keseimbangan energy density, power capability, dan cost dari produk. Material NMC juga memiliki kesetimbangan termal yang lebih baik dibandingkan LiCoO2 sehinga lebih safety dalam proses sintesis material. Penelitian kali ini, menggunakan NMC 622 sebagai katoda utama dengan disintesis menggunakan metode solution combustion (SCS) dengan variasi suhu sintering. Metode solution combustion digunakan karena metode ini sederhana dalam pengunaannya, cost yang cenderung murah, dan proses sintesis tidak memakan waktu yang lama. Untuk mendapatkan data penelitian, mengenai performa terbaik pada hasil sisntesis dilakukan variasi suhu sintering pada 3 variasi suhu 700 oC, 800 oC, dan 900 oC. Hasil dari uji SEM-EDS menyatakan bahwa material memiliki distribusi partikel yang baik. Hasil XRD menunjukkan hasil struktur material yang berbentuk hexagonal. NMC 622 800 oC memiliki kapasitas 137.24787 mAh/g, NMC 622 700 oC sebesar 101.56644 mAh/g dan kapasitas NMC 622 900 oC sebesar 66.61218 mAh/g.

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The development of electric batteries as the main energy source for electricity-vehicles is a major focus in the current automotive industry. One of the most widely developed sources of electrical energy is the lithium-ion battery. An important component in the Ion-Lihium Battery, cathode is one of the components that is widely developed in the industrial field, the cathode that is most widely used in the development of the ion-lihium battery industry is LiCoO2 and NMC 622. NMC material has advantages over LiCoO2 especially in the balance of energy density, power capability, and cost of the product. NMC material also has a better thermal equilibrium than LiCoO2 so that it is more safety in the material synthesis process. This research uses NMC 622 as the main cathode by synthesizing it using the solution combustion (SCS) method with variations in sintering temperature. The solution combustion method is used because this method is simple in its use, the cost tends to be cheap, and the synthesis process does not take a long time. To obtain research data, regarding the best performance in the synthesis results, sintering temperature variations were carried out at 3 temperature variations of 700 oC, 800 oC, and 900 oC. The results of the SEM-EDS test state that the material has a good particle distribution. XRD results show the results of hexagonal material structure. NMC 622 800 oC has a capacity of 137.24787 mAh/g, NMC 622 700 oC of 101.56644 mAh/g and a capacity of NMC 622 900 oC of 66.61218 mAh/g."

"Telah dilakukan sintesis LiFePO4/C sebagai material katoda baterai lithium ion dengan menggunakan metode hidrotermal dari bahan LiOH, NH4H2PO4, FeSO4.7H2O, carbon black dan sukrosa. Proses hidrotermal dilakukan pada suhu reaktor 180⁰C dengan lama waktu penahanan 20 jam. Penambahan karbon dilakukan dengan 2 cara. Pertama menggunakan sukrosa sebagai sumber karbon yang dilarutkan bersama prekusor dan kedua menggunakan carbon black yang ditambahkan setelah proses hidrotermal sebelum proses kalsinasi. Temperatur kalsinasi divariasikan pada 500, 600 dan 750⁰C selama 5 jam. Proses dekomposisi termal dianalisis menggunakan DTA-TGA analyzer, karakterisasi fasa dilakukan dengan XRD, morfologi dengan SEM/EDX, nilai konduktifitas dan kapasitansi material dengan LCR-EIS, dan performa baterai dengan pengujian charge-discharge menggunakan baterai analyzer. Hasil LiFePO4/C yang murni berbentuk flake berhasil disintesis dengan penambahan carbon black 5 wt%, sedangkan untuk penambahan karbon melalui pelarutan sukrosa masih terdapat pengotor Fe3(PO4)2 pada hasil kalsinasi. Temperatur kalsinasi optimal adalah 750⁰C dengan ukuran kristalit 39,7 nm, tebal butiran flake 80 nm dan besar butiran rata-rata 427 nm. Konduktifitas LiFePO4 murni terukur 5 x 10-7 S/cm dan konduktifitas LiFePO4/C adalah 2,23 x 10-4 S/cm yang dihasilkan dari sampel dengan tambahan carbon black 5wt% kalsinasi 750⁰C. Dari pengujian charge/discharge didapatkan siklus terbaik dihasilkan oleh sampel LiFePO4/C yang dikalsinasi 750⁰C yang stabil dengan tegangan 3,3-3,4 V, kapasitas spesifik dihasilkan pada 0,1 C = 11,6 mAh/g ; 0,3C = 10,78 mAh./g dan 0,5 C = 9,45 mAh/g.

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LiFePO4/C has been succesfully synthesized through hydrothermal method from LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O as starting materials and either carbon black or sucrose as carbon source used as cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this work, hydrothermal reaction temperature was at 180C for 20 hours.Carbon sources were added in two routes. Firstly, sucrose solution was mixed with precursor solution before hydrothermal reaction. Secondly carbon black was added after hydrothermal reaction before calcination process. Calcination temperatures were performed at 500, 600, and 750C each for 5 hours. Thermal decomposition process was analyzed using DTA-TGA analyzer, phases and morphological were characterized by using XRD and SEM/EDX measurement, conductivity and electrical capacity were characterized by EIS measurement, and batteries performance were tested with charge discharge testing by battery analyzer. Pure LiFePO4/C flake shaped was successfully synthesized with the addition of 5 wt% carbon black, while the addition of carbon through the dissolution of sucrose still contained impurity from Fe3(PO4)2 in calcination product. Optimal calcination temperature was obtained at 750⁰C with crytallite size of 39.7 nm, flake particles diameter of 80 nm with particles average length of 427 nm. Pure LiFePO4 conductivity was measured to be 5 x 10-7 S/cm and conductivity LiFePO4/C was 2.23 x 10-4 S/cm produced from samples with carbon black addition of 5 wt% and calcined at 750⁰C. Charge/discharge cycles test showed that best battery performance was obtained from the sample with carbon black of 5wt% calcined at 750⁰C, with a stable voltage 3.3 to 3.4 V, specific capacity of 0.1 C = 11.6 mAh/g ; 0.3C = 10.78 mAh./g dan 0.5 C = 9.45 mAh/g."

"Baterai lithium-ion sebagai platform penyimpanan energi telah dikembangkan dalam 2 dekade terakhir dengan variasi komposisi elektroda. Baterai ini bisa dioptimalkan hingga 80% dari kemampuannya sebagai energy storage. Material anoda yang umum digunakan pada baterai lithium ion adalah grafit, memiliki struktur berlapis yang dapat memaksimalkan proses interkalasi ion lithium. Grafit berhasil disintesis dari green coke yang merupakan produk sampingan dari proses thermal cracking yang digunakan oleh perusahaan minyak bumi untuk mengubah residu bahan bakar minyak. Sintesis grafit (green coke) dilakukan dengan mencampurkan bahan green coke dengan Super P sebagai karbon konduktif, Polyivinylidine Fluoride (PVDF) sebagai pengikat (8: 1: 1), dan N-N Dimetyl Acetamid (DMAC) sebagai pelarut, kemudian digunakan sebagai lembaran anoda pada tahap pelapisan dengan cu-foil menggunakan doctor blade. Grafit (Sigma Aldrich) juga digunakan sebagai lembaran anoda sebagai pembanding. Anoda green coke dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM dan Raman. Kinerja elektrokimia dikarakterisasi menggunakan CV, GCD, dan EIS. Performa siklus anoda green coke dalam baterai Li-ion menghasilkan kapasitas discharge dan efisiensi coulombic masing-masing 202,59 mAh g-1 dan 79,77%. Anoda green coke menghasilkan efisiensi coulomb yang lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan anoda grafit (91,51%). Namun, kombinasi penggunaan limbah minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku dan kinerja elektrokimia yang baik akan membuat grafit (green coke) menjadi bahan yang menjanjikan untuk baterai dengan biaya rendah menghasilkan penyimpanan energi berskala besar.

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Lithium-ion battery as an energy storage platform has been developed in the last 2 decades with variations in electrodes composition. This battery could be optimized up to 80% of its ability in storing energy. Anode material that commonly used in lithium ion battery is graphite, having a layered structure that can maximize the intercalation process of lithium ions. Graphite has been successfully synthesized from green coke which is a by-product of thermal cracking process used by petroleum companies to change fuel oil residues. Green coke graphite synthesis was carried out by mixing green coke material with Super P as conductive carbon, Polyivinylidine Fluoride (PVDF) as binder (8:1:1), and N-N Dimetyl Acetamid (DMAC) as solvent, then used as anode sheet on coating stage with copper foil using doctor blade. Commercial graphite were also used as anode sheet as comparison. The green coke anode was characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS. Electrochemical performance was characterized using CV, GCD, and EIS. Cycling performance of green coke anode in Li-ion batteries produces reversible capacity and coulombic efficiency of 202.59 mAh g-1 and 79.77 %, respectively. Green coke anode produce lower coulombic efficiency when compared to graphite anode (91.51%). However, the combination of the use of petroleum waste as raw material and good electrochemical performance would make graphite green coke a promising material for a low cost battery for large scale energy storage."

"Masalah iklim yang ditimbulkan bahan bakar fosil membuat transisi ke sumber energi terbarukan semakin penting, salah satu bentuknya adalah penggunaan baterai Li-ion. Saat ini, kendaraan listrik menjadi pendorong terkuat untuk pengembangan baterai Li-ion, khususnya katoda LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) yang memiliki kandungan Kobalt lebih rendah dari LiCoO2 (LCO). Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan performa katoda NMC, terutama kapasitas spesifiknya adalah dengan pemilihan material pengikat. Saat ini, pengikat organik Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) telah umum digunakan sebagai pengikat. Akan tetapi, pengikat PVDF memiliki beberapa kekurangan, sehingga dilakukan penelitian menggunakan pengikat berbasis air, yaitu Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) dan Sodium Alginate (SA) sebagai pengganti alternatif. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan karakterisasi dengan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) untuk mengetahui karakteristik katoda, serta dilakukan pengujian performa elektrokimia baterai dengan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry(CV), dan Charge-Discharge (CD). Hasil yang didapat adalah baterai dengan kapasitas spesifik yang paling besar dimiliki oleh sampel yang menggunakan material pengikat PVDF, yaitu 137,25 mAh/g. Kapasitas spesifik sampel yang menggunakan material pengikat CMC-SBR dan SA masing-masing sebesar 40,75 mAh/g dan 12,38 mAh/g. Material pengikat berbasis air memberikan keuntungan dalam beberapa aspek, tetapi secara keseluruhan belum dapat menggantikan peran PVDF sebagai material pengikat katoda NMC 622.

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The climate problem caused by fossil fuels make a transition toward renewable energy sources more critical, one of the form of renewable energy is Li-ion battery. Currently, electric vehicles are the main drive for the development of Li-ion batteries, especially the LiNi0,6Mn0,2Co0,2O2 (NMC 622) cathode which has a lower Cobalt content than LiCoO2 (LCO). One of the effort to improve the performance of NMC cathode, especially the specific capacity, is by choosing a binder material. At the moment, Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) organic binder has been commonly used as a binder. However, PVDF binders have drawbacks, so current research was carried out using water-based binders, namely Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and Sodium Alginate (SA) as an alternative. In this study, characterization was done using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the characteristics of the cathode, as well as assess the electrochemical performance of the battery using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Charge-Discharge (CD). Based on the results, battery with the largest specific capacity was owned by the sample using PVDF, with specific capacity of 137,25 mAh/g. Whereas, samples using CMC-SBR and SA have specific capacity of 40,75 mAh/g and 12,38 mAh/g, respectively. Water-based binder materials provide advantages in several aspects, but overall they cannot yet replace the role of PVDF as a binder material for the NMC 622 cathode."

"Proses sintesis LiFePO 4/V/C dilakukan untuk membuat katoda baterai lithium ion. Sintesis diawali dengan membuat LiFePO4 melalui proses hidrotermal dengan bahan dasar LiOH, NH4H2PO4, dan FeSO4.7H2O. Setelah proses sintesis, LFP kemudian ditambahkan variasi vanadium dan karbon aktif sekam padi. Ketiga bahan dicampur menggunakan ball-miller kemudian dikarakterisasi analisis termal STA untuk menetukan temperatur sintering. Proses sintering dilakukan pada temperatur 850 C selama 4 jam. Hasil sintering kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan difraksi sinar-X XRD dan morfologi permukaan dianalisa dengan menggunakan mikroskop elektron SEM. Hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan terbentuknya fasa LiFePO4/V/C. Hasil SEM menunjukkan perbedaan morfologi penambahan vanadium dan karbon aktif. Proses pembuatan baterai dilakukan dengan bahan-bahan hasil sintesis. Pengujian konduktifitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan EIS. Hasil EIS menunjukkan bahwa dengan penambahan karbon aktif sekam padi memiliki konduktifitas yang lebih besar dibandingkan karbon gula dan carbon black. Hasilnya yaitu karbon aktif sekam padi dapat digunakan sebagai pelapis karbon pada katoda baterai lithium ion.

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Use of carbon pyrolized from rice husk in the synthesis of LiFePO4 V C used as lithoum ion battery cathode has been carried out. The synthesis was begun by syntesizing LiFePO4 LFP via hydrothermal route using the precursors of LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O. The as synthesized LFP was then added with variations of vanadium and a fix composition of activated carbon using rice husk as the resource of the carbon. These three ingredients were mixed using a ball miller and was characterized using thermal analyzer to determine the transition temperature from which temperature 850 C was obtained. The LiFePO4 V C was characterized using X ray diffraction XRD whereas the surface morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscope SEM equipped with energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDX.

XRD results show that the LiFePO4 V C has been formed, whereas SEM results showed a difference in morphology of vanadium and activated carbon addition. The battery were prepared from the as synthesized materials and was tested using electrical impendance spectroscopy EIS. EIS results showed that the materials with addition of activated carbon from the rice husk has greater conductivity than that of pure LFP. This prove that the activated carbon from the rice husk can be used as a cheap carbon resource for developing lithium ion battery cathode."

"Salah satu anoda yang dewasa ini banyak dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan performa baterai ion litium adalah anoda litium titanat (Li4Ti5O12). Anoda litium titanat memiliki kelebihan dalam aspek kestabilan termal dan karakteristik zero strain. Kekurangan dari material ini, yaitu konduktivitas listrik dan kapasitas yang rendah. Pada penelitian ini akan diobservasi perubahan karakteristik dari material anoda litium titanat yang dibuat menjadi komposit dengan grafit dan doping Fe dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,1, dan 5 mol%. Sintesis dilakukan dengan metode solid state dan hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD dan SEM, kemudian difabrikasi menjadi koin sel untuk dilakukan pengujian performa dengan EIS, CV, dan CD.

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One of many anodes currently being developed to increase the capacity and performance of lithium ion batteries is lithium titanate anode (Li4Ti5O12). The lithium titanate anode has advantages in its thermal stability and zero strain characteristic. The main disadvantages of this material are the low electrical conductivity and capacity. This research will be observing the characteristic changes of the lithium titanate material made into composites with graphite (5 wt%) and iron (Fe) doping with concentrations of 0,1, and 5 mol%. The synthesis was carried out by solid state method and the synthesized material was characterized using XRD and SEM, then fabricated into cell coins for performance testing with EIS, CV, and CD."

"Senyawa Li4Ti5O12 merupakan senyawa yang memiliki potensial sebagai material anoda namun memiliki beberapa kekurangan. Kekurangan dari LTO adalah memiliki konduktivias yang rendah dan kapasitas teoritis yang lebih rendah dari grafit yang dipakai sebagai material anoda pada baterai lithium ion. Pada penelitian ini mixing element yang diberikan pada LTO adakah karbon aktif dan SnO2 untuk menutupi kekurangan dari LTO. Jumlah karbon aktif yang diberikan adalah sebanyak 1, 3 dan 5. Persen SnO2 yang ditambahkan adalah 10. Senyawa SnO2 ditambahkan pada komposit LTO/C menggunakan metode deposisi in-situ. Dengan metode deposisi in-situ senyawa SnO2 yang diperoleh memiliki ukuran partikel yang kecil dan tersebar secara merata. Li4Ti5O12 disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel, hidrothermal dan mekanokimia dengan menggunakan LiOH sebagai sumber ion lithium. Karakterisasi yang digunakan adalah XRD dan SEM-EDX. Untuk pengujian performa baterai dilakukan pengujian EIS, CV dan CD untuk mengetahui efek dari penambahan karbon aktif dan SnO2 pada performa elektrokimia. Hasil pengujian XRD menunjukkan partikel SnO2 telah terbentuk dan tanpa pengotor. Hasil pengujian SEM menunjukkan partikel SnO2 yang terbentuk memiliki ukuran partikel yang kecil dan tersebar merata begitu pula dengan partikel karbon aktif tersebar secara merata. hasil pengujian CV menunjukkan bahwa penambahan karbon aktif meningkatkan kapasitas spesifik LTO. Hasil pengujian CD menunjukkan dengan penambahan karbon aktif, capacity loss pada c-rate tinggi dapat dikurangi.

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Li4Ti5O12 is one of the compound which has potential as anode material on lithium ion battery but with certain limitation. The limitation of Li4Ti5O12 are it hasa low conductivity and low theoritical capacity compared to graphite which is anode material of state of the art litihum ion battery.

In this research mixing element given to LTO are activated carbon and SnO2 to decrease LTO limitation. Activated carbon as mixing element added in LTO are 1, 3 and 5. SnO2 added to LTO are 10. SnO2 added to LTO composite with in situ deposition method.

Using in situ deposition method, SnO2 particle acquired from deposition has small particle size and distribute evenly. Li4Ti5O12 synthetized with sol gel method, hydrotermal method and mechano chemical method using LiOH as ionic Li source. The sample was characterized with XRD and SEM EDX. For battery performance, EIS, CV and CD testing was conducted to determine the effect of addition activated carbon and SnO2 on electrochemical performance.

Based on XRD result, SnO2 particle is formed with no residue from previous reaction. Based on SEM EDS result, SnO2 particle has small size and distribute evenly same with active carbon. The result from CV testing show with addition of activated carbon increase specific capacity of LTO. The result from CD tewting show with addition of activated carbon, capacity loss on high c rate can be reduced."

"Jenis baterai yang banyak dipakai saat ini, yaitu baterai ion litium. LTO merupakan material anoda yang menjanjikan karena memiliki siklus yang stabil, kapabilitas tinggi, dan aman dengan elektrolit konvensional. Alasan lain yang menjadikan LTO sebagai material yang menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai baterai ion litium yaitu karena memiliki sifat interkalasi dan deinterkalasi ion litium yang baik dan juga mobilitas ion litium yang luar biasa. Untuk meningkatkan kembali performa dari LTO demi memenuhi kebutuhan media penyimpan energi yang tinggi maka pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan doping pada LTO dengan co-doping Mg dan Mn dengan penambahan cerasperse sebagai zat pendispersi pada saat sintesis material aktif. Dispersan cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) bisa digunakan untuk mendispersikan partikel dan juga menghindari terjadinya agregasi. Dispersan memiliki peran positif terhadap penyebaran material aktif pada elektroda. Ketika penyebaran material aktif merata maka akan meningkatkan performa dari baterai. Metode untuk pencampuran prekursor sintesis awal dilakukan dengan metode solid-state dan dibantu dengan proses sonikasi. Variasi pada penambahan cerasperse yaitu sebesar 0%, 2,5%, 5%, dan 7,5%. Dari hasil pengujian SEM EDS menunjukkan bahwa penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% bisa mengurangi terjadinya aglomerasi dan meningkatkan persebaran partikel pada serbuk LTO/MgMn. Pada penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% juga terjadi peningkatan konduktifitas dari baterai berdasarkan pengujian EIS tetapi kapasitas spesifik yang dihasilkan buruk berdasarkan pengujian CV dan CD.

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The lithium ion battery is the sort of battery that is most frequently used nowadays. LTO is a guaranteed anode material because it has a stable cycle, high capability, and is safe with conventional electrolytes. Another reason that makes LTO a promising material for use in lithium ion batteries is that it has good lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation properties as well as the outstanding mobility of lithium ions. To improve the performance of LTO in order to meet the need for high energy storage media, in this study, LTO was doped with Mg and Mn co-doping with the addition of cerasperse as a dispersing agent during the synthesis of active materials. Dispersants like Cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) can be employed to spread particles out while also preventing agglomeration. Dispersants have a positive role in the dispersion of the active matter on the electrodes. When the active material is evenly distributed, it will improve the performance of the battery. The method for mixing the precursors of the initial synthesis was carried out by the solid-state method and assisted by the sonication process. Variations in the addition of cerasperse are 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. From the results of the SEM EDS test, it was shown that the addition of 7.5% cerasperse could reduce the occurrence of agglomeration and increase the distribution of particles in LTO/MgMn powder. According to EIS tests, the battery's conductivity increased at a cerasperse addition of 7.5 %, however the specific capacity produced was poor based on chargedischarge."

"[Telah dilakukan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 dengan metode penambahan material logam nano Cu dan CNTs. Metode ini menjadi pilihan yang menarik karena mudah dan murah dalam proses pembuatannya. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur serbuk LiFePO4 (komersil) dengan variasi presentase berat nano tembaga (komersil) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % dan 5 wt. % nano karbon (komersil)kemudian di proses vacuum mixing dan film applicator. Pengujian XRD, SEM dan EDX dilakukan pada serbuk yang diterima untuk mengkonfirmasi fasa, ukuran butir serta ada tidaknya impurities. Hasil XRD dan EDX pada serbuk nano Cu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi oksidasi dan terbentuk menjadi CuO dan Cu2O, serta ditemukanadanya impurities elemen S sebesar 8.5 wt. %. Komposisi fasa yang dihasilkan dari proses penambahan didapat dari menganalisis pola difraksi XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalahLiFePO4 namun ditemukan adanya impurities berupa Cu4O3 pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, dan 10 wt. % PVDF. Konduktivitas listrik diuji material katoda LiFePO4 dengan EIS, dan hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 meningkat seiiring dengan penambahan nano Cu namun tidak terlalu signifikan (dalam satu orde), hal ini dikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu.Pada variasi penambahan nano C dan nano Cu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 3 orde dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 8.4 x 10-5 S/cm pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C. Penambahan nano karbon pada LiFePO4 lebih efektif dalam peningkatan konduktivitas dibandingkan dengan penambahan nano Cudikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu yang tidak dapat dihindari. Morfologi material katoda dan distribusi nano Cu dan nano karbon dianalisis menggunakan SEM/EDX, menunjukkan material yang dicampur pada variasi penambahan nano Cu cukup homogen, struktur butir spherical, sedangkan pada variasi penambahan nano Cu dannano karbon struktur butir polyhedral dengan ukuran butir berada pada rentang 100- 500 nm. Struktur butir ini mempengaruhi hasil cole plot dimana pada variasi penambahan Cu terbentuk semicircle sedangkan pada penambahan nano C tidak;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding Cu Nano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive option because it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentage by weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs (commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD, SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and the presence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powder showed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discovered the existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzing the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found any impurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode material was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on the same order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano C and Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The addition of CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode material morphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX, showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous, spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTs structures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects the grain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formed semicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not., Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.]"

"ABSTRAKEnergi terbarukan berpotensi tidak hanya dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan tetapi juga dapat mengurangi biaya operasional dalam menggunakannya. Umumnya, penggunaan energi khususnya energi listrik terbarukan memerlukan piranti penyimpanan yang dapat menyimpan energi tersebut dalam kurun waktu tertentu, terlebih lagi dapat digunakan kapan saja bahkan dalam krisis pun, yang dikenal sebagai baterai. Lithium-ion merupakan jenis baterai yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai energy storage. Sekalipun Lithium-ion memiliki kelebihan tertentu, saat ini diperlukanya tempat penyimpanan energi yang memiliki karakteristik energi dan daya densitas yang tinggi dimana hal tersebut dapat dipenuhi oleh sebuah hibrid kapasitor seperti kapasitor lithium-ion (KLI). Ketergantungan nilai kapasitansi dari sebuah kapasitor lithium-ion terdapat pada luasan permukaan elektroda sehingga penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh perbandingan massa pada tahapan aktivasi terhadap luaran karbon aktif yang terbuat dari eceng gondok. Eceng gondok diolah dari bahan mentah menjadi bahan karbon aktif dengan menggunakan aktivasi KOH dimana dilakukan variasi perbandingan berat karbon terhadap berat aktivator KOH. berdasarkan hasil pengujian BET, luas permukaan karbon aktif eceng gondok mencapai 791,8 m²/g dan juga berdasarkan pengujian elektrokimia Cyclic Voltammetry dan Galvanostatic Charge-discharge, kapasitansi spesifik dan energi spesifik dari KLI yang dibuat memberikan hasil sebesar 1,121 F/g dan 4,484 Wh/kg.

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ABSTRACT

Renewable energy has the potential to not only reduce environmental pollution but also reduce operational costs in using it. Generally, energy use, especially renewable electricity, requires storage devices that can store that energy in a certain period of time, moreover it can be used at any time even in a crisis, known as a battery. Lithium-ion is the type of battery that is most widely used as energy storage. Even though Lithium-ion has certain advantages, it currently requires energy storage that has high energy and density characteristics where it can be fulfilled by a hybrid capacitor such as a lithium-ion capacitor (KLI). The dependence of the capacitance value of a lithium-ion capacitor is on the electrode surface area so that this study studies the effect of mass comparison on the activation stage of the activated carbon output made from water hyacinth. Water hyacinth is processed from raw materials into activated carbon by using KOH activation where variations in the weight of carbon against the weight of KOH activator are carried out. Based on the results of the BET test, the surface area of ​​water hyacinth activated carbon reached 791,8 m²/g and also based on the electrochemical testing of Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Charge-discharge, the specific capacitance and specific energy from KLI produced yielded 1,121 F/g and 4,484 Wh/kg."