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"Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan kolagen dan hidroksiapatit untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dari limbah pengolahan ikan. Kolagen diekstraksi dari kulit salmon norway (Salmon salar) meggunakan metode Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) sementara hidroksiapatit disintesis dari tulang ikan tuna dengan menggunakan metode kalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C. Material dievaluasi untuk sifat fisika-kimia, kolagen dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dan scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki morfologi dalam bentuk lembaran dengan yield 0,8%. Persentase karbon yang didapatkan dari kolagen yang diekstraksi adalah 47% dan termasuk dalam kelas standar, sementara persentase karbon/nitrogen yaitu 2,63% yang sedikit lebih rendah dari standar. Hidroksiapatit yang telah disintesis dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh setelah proses kalsinasi menunjukkan struktur yang serupa yaitu kristal bubuk. HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C tidak memiliki pita sesempit HAp standar, namun lebih sempit daripada HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C. Rasio atom Ca/P HAp 600°C dan 800°C yaitu 2,15 dan 2,01 secara berurutan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kolagen dari kulit salmon dan hidroksiapatit dari tulang tuna memiliki kualitas baik dan aplikasi luas dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.

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In this research, collagen and hydroxyapatite were developed for bone tissue engineering from fish processing waste. Collagen was extracted from the skin of Norwegian salmon (Salmon salar) using the Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) method, while hydroxyapatite was synthesized from tuna bones using the calcination method at 600°C and 800°C. Materials were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, collagen was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The synthesized hydroxyapatite was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Extracted collagen have a sheet looking morphology with yield of 0.8%. The percentage of carbon obtained from extracted collagen is 47%, while the percentage of carbon/nitrogen is 2.63% which is slightly lower than the standard. The hydroxyapatite obtained after the calcination process shows a similar structure which is powder crystals. HAp calcined at 600°C and 800°C did not have a band as narrow as standard HAp, although HAp calcined at 800°C had narrower bands than HAp calcined at 600°C. The atomic ratios of Ca/P HAp at 600°C and 800°C are 2.15 and 2.01 respectively. The research findings indicate that collagen from salmon skin and hydroxyapatite from tuna bones are expected to have broad applications in bone tissue engineering."

"Gangguan dan penyakit tulang merupakan hal yang mengkhawatirkan karena prevalensinya yang meningkat. Rekayasa jaringan tulang dengan pengembangan struktur melalui kombinasi perancah, sel, dan/atau faktor biologis merupakan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk regenerasi tulang. Kolagen dan hidroksiapatit termasuk bahan perancah yang paling umum digunakan untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dan dapat diekstraksi dari sumber alam. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar dan produsen ikan terbesar kedua di dunia, memiliki sumber daya laut yang melimpah. Perikanan tuna yang termasuk paling besar dan paling produktif di dunia menghasilkan produk sampingan dengan jumlah yang besar. Pada penelitian ini, kolagen dan hidroksiapatit diekstraksi dari produk sampingan tuna, yaitu tulang kerangka dan kepala, menggunakan ekstraksi pelarutan asam untuk kolagen dan kalsinasi untuk hidroksiapatit. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, dan SEM-EDX, sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX, dan XRD. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi, kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki puncak absorbansi di 225 nm, memiliki struktur heliks rangkap tiga, struktur mikro lembaran berlapis, berpori, dan sedikit berkerut. Sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi memiliki ukuran dan bentuk partikel bervariasi dengan ukuran kristal 16,64 nm, 15,62 nm, 16,63 nm, 4,39 nm, crystallinity index 0,643, 0,572, 0,613, 0,027, dan nilai Ca/P 1,753±0,052, 1,806±0,074, 1,792±0,021, 1,935±0,091 masing-masing untuk sampel kalsinasi 1, sampel kalsinasi 2, sampel kalsinasi 3, dan sampel ultrasonikasi. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dapat dikembangkan sebagai bahan perancah tulang karena memliki struktur berpori yang dibutuhkan untuk penetrasi sel, nutrisi dan transfer limbah, serta angiogenesis; sedangkan hidroksiapatit sampel kalsinasi 1 memiliki nilai rasio Ca/P (1,753±0,052) yang paling mendekati rasio Ca/P pada tulang manusia (1,67). Ekstraksi kolagen dan hidroksiapatit ini diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan produk sampingan sumber daya laut dan dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang untuk mengatasi gangguan dan penyakit tulang.

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Bone disorders and diseases are a matter of concern because of their increasing prevalence. Bone tissue engineering with structural development through a combination of scaffolds, cells, and/or biological factors is a promising solution for bone regeneration. Collagen and hydroxyapatite are among the most commonly used scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and can be extracted from natural sources. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country and the second-largest fish producer in the world, has abundant marine resources. Tuna fisheries, which are among the largest and most productive in the world, produce large amounts of by-products. In this study, collagen and hydroxyapatite were extracted from tuna by-products, including skeleton and head, using acid solubilization extraction for collagen and calcination for hydroxyapatite. The extracted collagen was then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, while the extracted hydroxyapatite was characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD. Based on the characterization results, the extracted collagen has an absorbance peak at 225 nm, has a triple-helix structure, a layered sheet microstructure, is porous, and is slightly wrinkled. While the extracted hydroxyapatite has various particle sizes and shapes with crystal sizes of 16.64 nm, 15.62 nm, 16.63 nm, 4.39 nm, crystallinity index 0.643, 0.572, 0.613, 0.027, and Ca/P values were 1.753±0.052, 1.806±0.074, 1.792±0.021, 1.935±0.091 for the calcined sample 1, calcined sample 2, calcined sample 3, and ultrasonicated sample, respectively. Extracted collagen can be developed as a bone scaffold material because it has a porous structure required for cell penetration, nutrition and waste transfer, and angiogenesis; while the hydroxyapatite of calcined sample 1 has a Ca/P ratio value (1.753±0.052) which is closest to the Ca/P ratio in human bone (1.67). The extraction of collagen and hydroxyapatite is expected to be able to utilize marine by-products and can be used as bone scaffold material to treat bone disorders and diseases."

"Tulang adalah jaringan ikat dan merupakan bagian tubuh paling penting. Cacat tulang akibat trauma dan penyakit tulang menjadi salah satu masalah yang signifikan saat ini. Osteoarthritis (OA) adalah salah satu penyakit tulang rawan dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Rekayasa jaringan tulang menjadi pengobatan alternatif dengan kombinasi sel, perancah, dan faktor sinyal. Perancah tulang harus memiliki sifat mekanik yang serupa dengan tulang, biokompatibilitas, dan biodegradabilitas yang baik. Pemilihan material yang tepat sangat penting dalam pembuatan perancah tulang karena biomaterial memiliki peranan penting dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang. Biomaterial seperti logam, polimer natural, polimer sintetis, keramik, dan kompositnya telah banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi biomedis. Kolagen tipe I merupakan salah satu biomaterial yang sering digunakan untuk perancah tulang. Pada penelitian ini, kolagen diekstrak dari ikan king kobia menggunakan metode deep eutectic solvent (DES). Kolagen tipe I hasil ekstraksi dengan metode DES memiliki yield sebesar 20.318%. Kolagen dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM dan FTIR. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi digunakan dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang dengan campuran alginat dan PVA. Perancah Kol/Alg/PVA dikarakterisasi dengan pengujian SEM, FTIR, uji tekan, porositas, laju degradasi, dan swelling. Perancah Kol/Alg/PVA memiliki porositas sebesar 29,98% dan memiliki laju degradasi yang bagus. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa perancah dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi perancah tulang.

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Bones are connective tissue and are the most important part of the body. Bone deformities due to trauma and bone disease are a significant problem today. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a cartilage disease with a prevalence that continues to increase every year. Bone tissue engineering is an alternative treatment with a combination of cells, scaffolds and signaling factors. Bone scaffolds must have mechanical properties similar to bone, good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Selection of the right material is very important in the manufacture of bone scaffolds because biomaterials play an important role in bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials such as metals, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, ceramics and their composites have been widely used in biomedical applications. Type I collagen is one of the most frequently used biomaterials for bone scaffolding. In this study, collagen was extracted from king kobia fish using the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method. Type I collagen extracted using the DES method has a yield of 20.318%. Collagen was characterized using SEM and FTIR. Extracted collagen can be used as a bone scaffolding material with a mixture of alginate and PVA. Col/Alg/PVA scaffolds were characterized by SEM, FTIR, compression test, porosity, degradation rate, and swelling. The Col/Alg/PVA scaffold had a porosity of 29.98% and had a good degradation rate. The characterization results show that the scaffold can be used for bone scaffold applications."

"Ikan tongkol lurik Euthynnus affinis, (Scombridae) merupakan ikan besar yang banyak tertangkap di perairan Laut Jawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi sebaran ukuran ikan tongkol, panjang pertama kali tertangkap, hubungan panjang-berat, pola pertumbuhan, kebiasaan makanan, nisbah kelamin, Tingkat Kematangan Gonad (TKG), Indeks Kematangan Gonad, fekunditas dan diameter telur ikan tongkol yang didaratkan di PPI Labuan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Mei, Juni, dan September 2012.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebaran frekuensi panjang cagak ikan tongkol yang ditangkap berkisar 38-69 cm ( x = 50 cm). Ukuran pertama kali tertangkap 47,8 cm dengan panjang cagak ikan yang paling banyak tertangkap berkisar 49-51 cm. Hubungan panjang-berat ikan tongkol bersifat allometrik negatif. Ikan tongkol memakan ikan pelagis kecil, cumi dan teri. Nisbah kelamin antara ikan jantan : betina (1:1,4). Tingkat Kematangan Gonad ikan termasuk TKG III dan IV hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan dalam masa pemijahan. Indeks Kematangan Gonad rata-rata adalah 4,55%. Faktor kondisi berkisar antara 1,38-2,22. Fekunditas telur berkisar antara 852.000 - 2.056.609 butir dengan rata-rata 1.352.382 butir. Sedangkan diameter telur berkisar 1,28 - 1,8 mm.

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Eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis (Scombridae) is a pelagic fish which caught excessively in the Java Sea waters. The objective of this research is to determine the composition of these tuna size distribution, lenght at first capture, length-weight relationship, growth pattern, food content, sex ratio, gonad maturity level, gonado stomatic index, fecundity and eggs with diameter of their kind of fish caught and landed in PPP Labuan. Sampling was conducted in May, June and September 2012.The results showed that the frequency distribution of fork lenght caught ranged 38-69 cm (x =50 cm). Size of lenght at first capture is 47.8 cm and most of them ranging from 49-51 cm. Length-weight relationship is allometric negative. The food of this fish species are small pelagic fish, squid and anchovies. Sex ratio the male: female (1:1.4). Gonad maturity level of fish at TKG III and IV indicating that the fishes are in the spawning seasons. Gonad Maturity Index is 4.55%. The condition factor ranged from 1.38 to 2.22. Fecundity ranged from 852,000 - 2,056,609 eggs (average 1,352,382 eggs). While the eggs diameter ranged from 1.28 to 1.8 mm."

"Indonesia merupakan salah satu pemeran utama dalam industri tuna di dunia dengan rata rata output sebesar 289 metrik ton per tahun. Salah satu efek yang disebabkan besarnya output tuna di indonesia adalah jumlah limbah tulang tuna yang dihasilkan. Limbah yang dihasilkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku utama ekstraksi kolagen. Kolagen merupakan bahan biopolymer yang memiliki banyak aplikasi dalam kehidupan sehari hari serta bidang biomedis. Beberapa penelitian telah melakukan ekstraksi kolagen pada skala lab. Penelitian ini akan membuat simulasi ekstraksi kolagen dengan metode ASC dari limbah tuna pada skala industri. Untuk membuat simulasi tersebut aplikasi utama yang digunakan adalah SuperPro Designer. Simulasi dijalankan menggunakan 4 masukan yaitu 50kg, 100kg, 500kg dan 1000kg. hasil dari simulasi menunjukkan bahwa variasi 1000kg merupakan yang terbaik scara keekonomian dengan dengan nilai NPV, IRR, dan PBP berturut-turut sebesar USD 3,848,000, 35,55%, 46,36%. Analisis secara keekonomian juga menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas produksi harus dimaksimalkan, namun jumlah limbah tuna yang tersedia menjadi hambatan hal tersebut. Terlebih, metode yang lebih optimal perlu dikaji lagi untuk memaksimalkan output kolagen

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Indonesia is one of the main players in the tuna industry in the world with an average output of 289 metric tons per year. One of the effects caused by the large output of tuna in Indonesia is the amount of tuna bone waste produced. The resulting waste can be used as the main raw material for collagen extraction. Collagen is a biopolymer material that has many applications in everyday life and biomedical fields. Several studies have carried out collagen extraction on a lab scale. This research will simulate the extraction of collagen using the ASC method from tuna waste on an industrial scale. To make the simulation, the main application used is SuperPro Designer. The simulation is run using 4 inputs, namely 50kg, 100kg, 500kg and 1000kg. the results of the simulation show that the 1000kg variation is the best economically with the NPV, IRR, and PBP values ​​of USD 3,848,000, 35.55%, 46.36%, respectively. Economic analysis also shows that production capacity must be maximized, however the amount of tuna waste available is an obstacle to this. Moreover, more optimal methods need to be studied again to maximize collagen output"

"Sebagai pembentuk struktur tubuh, tulang dapat mengalami kerusakan yang disebabkan kecelakaan atau faktor usia. Oleh sebab itu, studi serta penelitian tentang material pengganti tulang telah banyak dilakukan, salah satunya biokomposit Hidroksiapatit/Kolagen. Sebelum melakukan implantasi pada tulang manusia, prosedur awal untuk memastikan material implan memiliki sifat biokompatibel, biaoktivitas, dan osteokonduktif adalah menggunakan model hewan sebagai percobaan implantasi tulang (Studi In-Vivo) setelah memastikan bahwa biomaterial tidak toksik. Model hewan yang dipilih adalah hewan yang memiliki kesamaan karakter tulang dengan tulang manusia, seperti kelinci New Zealand. Preparasi studi in-vivo dilakukan dengan mengkarakterisasi tulang kelinci dan material implan Hidroksiapatit-Kolagen menggunakan mikroskop optik digital yang kemudian dianalisa menggunakan ImageJ untuk mengetahui karakteristik profil histogram. Dari 4 sampel tulang kelinci yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu tulang tibia, tulang femur, tulang ilium, dan tulang dada, yang telah dikarakterisasi menggunakan mikroskop optik, pada tulang femur dan tibia diketahui memiliki karakter persebaran pori yang sama, yaitu persebaran pori akan meningkat saat mendekati sumsum tulang dan pada daerah trabekular tulang yang disebut daerah spongy bone. Pada tulang ilium persebaran pori akan meningkat saat mendekati permukaan. Sedangkan pada tulang dada, tulang dipenuhi oleh pori dengan ukuran besar, hanya sedikit bagian tulang yang memiliki persebaran pori rendah. Hal ini menandakan bahwa struktur tulang dada lebih rapuh dibandingkan 3 sampel tulang yang lainnya. Berdasarkan profil histogram yang didapatkan, intensitas keabuan pellet memiliki kecocokan nilai intensitas keabuan dengan tulang tibia.

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As forming the structure of the body, bones can be damaged due to accidents or age factors. Therefore, many studies and research on bone replacement materials have been carried out, one of which is Hydroxyapatite-Collagen biocomposite. Prior to direct implantation of human bone, the initial procedure to ensure the implant material has biocompatible, bioactivity and osteoconductive properties is to use animal models as bone implantation experiments In-Vivo Studies after confirming that the biomaterial is non-toxic. The animal model chosen is an animal that has similar bone characteristics to human bones, such as the New Zealand rabbit. In-vivo study preparation was carried out by characterizing rabbit bone and Hydroxyapatite-Collagen implant material using a digital optical microscope which was then analyzed using ImageJ to determine the characteristics of the histogram profile. Of the 4 rabbit bone samples used in this study, namely the tibia bone, femur bone, ilium bone, and breastbone, which have been characterized 2 using an optical microscope, the femur and tibia bones are known to have the same pore distribution character, the pore distribution will increase as it approaches the bone marrow and in the trabecular area of the bone called the spongy bone area. In the ilium bone, the pore distribution will increase as it approaches the surface. Whereas in the sternum, the bone is filled with large pores, only a few parts of the bone have a low pore distribution. This indicates that the breastbone structure is more fragile than the other 3 bone samples. From the histogram profile obtained, based on the gray intensity, the pellet has a match with the gray intensity value with the tibia bone."

"[Penelusuran kolagen dari lapisan dalam rempela ayam kampung dan ayam negri diidentifikasi dengan cara tanpa perendaman dan dengan perendaman basa NaOH. Sifat fisiokimia kolagen dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) dan Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Keberadaan kolagen dari sampel tanpa perendaman diketahui dari gugus fungsi molekul khas yang menyerap radiasi infra merah pada bilangan gelombang tertentu. Pada sampel dengan perendaman basa NaOH, memperlihatkan hilangnya gugus amida pada beberapa daerah jangkauan bilangan gelombang. Selain itu, perendaman juga mengurangi semua komponen kolagen dalam sampel. Kolagen yang berasal dari lapisan dalam rempela ayam merupakan kolagen tipe I dari hasil pemeriksaan bobot unit molekul sampel dengan uji SDS PAGE. Bentuk morfologi dari kolagen ini adalah berbentuk serat kecil dengan partikel-partikel kecil yang teramati menutup serat pada perbesaran kecil. Sementara kandungan atom penyusunnya merupakan susunan umum atom yang terdapat pada protein yaitu karbon, oksigen, fosfor dan sulfur dengan sedikit unsur pengotor.

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The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.;The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities., The collagen resulted from inner layer of free-range chicken and broiler chicken gizzard were identified by means of submersion with NaOH base and without submersion. The physiochemical of collagen were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) andSodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The presence of collagens in sample without submersion were observed from typical molecular functional group absorbing infrared radiation at a particular wave number. Futhermore, in the sample with NaOH base submersion demonstrated that the loss of amide groups in some range areas of wave number. In addition, the submersion bring about decreating all component of collagen in sample as well. The collagens derived from inner layer of gizzard chicken were type I of collagen resulted from examination the sample unit weight with SDS PAGE. The morphology of collagens were a small fibers with small particles covered fibers in small magnification. The content of the contituent atoms were general arrangement of atoms in the protein such as oxygen, phospor and sulphur with slight impurities.]"

"ABSTRAKBiji lengkeng (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) memiliki kandungan polifenol yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan efek penghambatan tirosinase. Fitosom adalah nanovesikel lipid yaitu suatu sistem pembawa obat terutama ekstrak tumbuhan yang dapat meningkatkan absorpsi obat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memformulasi sediaan serum yang mengandung fitosom ekstrak biji lengkeng menggunakan koproses kasein-kolagen sebagai eksipien. Digunakan koproses kasein dengan kolagen karena kolagen memiliki manfaat dalam menjaga elastisitas kulit. Metode peredaman DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-pikril hidrazil) digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai efficient concentration (EC50) ekstrak biji lengkeng dan uji penghambatan tirosinase dilakukan berdasarkan pengukuran dopakrom untuk memperoleh nilai inhibition concentaration (IC50). Efisiensi penjerapan fitosom dihitung berdasarkan penetapan kadar fenol total supernatan dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Nilai EC50 dari ekstrak biji lengkeng sebesar 6,58 μg/mL. Uji penghambatan aktivitas tirosinase menunjukkan nilai IC50 sebesar 1795,93 μg/mL. Pembuatan fitosom dengan perbandingan fosfatidilkolin dan ekstrak sebesar 1,5 : 1 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 65,88%, nilai rata-rata diameter partikel (Z-average) sebesar 382,59 nm dan nilai polidispersitas (PDI) sebesar 2,03. Penggunaan koproses kasein-kolagen sebagai eksipien menghasilkan sediaan serum dengan viskositas rendah.

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ABSTRACTThe longan seed (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) contains polyphenol compounds which have antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. Phytosomes are lipid nanovesicles which can be used as a drug carrier systems especially drugs from plant extracts that can increase the absorption of the drug. The aim of this study is to formulate a serum containing longan seed extract phytosome using a coprocess of casein-collagen as an excipient. Casein was used in combination with collagen because of its benefit in maintaining skin elasticity. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril hydrazil) radical scavenging method was used to determine the value of efficient concentration (EC50) of longan seed extract, whereas tyrosinase inhibitory assay of longan seed extract was measured based on dopachrome measurement to obtain the value of inhibition concentaration (IC50). The entrapment efficiency of the phytosome was calculated based on determination of total phenolic compounds in the supernatant by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The EC50 values ​​of longan seed extract was 6.58 μg/mL, the Z-average values was 382.59 nm and the polidispersity index (PDI) was 2,03. Tyrosinase inhibitory assay showed the IC50 values was 1795.93 μg/mL. Phytosome formulation with phosphatidylcholine and extract ratio of 1.5:1 showed the entrapment efficiency of 65,88%. The use of casein-collagen coprocess as an excipient resulted in a serum with low viscosity."

"Implantasi tulang merupakan proses penggantian tulang yang rusak untuk membantu proses perbaikan tulang. Material implantasi tulang yang digunakan adalah komposit HA/kolagen. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan evaluasi implantasi tulang tibia kelinci selama 28 hari untuk mempelajari pengaruh komposit HA/kolagen pada tulang defek diberi implan dan tulang defek yang tidak diimplan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan kelinci New Zealand dengan berat 3,0-3,5 kg dan berumur 7 bulan. Tulang kelinci dikelompokkan menjadi 3 yaitu tulang kontrol (defek tulang tanpa diimplan), tulang perlakuan (defek tulang dengan diimplan) dan tulang sehat. Preparasi tulang diamati menggunakan mikroskop digital dengan perbesaran 10x, 20x, 40x, dan 100x. Citra mikroskop tulang diolah dalam Image J untuk mendapatkan nilai profil dan histogram. Berdasarkan analisis olah citra diperoleh pada kelompok tulang perlakuan terdapat regenerasi tulang, dilihat nilai mean dan standar deviasi sampel 1 dengan nilai 158,481 ± 45,856 sampel 2 dengan nilai 136,238 ± 43,613 dan sampel 3 dengan nilai 139,864 ± 44,542. Keadaan tersebut terjadi karena adanya proses jalinan hidroksiapatit pada kolagen didalam komposit sehingga terjadi remodelling mendekati dengan tulang sehat. Pada bagian implan dengan tulang baru terjadi resorpsi dan deposit kalsium fosfat sehingga pada area tersebut menimbulkan bagian yang sedikit buram.

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Bone implantation is a process of replacing damaged bone to help the bone repair process. The bone implant material used is a Ha/collagen composite. Evaluation of tibial implantation in rabbits was carried out for 28 days to study the effect of the Ha/collagen composite on implanted defective bones and non-implanted defective bones. In this study used New Zealand rabbits weighing 3.0-3.5 kg and 7 months. Rabbit bones were grouped into 3 groups ; control bones (defects without implants), treatment bones (defects with implants) and healthy bones. Bone preparations were observed using a digital microscope with magnifications of 10x, 20x, 40x, and 100x. Bone microscope images are processed in Image J to obtain profile and histogram. There is the treated bone group bone regeneration, from the mean and standard deviation of sample 1 with a value of 158.481 ± 45.856 sample 2 with a value of 136.238 ± 43.613 and sample 3 with a value of 139.864 ± 44.542. This situation occurs because of the hydroxyapatite bonding process on the collagen in the composite so that remodeling occurs close to healthy bone. In the implant area with new bone, there is resorption and deposition, that the area causes a blurry."

"Latar belakang: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan perbedaan rerata nilai rasio Kolagen I (Kol I)/Nitric Oxide(NO), Kolagen IV (Kol IV)/NO, Tissue Factor (TF)/NO, P-selectin (P-sel)/NO antara pasien dengan trombosis vena dalam (TVD) positif dan TVD negatif, pasca traumatisasi spongiosa meta-epifisis sendi panggul dan lutut pada operasi besar ortopedi.Metode: Studi observasional kohort prospektif kasus operasi ortopedi tanpa tromboprofilaksis pada 69 pasien berumur > 50 tahun. Pemeriksaan kadar serum biomarker Kol I, Kol IV, TF, P-sel, dan NO dilakukan tiga kali yaitu sebelum operasi, 72 jam sesudah operasi, dan 144 jam sesudah operasi, masing-masing untuk melihat perbedaan rerata kadar biomarker dan rerata nilai rasio protrombogenik/ antitrombogenik (Kol I/NO, Kol IV/NO, TF/NO dan P-sel/NO) pada 72 jam dan 144 jam sesudah operasi antara pasien TVD positif dan TVD negatif. Kejadian TVD dikonfirmasi pada 144 jam sesudah operasi dengan venografi (kecuali pada 8 kasus yang dikonfirmasi dengan USG color Doppler karena kontra indikasi zat warna).Hasil: Kejadian TVD positif didapatkan pada 18 pasien (26,1%). Perbedaan rerata kadar antara TVD positif dan TVD negatif ditemukan pada Kol IV sebelum operasi (p = 0,022) dan pada NO 72 jam sesudah operasi (p = 0,014). Perbedaan rerata nilai rasio protrombogenik/ antitrombogenik antara TVD positif dan TVD negatif ditemukan pada rasio Kol IV/NO, TF/NO, dan P-sel/NO pada 72 jam sesudah operasi (p = 0,007; p = 0,028; p = 0,049), dengan median yang lebih rendah pada pasien dengan TVD positif. Sedangkan pada 144 jam sesudah operasi, perbedaan rerata nilai rasio hanya ditemukan pada rasio Kol IV/NO (p = 0,014) dengan nilai median yang lebih tinggi dari median pada 72 jam sesudah operasi.Kesimpulan: Kejadian TVD pada traumatisasi spongiosa meta-epifisis pasca operasi besar ortopedi sendi panggul dan lutut dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan protrombogenik dan antitrombogenik yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya perbedaan rasio Kol IV/NO, TF/NO dan Psel/NO pada 72 jam dan rasio Kol IV/NO pada 144 jam sesudah operasi antara TVD positif dan TVD negatif.

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AbstractBackground: This study was aimed to show differences in the mean values of Collagen I (Col I)/Nitric Oxide (NO), Collagen IV (Col IV)/NO, Tissue Factor (TF)/NO, and P-selectin (P-sel)/NO ratios between patients with DVT and those without DVT, following hip and knee meta-epiphyseal cancellous bone traumatization in major orthopedic surgeries.Methods: This is an observational prospective cohort study on 69 patients aged > 50 years, who had orthopedic surgery without thromboprophylaxis. Examination of serum Col I, Col IV, TF, P-sel, and NO biomarker levels were performed three times, i.e. before surgery, 72 hours and 144 hours after surgery. We looked for the differences in mean levels of biomarkers, and mean ratio values of the prothrombogenic/ antithrombogenic (Col I/NO, Col IV/NO, TF/NO, P-sel/NO) at 72 hours and 144 hours post surgery between patients with DVT and those without. DVT events, which were confirmed at 144 hours post surgery by venography (with the exception of 8 cases where color Doppler ultrasound was done due to contrast usage contraindications).Results: DVTs were identified in 18 patients (26.1%). There were significant differences of mean levels in pre-surgical Col IV (p = 0.022) and 72 hours NO (p = 0.014) between patients with and without DVT. In addition, between the same two patient groups, significant differences were found in the mean values of the prothrombogenic/antithrombogenic ratios, i.e. Col IV/NO, TF/NO, and P-sel/NO at 72 hours post-surgery (p = 0.007, p = 0.028, and p = 0.049 respectively), with lower median values that were found in subjects with DVT. At 144-hours post surgery, the only significant ratio difference between the two groups was the mean values of Col IV/NO ratio (p = 0.014) with the median values that were higher than the median values at 72-hours post surgery .Conclusion: The incidence of DVT following traumatization of the meta-epiphyseal cancellous bone after major orthopedic surgeries in hip and knee is influenced by the balance of prothrombogenic and antithrombogenic factors as shown by the significant differences in Col IV/NO, TF/NO and P-sel/NO ratios at 72-hours and Col IV/NO ratio at 144 hours after surgery between DVT positive and DVT negative patients."