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"Konflik agraria merupakan fenomena berkepanjangan yang biasa hadir ketika perampasan tanah atas lahan pertanian warga tak kunjung mendapatkan penyelesaian. Tugas karya akhir ini membahas salah satu kasus perampasan tanah oleh korporasi yang difasilitasi oleh oknum lembaga negara pada lahan pertanian di Kecamatan Caringin. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah analisis data sekunder terhadap data-data yang bersumber dari artikel berita, laporan LSM, serta peraturan tentang konsesi lahan. Analisis dalam tulisan ini menggunakan teori state-corporate crime oleh Michalowski & Kramer dan teori teknik netralisasi kejahatan korporasi oleh Schoultz & Flyghed. Temuan data menunjukkan bahwa kejahatan perampasan tanah dan penelantaran tanah yang dilakukan sangat bertentangan dengan syarat perizinan hak guna yang diatur dalam UUPA 1960, sehingga seharusnya status hak guna-nya dicabut dan tanah tersebut diredistribusikan kepada warga. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perampasan tanah oleh korporasi yang difasilitasi oknum lembaga negara di Kecamatan Caringin merupakan state-corporate crime. Para pelaku juga teridentifikasi mempraktikkan teknik netralisasi kejahatan korporasi jenis denial of the act, referring to investigation, bolstering, expression of right, condemnation of the condemner, dan denial of victim. Teknik netralisasi kejahatan korporasi berperan sebagai justifikasi yang membuat kejahatan dapat terus berlangsung. Teknik netralisasi yang dilakukan membuat perampasan dan penelantaran tanah yang dilakukan menjadi tidak diakui, sehingga BPN tak kunjung menetapkan lahan tersebut sebagai tanah telantar. Alhasil, tanah tak kunjung didapatkan kembali secara legal oleh warga, sehingga konflik agraria di Kecamatan Caringin masih belum menemui penyelesaian yang adil.

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Agrarian conflict is a prolonged phenomenon that commonly arises when land grabbing over agricultural land fails to find a resolution. This final project discusses a case of land grabbing facilitated by certain parties within state institutions in an agricultural area in Caringin Subdistrict. The writing method employed is secondary data analysis based on information obtained from news articles, reports from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and regulations regarding land concessions. The analysis in this paper utilizes the state-corporate crime theory proposed by Michalowski & Kramer and the neutralization techniques theory of corporate crime by Schoultz & Flyghed. The data findings indicate that the acts of land grabbing and neglect are highly contradictory to the licensing requirements stipulated in the 1960 Agrarian Law (UUPA), thus the land-use rights should be revoked, and the land should be redistributed to the community. The analysis results reveal that the land grabbing perpetrated by corporations with the facilitation of certain parties within state institutions in District Caringin constitutes a state-corporate crime. The perpetrators have also been identified to employ neutralization techniques of corporate crime, such as denial of the act, referring to investigation, bolstering, expression of right, condemnation of the condemner, and denial of victim. These neutralization techniques serve as justifications that enable the continuity of the crimes. The employed neutralization techniques invalidate the acts of land grabbing and neglect, leading to the failure of the National Land Agency (BPN) to classify the land as abandoned. Consequently, the land remains unrecognized and has not been legally returned to the community, resulting in an ongoing agrarian conflict without a fair resolution in District Caringin.

"

"Pembuatan proyek Bendungan Bener di Kecamatan Bener, Kabupaten Purworejo, Jawa Tengah memunculkan sebuah konflik agraria yang terjadi di Desa Wadas. Rencana pembuatan Desa Wadas menjadi lokasi pertambangan batu andesit untuk menunjang proyek Bendungan Bener mendapat penolakan dari warga karena berbagai alasan. Hal ini menjadi sebuah konflik agraria yang menimbulkan kekerasan langsung dan kekerasan struktural. Tulisan ini melihat bentuk-bentuk kekerasan ini sebagai sebuah State-Corporate Crime, dimana kejahatan terjadi akibat adanya interaksi antara pemerintah Indonesia dengan PT PP yang menimbulkan kerugian sosial dan pelanggaran hukum. Tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi literatur. Data dalam tulisan ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil dari berbagai artikel di internet. Tulisan ini kemudian menganalisis fenomena tersebut dengan Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya kejahatan dalam konflik agraria di Desa Wadas. Dengan level analisis kelembagaan, penulis melihat faktor-faktor kejahatan yang terjadi dalam katalisator tindakan: motivasi, kesempatan atau peluang, dan operasionalitas kontrol. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat (1) motivasi berupa tekanan ekonomi dan dan tujuan organisasi, (2) kesempatan atau peluang berupa ketersediaan sarana hukum dan ketersediaan cara-cara ilegal, dan (3) kurangnya operasionalitas kontrol berupa tekanan internasional, tekanan politik, dan sanksi hukum. Hal-hal tersebut dilihat oleh penulis sebagai faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekerasan dalam konflik agraria yang terjadi di Desa Wadas.

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The construction of Bener Dam project in Bener District, Purworejo Regency, Central Java caused an agrarian conflict that occurred in Wadas Village. The plan to make Wadas Village into an andesite mining location to support the Bener Dam project was rejected by residents for various reasons. This becomes an agrarian conflict that produces direct violence and structural violence. This article views this violence as a state-corporate crime, where crime occurs as a result of interactions between the Indonesia government and PT PP that made illegal or socially injurious social action. This article uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The data in this article uses secondary data taken from various articles on the internet. This article then analyzes this phenomenon using the Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime to look at factors that caused the crime in Wadas Village. At the institutional level of analysis, the author looks at the crime factors that occur in the catalyst for action: motivation, opportunity, and operationality of control. The results of this research found that there are (1) motivation such as economic pressure and organizational goals, (2) opportunities such as the availability of legal and illegal means, and (3) lack of operationality of control such as international pressure, political pressure, and legal sanctions. The author sees these things as factors that caused violence in the agrarian conflict in Wadas Village."

"The economic crisis in 1997 has confirmed the Indonesian society that white collar criminality also exist in their country. The failure to bring the corporate criminals to court was caused by the difficulty of the Indonesian justice system to accept that corporations can also be held accountable under the Indonesian criminal law. On the other hand, legislature has accepted that corporations (as juristic persons) can be held liable, beside the managers (as natural persons). Since 1955, law no. 7 on economic crimes also includes juristic persons as subjects of the law. This has been fallowed by the legislature in 1963 (law on subversion), 1976 (law on drug abuse) and 1997 (law on the environment). In 1993 a draft of the new Penal Code for Indonesia was submitted to the Minister of Justice. No step have been taken yet to implement the code, which in article 44 explicitly states that corporations can be held responsible for criminal acts. With respect to a law enforcement strategy against corporate crimes, the author wishes to distinguish between organized crimes and crimes 'by organization. Both can be done by or through corporations."

"This article aims at discussing 2 main problems: 1) in how far harm done by corporate crime in Indonesia; and 2) how is the criminal policy passed in overcoming corporate crime in Indonesia? The result of this discussion points: First, corporate crime is a kind of crime that makes society restless and that is risks the interests of State. The harm done is in the form of material an immaterial things for citizens, State and other corporations. Second, corporate crime should be included in the Code of Criminal Laws as a criminal act by the offender. In line with this, the subject of offence in the Code of Criminal Laws should be widened to include corporations with a threat of either grave punishment by prison or fine punishment, or both of them. However, said penal efforts should be integrated with the overcoming of non penal ones."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses konstruksi sosial dan konstruksi kriminalisasi yang dialami nelayan tradisional Palabuhan Ratu yang memberikan jasa transportasi bagi migran penyelundup, yang transit di Indonesia menuju ke Australia pada kurun waktu 2010-2013 di Teluk Palabuhan Ratu. Juga, untuk menjelaskan dinamika hubungan antar dimensi dan berdampak pada posisi nelayan tradisional yang mengalami viktimisasi struktural dan hegemoni kultural. Untuk mencapai tujuan, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, yang didukung yang kuantitatif secara bersamaan di tingkat masyarakat. Secara umum, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pergeseran dari pelaku kepada korban kejahatan, yang gejala perilaku kriminal dibangun oleh situasi internal dan eksternal nelayan masih tradisional. Ada tiga dimensi (negara - supra negara; jaringan kejahatan transnasional dan komunitas nelayan) yang mempengaruhi peristiwa kejahatan memancing, dan dinamika setiap dimensi yang beragam. Intra dan antar dimensi terbangun interrelasi konstitutif, yang pada ujungnya menunjukkan suatu kejahatan sebagai hasil hubungan resiprokal antar dimensi, pelaku dan korban yang bersifat saling membangun, yang terjadi tidak hanya pada tataran tataran global, tetapi juga di tingkat lokal. Ketika mereka melakukan tindak pidana, mereka melakukannya lebih untuk bertahan hidup dan sebagai bagian dari crime of accomodation. Pada akhirnya, perbedaan tingkat dimensi lainnya telah menviktimisasi secara sistemik nelayan tradisional.

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The objective of this research is to analyse the social construction and criminalization construction process experienced by Palabuhan Ratu’s traditional fishermen, who provide transportation services for migrant smuggling, which transit through Indonesia to Australia during 2010-2013. It is also to explain the dynamics of the interrelation between the dimensions and the fishing position in the constellation of interrelation among the various dimensions. They are essentially experiencing victimization of structural and cultural hegemony. In order to achieve the objectives, this research uses qualitative methods, which supported quantitative ones concurrently at the level of society. In general, the result of this research shows a shift of offenders to victims of crime, which symptoms of criminal behavior was constructed by internal and external situation of tradisional fishermen. There are three dimensions (state - supra state; transnational crime networking; and fishermen community) affecting fishing crime events, and the dynamic of every dimension is diverse. Intra and interdimension build up the constitutive interrelation, which in turn suggests that a crime occurred basically as a result of the reciprocal relationship between dimensions, the perpetrators and victims., which occurs not only globally, but also at the local level. When they conduct criminal act, they do it more to survive and as being part of a crime of accommodation. In the end, the difference in levels of the other dimensions sistematically victimizes the the traditional fishermen."

"Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan tentang pengamanan yang diterapkan oleh PT. Garuda Indonesia dalam mencegah terjadinya pencurian kargo. Penelitian menggunakan konsepsi enam belas teknik situational crime prevention dan juga mengkaitkan dengan tiga elemen kejahatan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa PT. Garuda Indonesia telah menerapkan pengamanan berupa GASP Garuda Aviation Security Program untuk mencegah pencurian kargo, dan pengamanan tersebut telah sesuai dengan konsepsi enam belas teknik situational crime prevention dari Clarke.

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The focus of this study is describes about the security that are applied by PT. Garuda Indonesia in the case of cargo theft. This study using sixteen situational crime prevention technique as a conception and also linked with the three element of crime. This research is qualitative descriptive interpretive. This Study found that PT. Garuda Indonesia has applied security named GASP Garuda Aviation Security Program to prevent cargo theft, and this security procedures is suitable with Clarke rsquo s sixteen situational crime prevention concept."

"Dewasa ini, eksistensi dari korporasi seringkali diikuti oleh perbuatan yang melanggar hukum salah satunya adalah tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Namun nyatanya, banyak ditemukan korporasi yang tidak turut serta bertanggung jawab atas tindak pidana yang telah dilakukan dan hanya menuntut organ perseroannya saja, yakni direksi, padahal sudah banyak ahli yang menyatakan bahwa korporasi merupakan subjek hukum sehingga dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk membahas pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi korporasi atas tindak pidana penambangan tanpa izin (illegal) yang terjadi di Desa Mosiku, Kecamatan Batu Putih, Kabupaten Kolaka Utara, Sulawesi Tenggara berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN Lss., yang mengadili Terdakwa atas nama Sukarman selaku direktur utama PT. Mega Buana Mineral (selanjutnya disebut PT. MBM) serta kedudukan putusan tersebut sebagai bukti awal memintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana pada PT. Mega Buana Mineral. Penulisan hukum ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang berjenis yuridis normatif, yaitu berfokus pada meneliti penerapan peraturan hukum tertulis yang berlaku, dimana pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan. Tahap penulisan hukum ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan melalui data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, tersier, serta penelusuran bahan dari situs di internet yang berkaitan dengan isu hukum dalam rumusan masalah. Metode analisis data yang dipergunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif sehingga menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis yang kemudian ditarik kesimpulan dengan menggunakan metode penalaran deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa korporasi dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana berdasarkan teori identifikasi, Pasal 3 dan Pasal 4 Perma Tindak Pidana Koprorasi, serta Perja Korporasi. Lebih lanjut, Putusan No. 41/Pid.B/LH/20021/PN.Lss dapat dijadikan bukti awal untuk menetapkan PT. MBM sebagai tersangka dalam perkara penambangan illegal dan memintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana.

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Nowadays, the existence of corporations is often followed by unlawful acts, one of which is environmental crime. But in fact, there are many corporations that are not held responsible for the criminal acts that have been committed and only prosecute the company's organs, namely the directors, even though many experts have stated that corporations are legal subjects so that they can be held accountable. This thesis aims to discuss criminal liability for corporations for the crime of illegal mining that occurred in Mosiku Village, Batu Putih Subdistrict, North Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi based on District Court Decision No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN Lss., which tried the defendant on behalf of Sukarman as the main director of PT Mega Buana Mineral (hereinafter referred to as PT MBM) and the position of the decision as initial evidence to impose criminal liability on PT Mega Buana Mineral. This legal writing is a normative juridical type of legal research, which focuses on examining the application of applicable written legal regulations, where the approach used is a statutory approach. This stage of legal writing is carried out through literature studies through secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary legal materials, as well as tracing materials from sites on the internet related to legal issues in the formulation of the problem. The method of data analysis used in this writing is a qualitative approach so as to produce analytical descriptive data which is then drawn conclusions using the deductive reasoning method. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that corporations can be held criminally liable based on the theory of identification, Article 3 and Article 4 of Supreme Court Regulation on Corporate Crime, and Attorney General Regulation on Guidelines for Handling Criminal Cases with Corporate Legal Subjects. Furthermore, Decision No. 41/Pid.B/LH/2021/PN.Lss can be used as initial evidence to establish PT MBM as a suspect in the illegal mining case and hold it criminally liable."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai latar belakang dari konflik agraria yang terjadi di Bongkoran, Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Konflik yang dimulai di era pemerintahan Orde Baru ini berlatar belakang pencaplokan perkampungan warga Bongkoran yang tergabung dalam Organisasi Petani Wongsorejo OPWB oleh PT.Wongsorejo yang memiliki HGU atas tanah bekas hak erfact dan tanah Kampung Bongkoran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis bahwa penerbitan HGU PT. Wongsorejo sarat akan tindakan manipulatif dan diskriminatif. Temuan penulis yang berupa riwayat sejarah tanah Bongkoran ini dianalisa dengan kerangka pemikiran Bourdieu mengenai interaksi antara habitus, capital, dan field untuk memberikan penjabaran yang komprehensif terkait dengan konflik agraria tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang datanya berupa data primer wawancara dan observasi dan data sekunder penelusuran dokumen dan penjabaran Film Dokumenter . Tulisan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan penjelasan mengenai latar belakang konflik agraria yang terjadi di Bongkoran, Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the backround of agrarian conflict in Bongkoran, Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi, East Jawa. The conflict that began in the era of ldquo Orde Baru rdquo goverment was an impact of PT. Wongsorejo who had HGU of land erfact rights and Bogkoran resident land aquisition toward Bongkoran resident which incorporate with Wongsorejo Farmer Organizations OPWB . Based on thir reseach HGU of PT. Wongsorejo posses manipulative and discriminative action. History of Bongkoran land has been discovered analyzed by the reseacher with Bourdieu concept of interaction between habitus, capital and field to give an comprehensive explanation about agrarian conflict in this places. This is an qualitative research using primer data deep interview and observation and secondary data documents and documentary film . This thesis expected to give and explanation of agrarian conflict backround in Bongkoran, Wongsorejo, East Jawa."