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"Latar Belakang. Audiometri nada murni (PTA) adalah metode yang umum digunakan untuk deteksi dini gangguan pendengaran pada pekerja terpajan bising. Tetapi diketahui bahwa PTA tidak dapat mendeteksi gangguan pada sel-sel rambut luar yang biasa terjadi pada tahap awal gangguan pendengaran. Emisi otoakustik (OAE) digunakan untuk mendeteksi tahap awal gangguan pendengaran, namun efektivitasnya dalam program surveilans pendengaran masih belum diketahui. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas OAE dalam program surveilans pendengaran untuk mendeteksi gangguan pendengaran akibat bising (NIHL).Metode. Berbagai database elektronik termasuk Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, dan Proquest ditelusuri dari awal hingga April 2022. Data diekstraksi dari setiap artikel, dan kualitas penelitian dinilai menggunakan alat Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Skrining dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak COVIDENCE. Hasil disintesiskan secara naratif.Hasil. Pencarian mendapatkan 412 artikel, di mana 8 artikel disertakan dalam analisis. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan nilai prediktif positif untuk distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) adalah 19,4%-100%, 74%-97,1%, dan 13,6%-97,2%. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan nilai prediktif positif untuk transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) adalah 12,5%-100%, 33,33%-90%, dan 47,37-90%.Kesimpulan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa DPOAE dapat digunakan sebagai alat diagnostik tambahan untuk gangguan pendengaran pada frekuensi 2kHz dan 4kHz. Namun, masih ada bukti yang terbatas tentang efektivitasnya untuk mendeteksi NIHL.

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Background. Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) are commonly used as early detection of hearing loss among workers exposed to noise. Nevertheless, PTA cannot detect the damage in the outer hair cells that usually occur in the early stage. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) is introduced to detect the early stage of hearing loss, however its effectiveness in the hearing surveillance program is still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of OAE in hearing surveillance program to detect noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).

Methods. Multiple electronic databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Proquest were searched from inception until April 2022. Data were extracted from each article, and study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Screening was performed using COVIDENCE software. Narrative synthesis was used for outcomes.

Results. The search retrieved 412 records, in which 8 studies included in the analysis. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were 19.4%-100%, 74%-97.1% and 13.6%-97.2% respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) were 12.5%-100%, 33.33%-90% and 47.37-90% respectively.

Conclusions. These findings indicated DPOAE might be used as adjunctive diagnostic tool of hearing loss for 2kHz and 4kHz frequencies. However, there are still limited evidence on its effectiveness to detect NIHL."

"Kebisingan pada lingkungan kerja menjadi masalah utama pada kesehatan para pekerja di berbagai negara. Berdasarkan hasil survei yang dilakukan oleh Hendramin di tahun 2000 pada Manufacturing Plant Pertamina dan dua pabrik es di Jakarta, memperoleh hasil bahwa terdapat gangguan pendengamn pada 50% jumlah pekerjanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pekerja dalam penggunaan Alan Pelindung Telinga (APT). Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskripsi sederhana. Responden penelitian sebanyak 79 pekerja pada PT.Pertamina Gresik yang telah bekerja lebih dari 1 tahun pada lingkungan kerja felling dan blending yang tingkat bising suara kurang dari 85 dB dan lebih dari 85 dB. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan instrumen berupa kuesioner. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan perilaku penggunaan APT (p value=0,000; α=0,05), selain itu fasilitas yang tersedia juga memberikan hubungan yang bermakna pada perilaku menggunakan APT ( p value = 0024; α= 0.05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, maka peneliti merekomendasikan kepada perusahaan untuk memberikan pelatihan dan penyuluhan APT.

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Noisy work environment is a mayor problem in the health work in many countries. Based an the results of a survey conducted by Hendramin in 2000, in the manufacturing Plant Pertamina and two ice factories in Jakarta, find a results that there is interference in the hearingin 50% of workers.

This research aims to find out what factors affect the use of Hearing ear protectors (APT). Research design was a simple describtion. Respondents of this research are 79 workers at PT Pertamina Gresik work that already worked over 1 year in felling and blending environment with noisy sound level below 85 dB and over 85 dB. Sampling method was cross sectional. Questionnaires are used for this research.

Bivariat analysis results indicate the existence of a meaningfull relationship between level of knowledge with the use of APT (p value = 0000, α = 0. 05), in addition to the facilities available also provides a meaningful relationship to the behavior of the APT (p value =0024; α = 0.05). Based on the results, researchers recommend the company to provide APT training and counseling for the workers."

"This book provides various speech enhancement algorithms for digital hearing aids. It covers information on noise signals extracted from silences of speech signal. The description of the algorithm used for this purpose is also provided. Different types of adaptive filters such as Least Mean Squares (LMS), Normalized LMS (NLMS) and Recursive Lease Squares (RLS) are described for noise reduction in the speech signals. Different types of noises are taken to generate noisy speech signals, and therefore information on various noises signals is provided. The comparative performance of various adaptive filters for noise reduction in speech signals is also described. In addition, the book provides a speech enhancement technique using adaptive filtering and necessary frequency strength enhancement using wavelet transform as per the requirement of audiogram for digital hearing aids.- Presents speech enhancement techniques for improving performance of digital hearing aids;- Covers various types of adaptive filters and their advantages and limitations;- Provides a hybrid speech enhancement technique using wavelet transform and adaptive filters."

"Pendengaran merupakan suatu proses yang kompleks dan apabila terganggu dapat berdampak terhadap menurunnya pemahaman wicara. Kesulitan dalam mendengar terutama pada tempat dengan suasana bising merupakan salah satu gangguan yang umum terjadi pada bidang THT. Proses kemampuan mendengar meliputi proses deteksi, diskriminasi, rekognisi, serta komprehensi. Pemeriksaan audiometri tutur dalam suasana yang sepi dapat menggambarkan kemampuan pemahaman atau rekognisi seseorang, namun tidak cukup untuk menggambarkan kemampuan rekognisi sehari-hari yang pada umumnya ada pada suasana bising. Tesis ini membahas mengenai penilaian ambang wicara yang disertai bising latar yang dapat diketahui dari nilai Speech Recognition Threshold SRT 50 dan Speech Discrimination Score SDS 100 pada orang dengan ambang dengar normal usia 18-60 tahun melalui pemeriksaan audiometri tutur dalam bising. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian studi potong lintang dengan desain deskriptif analitik pada 71 percontoh yang diambil secara berurutan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan nilai SRT 50 audiometri tutur dalam bising 67.6 dB SNR -2.4 dB SL dan nilai SDS 100 79.7 dB SNR 9.7 dB SL. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara perbedaan kelompok usia terhadap seluruh hasil audiometri tutur dan audiometri tutur dalam bising. Terjadi peningkatan nilai SRT 50 dan SDS 100 yang signifikan pada kelompok usia 40-60 tahun dibandingkan kelompok usia 18-39 tahun.

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Hearing is a complex process and if disturbed, it can affect decrease in speech understanding. Difficulty in hearing especially in places with noisy environment is one of the most common disorders in ENT. The process of listening ability includes the process of detection, discrimination, recognition, and comprehension. Speech audiometric examination in a quiet environment can describe the ability of a person 39 s understanding or recognition, but it is not enough to describe the ability of daily recognition that generally exist in a noisy environment.

This thesis discusses the assessment of speech threshold with background noise which can be known from the value of Speech Recognition Threshold SRT 50 and Speech Discrimination Score SDS 100 in people with normal hearing threshold age 18 60 years old through speech in noise audiometric examination. This study is a cross sectional study with descriptive analytic design on 71 samples taken sequentially.

The results of this study obtained SRT 50 speech in noise audiometric was 67.6 dB SNR 2.4 dB SL and SDS 100 was 79.7 dB SNR 9.7 dB SL. There was a significant correlation between age group differences with all results of speech audiometry and speech in noise audiometry examination. The values of SRT 50 and SDS 100 were significantly increased in the 40 60 years old group compared to the 18 39 years old group."

"Pendahuluan: Pajanan bising yang didapat dari penggunaan headset pada pekerja operator call center dapat dilihat dari hasil pemeriksaan Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor individu dan faktor pekerjaan yang berperan terhadap profil gangguan pendengaran pada pekerja operator call center kantor pelayanan pajak di Jakarta. Metode: Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan pada 94 pekerja operator call center kantor pelayanan pajak yang berlokasi di Jakarta. Data sosiodermografi, faktor individu, dan faktor pekerjaan diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner, hasil pemeriksaan DPOAE berdasarkan data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan Medical Check Up berkala yang dilakukan oleh klinik X. Hasil Didapatkan proporsi DPOAE abnormal pada operator call center di kantor pelayanan pajak pada frekuensi 2000Hz (l , 1%), 4000 Hz (1 , 1%), 6000 Hz (6,38%), frekuensi 8000 Hz (10,63%), frekuensi 10000 Hz (14,89%), dan frekuensi 12000 Hz (46,8%). Analisis bivariate didapatkan hasil bermakna pada variabel lama kerja dengan DPOAE pada frekuensi 8000Hz (p=0,020), IOOOOHz (p=0,048), durasi penggunaan headset pada frekuensi 8000Hz (p=0,025), dan volume headset pada frekuensi 6000 Hz (p=0,028). Kesimpulan: Lama kerja, penggunaan headset lebih dari 4 jam/hari, dan volume headset >60% dari volume maksimal dapat meningkatkan risiko terhadap hasil pemeriksaan DPOAE abnormal.

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Background: Noise exposure obtained from the use of a headset on call center operator workers can be seen from the results of the Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions examination. This study aims to analyze individual factors and occupational factors that play a role in hearing loss profiles in call center operator operators in tax service offices in Jakarta.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 94 call center operators operating in tax service offices located in Jakarta. Sociodermographic data, individual factors, and occupational factors were obtained using a questionnaire. DPOAE examination results are based on secondary data from the results of regular Medical Check Up examinations conducted by clinic X.

Results: Proportion of abnormal DPOAE found at frequency 2000Hz ( I . I%), 4000 Hz (I . I%), 6000 Hz (6.38%), 8000 Hz (10.63%), 10000 Hz (14.89%), and 12000 Hz (46.8%). Results of bivariate analysis obtained significant results on the variable length of work with DPOAE at 8000Hz (p = 0.020), I OOOOHz (p = 0.048), the duration of using a headset at 8000Hz (p = 0.025), and the volume of the headset at 6000 Hz (p = 0.028).

Conclusion: Length of work, use of a headset for more than 4 hours I day, and headset volume> 60% of the maximum volume can increase the risk of abnormal DPOAE examination results."

"Bising merupakan bahaya yang sulit dipisahkan dari dunia industri. Keberadaannya dalam dunia industri memberikan suatu ancaman bagi pekerja berupa penurunan daya dengar. CDC menyatakan bahwa 14% penyakit akibat kerja adalah penurunan pendengaran atau NIHL (CDC, 2007). Banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan bahaya bising dengan penurunan pendengaran. Dari berbagai penelitian tersebut didapatkan bahwa prevalenssi kejadian penurunan pendengaran pada pekerja akibat pajanan bising sangat tinggi, yaitu mencapai 31.81%. Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara pajanan bising dengan penurunan pendengaran pada pekerja divisi produksi PT. Master Wavenindo Label. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah metoda analitik cross sectional. Uji statistic yang digunakan untuk melihat hubungan variabel ini adalah uji chi square. Penelitian di PT. Master Wavenindo Label divisi produksi ini dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2011. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah sebanyak 63.1% pekerja mengalami penurunan pendengaran. Dosis pajanan bising yang diterima pekerja berkisar antara 64.5 ? 95.6 dBA. Dalam penelitian ini, tidak terdapatnya hubungan yang signifikan antara pajanan bising pada pekerja dengan penurunan pendengaran.

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Noise is a danger that hard to separate from the industry. Its presence in the industry as a threat hearing loss to workers. CDC stated that 14% of the occupational disease is NIHL (2007). Many studies are conducted to see the connection with a hearing loss of noise hazards.

From various studies it was found that the prevalence hearing loss in workers due to exposure to noise is very high, reaching 31.81%. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between noise exposures with hearing loss in workers' production division of PT. Wavenindo Master Label.

The design of the study is a cross sectional analytic method. Statistical test used to look at the relationship of this variable is the chi square test. This research had conducted in December 2011.

The result is hearing loss in workers is very high, reaching 63.1%. Dose of noise in workers between 64.5 - 95.6 dBA. Noise exposure has no significant association with hearing loss of workers."

"Gangguan fungsi pendengaran pada pekerja industri merupakan penyakit akibatkerja yang sampai saat ini masih ada dijumpai. Gangguan fungsi pendengaran inidisebabkan oleh pajanan bising. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuigambaran pajanan bising yang diterima dan fungsi pendengaran pada pekerja diPT.X. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian observasional dengan rancangan crosssectional yaitu meneliti sekaligus variable independen, variable dependen danvariabel perancunya usia, masa kerja, merokok, penyakit HT, penyakit DM, Kebiasaan mendengar bising, pajanan vibrasi dalam waktu bersamaan. Analisisdata adalah tabel dengan menggunakan analisis data univariat, bivariat danmultivariat. Didapatkan gambaran pajanan bising yang diterima pekerja > 85 dBAsebanyak 28 orang dan 11 diantaranya menderita gangguan fungsi pendengarandan variable pajanan bising efektif, umur dan vibrasi memberi pengaruhterjadinya gangguan fungsi pendengaran pada pekerja di PT.X.

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Impaired hearing on an industrial worker occupational diseases that until now there isencountered. Malfunctioning of this hearing caused by noise exposure. This study aimsto describe the acceptable noise exposure and hearing function in workers in PT.X. Thestudy was observational with cross sectional design which simultaneously examines theindependent variable, dependent variable and variable perancunya age, years ofsmoking, disease HT, DM, Habits hear noise, vibration exposure at the same time.Analysis of the data is a table using data analysis of univariate, bivariate and multivariateanalyzes. It was noted that workers noise exposure 85 dBA as many as 28 people and11 of them suffer from auditory function and variable effective noise exposure, age andvibration influence auditory dysfunction in workers in PT.X."

"Gangguan pendengaran akibat bising masih menjadi masalah kesehatan baik di dunia maupun Indonesia. Data WHO 2005 melaporkan bahwa 278 juta 4.2 penduduk dunia mengalami gangguan pendengaran, 50 di Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia. Tingkat kebisingan di pelabuhan udara El Tari Kupang tahun 2010 mencapai 92,2 dB pada pagi hari dan 95,2 dB pada siang hari. Pada tahun 2011 tingkat kebisingan di area apron atau area udara mencapai rata-rata 90,48dB dengan interval 74,5-120 dB dan di area terminal rata-rata 89,2 dB. Pada tahun 2013 mencapai 91,5 dB di area apron dan 97,2 dB di ruangan check in, di ruangan keberangkatan mencapai 97 dB Data Tahunan KKP Kupang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat kebisingan dengan gangguan pendengaran pada pekerja di pelabuhan udara El Tari Kupang. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan desain studi cross sectional analitik. Populasi studi pada penelitian ini adalah pekerja berjenis kelamin laki-laki yang bekerja pada perusahaan ground handling di pelabuhan udara El Tari Kupang tahun 2016. Hasil penelitian menemukan prevalensi gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pekerja di pelabuhan udara El tari Kupang sebesar 39,5. Hasil estimasi risiko menemukan PR=1,80: 95 CI 1,01-3,19 artinya risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pekerja ground handling yang terpapar tingkat kebisingan > 85 dBA 1,80 kali dibandingkan dengan pekerja ground handling yang terpapar tingkat kebisingan le; 85 dBA selama 8 jam TWA sehari di pelabuhan udara El Tari Kupang. Kesimpulan: ada perbedaan risiko kejadian gangguan pendengaran antara pekerja yang terpapar tingkat kebisingan > 85 dBA dengan pekerja yang terpapar tingkat kebisingan le; 85 dBA selama 8 jam TWA sehari. Upaya pencegahan penting dilakukan yaitu mewajibkan semua pekerja menggunakan APD ear plug atau ear muff terutama yang bekerja di area apron pelabuhan udara El Tari Kupang.

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Noise induced hearing impairment remained a health issue in Indonesia and the world. WHO 2005 reported 278 million 4.2 of the world population suffered from hearing impairment, 50 of them lives in South East Asia including Indonesia. In 2010, the noise level in El Tari airport of Kupang reached 92.2 dB in the morning and 95.2 dB in the noon time. In 2011, the noise level within the apron area or the air area reach the average of 90.48 dB with the interval of 74.5 ndash 120 dB and within the terminal area it reached the average of 89.2 dB. In 2013 the figure reached 91.5 dB within the apron area and 97.2 dB within the check in area, while within the departure area it reached 97 dB. Kupang Port Health Office, Annual Reports.

This research aims to find out the relationship between the noise level and the noise induced hearing impairment amongst the workers of El Tari airport in Kupang. The research applied cross sectional analytical design study. The study population of this research is male workers who works for the ground handling companies of El Tari airport in Kupang in 2016. The research found that the prevalence of sensorineural hearing impairment within the workers of El Tari airport in Kupang is 39.5.

The risk estimation result showed PR 1,80 95 CI 1,01 3,19. It means that the risk of suffering from sensorineural hearing impairment within the ground handling workers with the noise level exposure of more than 85 dB is 1.80 times compared to those with less or equal to 85 dBA noise level exposure for 8 TWA hours a day in the airport.

Conclusion there is a difference in the risk of suffering from sensorineural hearing impairment between the workers exposed to more than 85 dBA noise level and those exposed to less or equal to 85 dBA noise level per 8 TWA hours a day. It is crucial to take prevention efforts as in obliged the workers especially those working within the apron area of El Tari airport to use self protection devices ear plug or ear muff during their working hours within the apron area."

"Kebisingan merupakan salah satu permasalahan di dunia industri. Kebisingan dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan dan gangguan pendengaran. PT.X merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang perbaikan dan distribusi alat berat. Beberapa proses kerja di PT.X memiliki tingkat kebisingan yang cukup tinggi. Selain itu, hasil tes audiometri menunjukan bahwa beberapa pekerja di PT. X mengalami gangguan pendengaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis korelasi antara pajanan bising dan faktor risiko yang ada dengan kejadian gangguan pendengaran pada pekerja di PT.X tahun 2014. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner, observasi, pengukuran kebisingan dengan sound level meter (SLM), serta menganalisis hasil audiometri pekerja tahun 2013. Pekerja yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 46 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 5 pekerja (10.9%) yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran ringan. Hasil pengukuran kebisingan lingkungan berkisar antara 73-103.6 dBA. Selain itu, pajanan bising efektif (L equivalent efektif) yang diterima pekerja masih dibawah NAB berkisar antara 71 - 83.2 dBA. Dari 5 pekerja yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran, seluruhnya memiliki masa kerja lebih dari 5 tahun. Terdapat 30.4% pekerja yang mengalami NIHL.Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan pada setiap variabel, namun alat pelindung telinga mempengaruhi kejadian gangguan pendengaran dan NIHL.

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Noise is one of the problems in the industrial world. Noise can cause health problems and impaired hearing. PT.X is a company which business engaged in the reconditioning and distribution of heavy equipment. There are several work processes in PT.X which have high noise level. Besides, the result of audiometric test indicates that some of the workers in PT. X suffer hearing loss.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between noise exposure and the existing risk factors with the incidence of hearing loss in workers PT.X in year 2014. This study uses cross sectional study design by filling out questionnaires by the workers, observation, measuring the noise level with a sound level meter (SLM ), and analyzing the results of audiometric test in 2013. There are 46 workers taken as samples in this study.

The results of this study shows there are 5 workers (10.9%) who suffered a mild hearing loss. The results of environmental noise measurements between 73-103.6 dBA. Besides that, effective noise exposure (Effective L equivalent) received by workers is still below the TWA between 71 - 83.2 dBA. 5 workers with hearing loss have a working period of more than 5 years. There are 30.4% of workers who suffered NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss). There are no correlation at all the variables, but ear protection devices influencing the occurrence of hearing loss and NIHL."

"ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION : Based on Indonesian Constitution, article 2712 mention that every Indonesian citizen has the right of having a job and wages in accordance to humanity. Bajaj as an model in this study is public transportation vehicle which is noisy and vibrating and potential to induce hearing and balance disturbances which could be dangerous to himself or to others. General Objectives of this study : To investigate the risks of noise and vibration in bajaj's drivers and to find the solutions to prevent them from hearing loss and balance disturbances.

Specific objectives : To determine : 1, hearing and balance functions induced by noise and vibration by audiometric and posturography tests 2. To find other physiologic factors such as age, blood pressure, blood glucose level, smoking habit and body mass index which could influence those functions ; 3, To determine the threshold of noise frequencies, intensity and also acceleration of vibration which contributed to noise.

Setting : Subdivision of Neurotology of ENT Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Study subjects : Bajaj drivers.

METHODS: The study was carried out from March 2000 until October 2001.Noise and vibration were measured using octave band analyzer and vibration meter. Clinical ENT examination, height and body weight for body mass index, blood pressure and blood glucose level tests were performed. The subjects were divided into four groups : the normal one, only hearing or balance problem group, group of both disturbances. The risk factors were calculated by bivariate and multivariate or logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA, mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2. Those results showed that noise and vibration of bajajs were over safety threshold, which has been established by OSHA. The rate of normal subjects was 27.72 %, whereas that of those who suffered from hearing and balance problems was 27,43%, and only 17.14% had hearing problems and 27,71 % had balance problems. The total was 72,28 % of disturbance. From the multivariate analysis, hearing and balance problems were influenced by age more than 40 years old, working periods more than 9 years, daily working hours more than 8 hours, history of heavy smoking habit and obesity. Balance problems were influenced by the same factors. But the working period was 5.9 years and hearing problems were only influenced by age more than 40 years old. It was concluded that balance function was more sensitive than hearing one. For prevention, this study also introduced risk scores for hearing and balance functions based on those physiological factors for workers who worked in noisy and vibrating areas, low risk for scores 0-5, moderate risk for scares 6-10 and high risk for scores more than 11. The sensitivity level was 70,83% and specificity was 73,20 %.

CONCLUSIONS : Mean of bajaj's intensity level was 91 dBA, with minimum intensity 64 dBA, maximum intensity 96 dBA. mean acceleration of vibration was 4,2 misec2, which are over the safety threshold. Noise and vibration could induce hearing and balance problems in 72,28% of drivers. Those problems are influenced by several factors such as age, working periods, daily working hours, smoking habit and obesity."