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"This handbook volume aims to provide a comprehensive, self-contained, and authoritative reference in MEMS. It covers the theoretical and practical aspects including but not limited to sensors, actuators, RF MEMS, micro fluids and bio MEMS systems. It is particularly recommended to undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, scientists, and field experts. This comprehensive summary will provide a solid knowledge background and inspire innovations in this highly interdisciplinary field.The handbook series consists of 5 volumes: Micro/nano fabrication technology, MEMS, Nanomaterial, Nanomedicine and Applications of micro-/nanotechnologies in IT. Experienced researchers and experts are invited to contribute in each of these areas.The series is published under Springer Major Reference works, which allows continuous online update and publication. These features allow newcomers and other readers to keep in touch with the most up-to-date information in micro-/nanotechnologies.It presents an overview of the knowledge base, as well as selected topics and provides comprehensive and authoritative information on the field for researchers, engineers, scientists and graduate students who are involved in different aspects of micro-/nanotechnologies.This publication will provide inspiration for innovative research and application ideas for continued growth of the field."

"Pada saat ini perkembangan teknologi sudah semakin canggih. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh banyaknya robot yang sudah banyak berperan dalam banyak kegiatan. Definisi robot itu sendiri merupakan suatu mesin yang dirancang untuk mempermudah pekerjaan manusia baik itu diprogram secara otomatis atau dikendalikan langsung oleh manusia. Sistem tanpa awak (Unmanned Control) pada wahana kendaraan adalah salah satu contohnya. Sistem tanpa awak ini mempunyai tujuan untuk melakukan penjelajahan di area yang mempunyai risiko tinggi dan berbahaya bagi manusia. Sistem ini banyak diterapkan baik pada wahana kendaraan darat, udara dan di atas maupun di bawah permukaan air. Wahana kendaraan dengan sistem tanpa awak yang berada di atas permukaan air disebut dengan USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle), UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) untuk wahana kendaraan udara, dan Underwater ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) untuk wahana kendaraan di bawah permukaan air tanpa awak. Kategori Underwater ROV yang paling banyak dikembangkan saat ini adalah kategori Mini dan General. Kedua kategori tersebut rata-rata memiliki dimensi yang cukup besar dan sulit untuk dibawa berpindah-pindah tempat. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat prototipe kedua dari Micro Class Underwater ROV sebagai penginspeksi lambung kapal yang memiliki kekedapan hingga 5 meter, mampu mempertahankan posisi secara otomatis, mampu menampilkan vision dari kamera secara real time dan memiliki manuver yang baik serta harga yang terjangkau. Penelitian ini diawali dengan merancang serta merakitkomponen mekanikal dan elektrikal, merancang sistem kontrol dan pemrograman serta algoritma untuk mengontrol prototipe. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengambilan data melalui pengujian sensor, kamera dan simulasi serta analisis performanya. Prototipe ini memiliki massa total 3.2 kg dan kedap hingga kedalaman 5 meter serta dapat stabil ke posisi semula dari gerakan roll ketika diberi gangguan dalam waktu 0,297 detik dengan konstanta P sebesar -682.49, konstanta I sebesar -2501.7383, dan konstanta D sebesar -45.7323. Ketiga konstanta ini membantu operator untuk mengontrol prototipe agar mendapatkan gerakan yang lebih baik. Prototipe ini dapat menyala dengan semua sistem bekerja secara maksimal selama 5.1 menit dan mampu menyala minimal selama 34.2 menit ketika sistem dipakai sewajarnya. Prototipe ini dapat menampilkan video maupun gambar secara real time yang dapat dilihat langsung oleh operator pada GCS (Ground Control Station), akan tetapi terjadi beberapa perbedaan dalam pengiriman data video pada resolusi 120p, 240p dan 480p. Pada resolusi 120p tidak mengalami delay, 240p mengalami rata-rata delay 281 ms dan pada resolusi 480p mengalami rata-rata delay 782 ms.

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ABSTRACTAt this time the development of technology has become more sophisticated. This is indicated by the many robots that have a lot to play role in many activities. The definition of the robot itself is a machine designed to facilitate human work whether it is programmed automatically or directly controlled by humans. Unmanned Control on vehicle rides are one of the example. This unmanned system aims to explore areas that have high risks and dangerous to humans. This system is widely applied both on land vehicles, air and above or below the surface of the water. Vehicle with unmanned systems that are above the surface of the water is called USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle), UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for air vehicle rides, and Underwater ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) for vehicle rides under the surface of water. The most developed Underwater ROV category today is the Mini and General categories. This twocategories on average have quite large dimensions and are difficult to move around. Therefore this study aims to make a second prototype of Micro Underwater ROV Class as inspecting the hull of the ship which has a tightness of up to 5 meters, able to maintain its position automatically, able to display vision from the camera in real time and has good maneuverability and affordable prices. This research begins by designing and assembling mechanical and electrical components, designing control and programming systems and algorithms to control prototypes. Then the data is collected through testing sensors, cameras and simulations and performance analysis. This prototype has a total mass of 3.2 kg and is impermeable to a depth of 5 meters and can be stable to its original position from the roll motion when disturbed within 0.297 seconds with a P constant -682.49, a constant of I -2501.7383, and a constant of D -45.7323. These three constants help the operator to control the prototype in order to get better movement. This prototype can be lit with all systems working optimally for 5.1 minutes and able to run for a minimum of 34.2 minutes when the system is used appropriately. This prototype can display video and images in real time that can be seen directly by the operator on the GCS (Ground Control Station), but there are some differences in sending video data at a resolution of 120p, 240p and 480p. At a resolution of 120p there was no delay, 240p had an average delay of 281 ms and at a resolution of 480p had an average delay of 782 ms."

"Optimalisasi gas lift sistem  pada salah satu lapangan fasilitas kompressi gas di lapangan A, pada PT XYZ untuk menaikkan produksi menjadi 1500 bopd dan 2.5 mmscfd. Berdasarkan perhitungan / perkiraan kebutuhan daya untuk gas lift sistem  baru adalah sebesar  100.57  KVA dan 132.33 KVA beban puncak , dimana sistem kelistrikan saat ini terdiri dari PLN 33 KVA,3 phase,50 HZ dan GEG 106 KVA,3 phase,50 HZ . Dengan kondisi seperti diatas maka sistem kelistrikan saat ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gas lift sistem  yang baru sehingga memerlukan pengembangan sistem kelistrikan. Instrument air package merupakan suporting sistem  untuk gas lift sistem  yang vital, dimana  berhentinya sistem ini lebih dari 15 menit akan menyebabkan gas lift sistem  berhenti beroperasi dan menyebabkan shutdown plant. Biaya pemadaman / biaya yang diakbatkan berhentinya sistem  adalah sebesar  6199 usd/ jam. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan analisis pengembangan sistem kelistrikan untuk mendukung optimalisasi gas lift syatem. Analisis meliputi kriteria teknis dan non teknis. Evaluasi teknis meliputi analisis kecukupan daya, kehandalan sistem  dengan menggunakan simulator ETAP 12.6 serta indeks keandalan sistem  dengan menggunakan reliability blok diagram sedangkan untuk evaluasi non teknis melalui biaya investasi dan biaya yang timbul akibat pemadaman. Pada penelitian dilakukan 3 skenario pengembangan, skenario 1,2.1.2.2 dan 3 untuk kemudian dilakukan evaluasi baik teknis maupun non teknis. Berdasarkan penelitian skemario 2.2 merupakan sistem kelistrikan yang optimum  dengan indeks keandalan 0.9963633 dan 0.9493694 dengan biaya investasi sebesar Rp. 8.631.771.033,07. Dan biaya pemadaman sebesar RP. 2.903.023.023.515.

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Optimization of  the gas lift sistem  in one of  gas compression facilities in field A, at PT XYZ to increase production to 1500 bopd and 2.5 mmscfd. Based on the calculation / estimation of power requirements for the new gas lift sistem  is 100.57 KVA and the beban puncak  is 132.33 KVA, while the current electricity sistem  consists of PLN 33 KVA, 3 Phase, 50 HZ and GEG 106 KVA, 3 Phase, 50 HZ. With the requirements above, the current electricity sistem  cannot be used to meet the needs of a new gas lift sistem  so that requires the development of an electrical sistem . The instrument air package is a vital support sistem  for gas lift sistem , in case the package shutdown down for more than 15 minutes will cause the gas lift sistem  shutdown and cause a plant shutdown. The cost of loss production because shutdown plant is about 6199 USD / hour. In this research, an analysis of the development of the electrical sistem  will be carried out to support the optimization of gas lift syatem. Analysis consist of Technical Criteria and Non-Technical Criteria evaluation / analysis. Technical evaluation are assessment of power adequacy, sistem  sistem  analysis using the ETAP 12.6 simulator, calculate reliability indeks using reliability block diagram and for non-technical evaluation are investment costs and cost of loss production. In the research carried out 4 development scenarios, scenarios 1,2.1,2.2 and 3. Based on the research of Scenario 2.2 is the optimum scenario."

"This book discusses key concepts, challenges and potential solutions in connection with established and emerging topics in advanced computing, renewable energy and network communications. Gathering edited papers presented at MARC 2018 on July 19, 2018, it will help researchers pursue and promote advanced research in the fields of electrical engineering, communication, computing and manufacturing."

"This Green Book offers the outstanding expertise of CIGRE professionals about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in one concise handbook. FACTS are used to enhance AC power networks, by providing fast control of power flows and AC voltage and AC phase angles. They can be used to defer the need for additional power lines, by controlling the power flow on lines to achieve maximum utilisation of the existing lines, and/or by improving the power quality, e.g. when large disturbing loads are connected to the network. This Green Book on FACTS provides comprehensive information about the use of Power Electronics for AC system control and for Power Quality Improvement in its over 1000 pages. This book has been written by experts in the field, who come from Transmission System Operators, Network owners, manufacturers, and consultants in this field. This Green Book on FACTS covers a large range of topics in its 6 sections, as follows:1. AC Systems Characteristics, AC network control using conventional means and AC network control using FACTS Controllers2. Technical Descriptions of all current FACTS controllers, power electronic Topologies for FACTS, SVCs, STATCOM, TCSC and the UPFC and its variations3. Application Examples of all FACTS controllers, which include a description of controllers using saturation of iron as well as examples of all current FACTS controllers4. Planning and Procurement, including economic appraisals and cost benefit analysis, planning studies, environmental considerations, functional specifications5. Implementation of FACTS controllers, including integration and design studies, equipment design and testing and commissioning6. FACTS operation and lifetime management."