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"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Infark miokardium merupakan salah satu penyumbang kematian terbesar di Dunia. Evaluasi ukuran akhir infark merupakan prediktor kuat untuk menentukan prognosis pada pasien dengan infark miokardium. Saat ini belum ada penelitian infarct model pada hewan coba (babi) yang membandingkan pengukuran area infark miokardium dengan menggunakan metode MRI di Indonesia. Metode : Eksperimental 13 sampel dengan pembuatan infarct model. Pengukuran massa dan ukuran infark miokardium dilakukan setelah 6-8 minggu perlakuan dengan menggunakan metode LGE MRI dan hitung massa dengan timbangan secara manual dissection. Data dianalisis dengan uji Wilcoxon, kemudian ketepatan data dipertajam dengan analisis berulang secara intraclass correlation (ICC). Hasil: Massa area infark menurut MRI 4,62 gr (2,58 gr-14,08 gr) vs massa area infark menurut manual dissection 7,68 gr (2,31 gr -17,99 gr), dengan p = 0,093, dengan nilai korelasi yang rendah pada uji ICC (r value 0,084). Ukuran area infark menurut MRI 3,20 % (1,68 %-12,01%) vs ukuran area infark menurut manual dissection 4,48 % (1,23 % - 9,19 %), dengan p = 0,721, dengan nilai korelasi yang rendah pada uji ICC (r value 0,17), tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada pengukuran MRI dibandingkan dengan manual dissection pada timbangan, akan tetapi memiliki korelasi yang rendah. Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini perhitungan massa infark maupun ukuran infark antara metode MRI dan hitung massa (timbangan) secara manual dissection tidak setara. Metode manual dissection yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini tidak ideal dalam perhitungan massa maupun ukuran infark miokardium.

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Background: Myocardial infarct is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. Evaluation of the resulting infarction area is a strong predictor for the prognosis of patients post myocardial infarction (MI). At the moment, there has not been a study in Indonesia that compares magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and direct mass weighing in a porcine model. Methods: 13 samples were made using an infarct porcine model. Measurements of MI weight and infarct size were conducted 6 to 8 weeks after coronary artery ligation using both LGE MRI and direct mass weighing following manual dissections. Data were tested using Wilcoxon test, and further analyzed using intraclass correlation (ICC). Results: Infarct area weight calculation using MRI averaged 4,62 gr (2,58 gr -14,08 gr) while infarct area weight calculation using mass weighing averaged 7,68 gr (2,31 gr-17,99 gr), with p = 0,093, with a very low correlation score from ICC test (r value 0,084). Infarct size area calculation using MRI averaged 3,20 % (1,68 %-12,01%) while infarct size calculation using mass weighing averaged 4,48 % (1,23 % - 9,19 %), with p = 0,721, with a very low correlation score from ICC test (r value 0,17) Conclusion: The results between infarct area weight and infarct size using MRI with mass weighing after manual dissection was not comparable. Manual dissection method that has been used in this study was not ideal to calculate myocardial infarct area weight and myocardial infarct size."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Infark miokardium akut merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi di Indonesia dan membutuhkan diagnosis yang tepat untuk menentukan rencana tatalaksana. Modalitas diagnostik yang sering digunakan untuk menilai adanya infark adalah ekokardiografi dan MRI. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kesesuaian hasil pengukuran dari ekokardiografi dan MRI dalam evaluasi infark miokardium, serta menilai perubahan ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri pascainfark.Metode : Dilakukan ligasi LCx pada 13 jantung babi untuk mengkondisikan infark miokardium. Setelah ligasi LCx dilakukan penilaian regional wall motion abnormality dan ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri pada pemeriksaan ekokardiografi, dan penilaian area infark serta ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri dari pemeriksaan MRI. Temuan regional wall motion abnormality diuji kesesuaiannya dengan temuan area infark di MRI menggunakan uji Kappa. Ketebalan dinding posterior ventrikel kiri dari ekokardiografi diuji kesesuaiannya dengan ketebalan dinding posterior ventrikel kiri yang didapatkan dari pemeriksaan MRI menggunakan uji interclass correlation. Untuk perubahan ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri diuji dengan ANOVA.Hasil: Perubahan LVPWd praligasi dengan pascaligasi memberikan hasil p = 0,703 yang menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan bermakna. Uji kesesuaian antara area regional wall motion abnormality dengan area infark memberikan hasil κ = 0,14 – 0,27 yang menunjukkan kesesuaian antara ekokardiografi dengan MRI masih kurang. Uji korelasi ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri dengan ketebalan dinding posterior ventrikel kiri memberikan hasil r = 0,573 dengan p = 0,029 yang menunjukkan bahwa pemeriksaan ekokardiografi memberikan hasil yang sama dengan MRI.Simpulan: Terdapat penurunan nilai ketebalan dinding ventrikel kiri setelah 6-8 minggu pascaligasi LCx. Penggunaan ekokardiografi terbukti dapat memberikan keyakinan bahwa akan menunjukkan hasil yang sama dengan MRI dalam menilai ketebalan dinding posterior ventrikel kiri. Namun, dalam evaluasi area infark, hasil pemeriksaan ekokardiografi memiliki reliabilitas yang rendah dibandingkan dengan MRI.

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Background: In Indonesia, myocardial infarction accounts for most deaths, and require immediate diagnosis to determine the treatment. The diagnostic modalities used to evaluate myocardial infarction is echocardiography and MRI. The aim of this study is to evaluate the compability between echocardiography and MRI in evaluating myocardial infarction, and to evaluate the changes of left ventricular posterior wall thickness post infarction.

Method : A total of 13 pig heart had their LCx ligated to make the infarct heart model. Echocardiography and MRI were performed after the ligation of LCx. The compability between regional wall motion abnormality found in echocardiography compared to infarct area found in MRI was tested using Kappa test. The compability between left ventricular posterior wall thickness obtained from the echocardiography and MRI was tested using interclass correlation. The changes of left ventricular posterior wall thickness was tested using ANOVA.

Result: The changes of left ventricular posterior wall thickness value showed p value = 0,703 which means that there is no significant changes in left ventricular posterior wall thickness post infarction. The compability test using Kappa in comparing the regional wall motion abnormality with infarct area showed κ = 0,14 – 0,27, which means that the level of compability is low. The correlation test between left ventricular posterior wall thickness with the left ventricular posterior wall thickness showed r = 0,573 with p value = 0,029 which means that the echocardiography gave the same result with MRI.

Conclusion: There is a decline in left ventricular posterior wall thickness value after 6-8 weeks post ligation. The use of echocardiography in evaluating myocardial infarction showed that the echocardiography gave the same result with MRI in the measurement of the left ventricular posterior wall thickness. However, echocardiography was not reliable compared to MRI in evaluating the infarct area."

"The idea of using the enormous potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) not only for diagnostic but also for interventional purposes may seem obvious, but it took major efforts by engineers, physicists, and clinicians to come up with dedicated interventional techniques and scanners, and improvements are still ongoing. Since the inception of interventional MRI in the mid-1990s, the numbers of settings, techniques, and clinical applications have increased dramatically. This state of the art book covers all aspects of interventional MRI. The more technical contributions offer an overview of the fundamental ideas and concepts and present the available instrumentation. The richly illustrated clinical contributions, ranging from MRI-guided biopsies to completely MRI-controlled therapies in various body regions, provide detailed information on established and emerging applications and identify future trends and challenges."

"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) saat ini sedang banyak digunakan sebagai image guiding dalam perencanaan radiosurgery dan radioterapi. Modalitas pencitraan ini dapat menampilkan karakteristik fisis jaringan dengan detail luar biasa, terutama pada otak. Namun seperti yang telah diketahui, distorsi geometri terjadi pada citra MRI. Distorsi ini menimbulkan masalah di beberapa aplikasi MRI, salah satunya lokalisasi pada Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKSRS). Oleh karena itu, pengukuran serta koreksi distorsi geometri pada citra MRI perlu dilaksanakan. Dalam penelitian ini, sebuah fantom desain khusus dikembangkan untuk mengukur tidak hanya distorsi geometri citra MRI, namun juga uniformitas dan resolusi spasial kontras tinggi. Penelitian menggunakan tiga variasi, meliputi variasi protokol pemindaian, frame, dan larutan pengisi. Protokol pemindaian yang digunakan adalah T1-Bravo dan T2-Fiesta. Fantom dengan dan tanpa Leksell stereotactic frame dipindai menggunakan 1,5 T MRI GE Optima MR450w. Fantom diisi dengan tiga variasi larutan yaitu aquades (H2O) serta CuSO4.5H2O dengan konsentrasi 2 mM dan 5 mM. Dari hasil analisis data penelitian dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan bahwa fantom desain khusus yang dikembangkan dapat digunakan untuk mengukur distorsi geometri, uniformitas, serta resolusi spasial kontras tinggi citra MRI. Citra MRI yang dihasilkan oleh protokol pemindaian T1-Bravo memiliki distorsi geometri dan resolusi spasial lebih rendah namun uniformitas lebih tinggi dibandingkan citra yang dihasilkan oleh protokol T2-Fiesta. Keberadaan Leksell stereotactic frame ketika proses pemindaian meningkatkan distorsi geometri dan mengurangi uniformitas citra. Selain itu, larutan yang paling sesuai digunakan sebagai pengisi fantom desain khusus adalah larutan CuSO4.5H2O dengan konsentrasi 5 mM.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for purposes of radiosurgery and radiotherapy planning. This imaging modality can explore the physical properties of tissue with great details, especially for imaging of the brain. However, the geometric distortion is reasonably occurred and can make significant differences in certain MR application such as, for example, stereotactic localization in Gamma Knife. Therefore, the geometric distortion measurement and correction should be applied.

In this study, an MRI in-house phantom was developed to measure not only geometric distortion, but also uniformity and high contrast spatial resolution of MR image. This study used three variations, including scanning protocol, frame, and phantom filler. There were two scanning protocols applied in this study, they were T1-Bravo and T2-Fiesta. The phantom attached with Leksell stereotactic frame was scanned using 1.5 T MRI GE Healthcare. Phantom was filled with three kinds of solution, they were pure water (H2O), CuSO4.5H2O 2 mM and 5 mM solution.

The study results showed that the in-house or special design phantom can be used to measure geometric distortion, uniformity, and high contrast spatial resolution of MR image. T1-Bravo image had lower geometric distortion and spatial resolution but higher uniformity than T2-Fiesta. Leksell stereotactic frame can increase the magnitude of geometric distortion and decrease the uniformity of MR image. Moreover, the most suitable solution for phantom filler is CuSO4.5H2O 5 mM."

"Magnetic resonance imaging selanjutnya disebut MRI merupakan peralatan radiologi diagnostik yang tidak mengandung radiasi pengion. Hal tersebut tidak berarti menjadikan alat ini bebas dari potensi bahaya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mendapatkan deskripsi, menganalisa dan menilai penerapan keselamatan lingkungan pada fasilitas MRI 1.5T di wilayah DKI Jakarta. Penelitian didesain dengan metode campuran dengan tehnik purposive sampling. Dilaksanakan pada 4 fasilitas MRI 1.5T di wilayah DKI Jakarta dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 25 (dua puluh lima) orang radiografer yang bertugas di pelayanan MRI. Data kuantitatif diuji dengan menggunakan uji statistik nonparametrik yaitu Cochran’s Q dan Kruskalwalis. Nilai Cochran’s Q hitung>Chi square tabel (66.495>36.415) sehingga H0 ditolak atau terdapat perbedaan pemahaman radiografer. Uji statistik kruskalwalis menunjukkan nilai mean rank antar rumah sakit sumber data bervariasi. Data kualitatif terkait ketersediaan perangkat keselamatan menunjukkan standar American Collage of Radiology (ACR) lebih aplikatif dibandingkan standar Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan (KMK) RI No. 410/MENKES/SK/III/2010 tentang standar pelayanan radiologi diagnostik di sarana pelayanan kesehatan. Keempat rumah sakit sumber data telah memenuhi standar ACR sedangkan standar KMK 410/2010 hanya dapat dipenuhi oleh sebagian. Kepatuhan petugas dalam praktek aman penanganan pasien mandiri di empat rumah sakit sumber data telah memenuhi standar ACR dengan nilai bervariasi.

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Magnetic resonance imaging is hereinafter referred to MRI as diagnostic radiology equipment that contains no ionizing radiation. That does not mean to make this tool is free of potential hazards. This study aimed to get a description, analyze and assess the implementation of environmental safety at 1.5T MRI facility in Jakarta. The research is designed with a mix method with purposive sampling technique. Held on 4 (four) 1.5T MRI facilities in Jakarta. The number of respondents as many as 25 (twenty five) radiographers who served in MRI services. The quantitative data were tested using nonparametric statistical test that Cochran's Q and Kruskalwalis . Cochran's Q value count > Chi square table (66 495> 36 415) so that H0 is rejected or there is a difference of understanding radiographer. Kruskalwalis statistical test shows the mean rank among hospitals varied data sources. The qualitative data related to the availability of safety devices demonstrate the American Collage Of Radiology (ACR) standards more applicable than Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan (KMK) RI No. 410/MENKES/SK/III/2010 standard. The fourth hospital data sources meet the standard ACR while KMK 410/2010 standard can only be met by the majority. Compliance officers in the safe practice of self-management of patients in four hospitals have a data source meets ACR standards with varying grades."

"Penelitian ini meneliti tentang selisih antara tagihan dengan klaim yang dibayar oleh para penjamin biaya kesehatan terhadap pelayanan kasus Infark Miokiard Akut di RSJPDHK serta selisih antara tagihan dengan klaim menggunakan tarif INA-CBG`s. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk dapat memperoleh data karakteristik, mutu layanan dan permasalahan biaya dan pembayaran klaim terhadap RS oleh para penjamin/pembayar. Penelitian ini mendapatkan 5472 pasien Infark Miokard Akut selama periode 1 Januari 2009 sampai 31 Desember 2012 terdiri dari laki laki 81,5% dan perempuan 18,5%, rata-rata usia 56,3 tahun rentang usia yang lebar (21-97 th vs 26-96 th). Sebagian besar berasal dari DKI Jakarta (51%), Tingkat keparahan I 46%, Tingkat II 47,4%, dan Tingkat III 5,9%. Lebih dari separuh pasien (54,64%) mendapat tatalaksana intervensi PTCA atau bedah jantung (CABG), sedangkan 44,54% pasien dirawat tanpa tindakan intervensi non bedah maupun bedah. Penelitian mendapatkan 43,7% pasien dengan jaminan Askes, dan hanya 2,9 % dijamin dengan Jamkes yang dibayar dengan sistem INA-CBG`s. Lama rawat pasien rata rata 7,71±6,30 hari, 87,8, % keluar RS dengan status sembuh. Kesimpulan : Mutu layanan IMA di RSJPDHK tidak dibedakan berdasarkan jenis penjamin, dan adanya selisih antara tagihan RS dengan klaim yang dibayar oleh para penjamin berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kode diagnosis, jumlah tindakan sekunder, lama rawat dan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Penelitian mendapatkan nilai selisih dalam simulasi perhitungan antara tagihan terhadap klaim dengan sistem INA-CBG`s.

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The Study examined the differences between the published rates and the CBG rates among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in National Cardiovascular Center (NCC) Harapan Kita. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is quality and other differences among AMI patients paid by difference payers and payment levels. This study analyzed medical records of patients with AMI during the period of January 1, 2009 until December 31, 2012. The study found 5,472 patients with AMI consisting of 81.5% males and 18.5% females with the mean age of 56.3 years (range between 21-97 years vs. 26-96 years). Most of the patients were from Jakarta (51%). On severity levels, 46% patients were in severity level I, 47.7% severity level II, and 5.9% level III. More than half (54.6%) patients were treated with intervention (PTCA) or surgical procedures (CABG), while 44.4% patients were treated conventionally. We found that 43.7% of patients were covered by Askes, and only 2.9% were Medicaid (Jamkesmas) that were paid on DRGs. The average length of stays was 7.7 days and 87.8% were discharged in a good recovery. There was no difference in quality of treatment by difference payers or payment system although there was significant discrepancy in charges among difference payers. This differences in charges were associated differences in diagnoses, the number of secondary procedures, length of stays, and severity of the cases. It is concluded that the doctors provided the same quality of services among AMI patients, regardless of payers` status or charges."

"Pada kasus lumbal spinal stenosis, penentuan terapi dibedakan menjadi konservatif termasuk medikamentosa dan rehabilitasi medik dan pembedahan. Secara general, pembedahan dilakukan pada pasien yang tidak mengalami perbaikan klinis setelah menjalani terapi konservatif. Tesis ini membahas perbedaan gambarandegenerative lumbar spinal stenosis berupa pengukuran faktor determinan menggunakan MRI lumbosakral pada pasien yang menjalani pembedahan kelompok uji dan konservatif kontrol. Pengamatan perubahan radiologis yang akurat akan membantu klinisi memperkirakan terapi yang sesuai untuk pasien secara lebih dini dan efektif. Sebagai hasil, secara bivariat, faktor determinan yang bermakna adalah stenosis kanalis lumbal L3-4; stenosis recessus lateral L4-5 dan L5-S1; stenosis foraminal L3-4 bilateral dan L5-S1 kiri; hernia nukelus pulposus L3-4 dan L5-S1, hipertrofi ligamentum flavum L3-4 dan degenerasi sendi facet L4- 5 kanan. Dengan analisa multivariat, didapatkan hanya hernia nukelus pulposus L3- 4 dan L5-S1 saja yang menentukan keputusan operasi.

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In degenerative lumbal spinal stenosis, choice of treatment divide into conservative with medication and rehabilitation included and surgical. Generally, surgery to patient perform when there is no improvement in clinical examination after adequate conservative treatment. In this thesis, we describe difference in determinant factors seen with MR study to patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who had surgical treatment case group and conservative treatment control group. Carefull observation in radiologic changes will help clinician to predict patient outcome and decide adequate treatment. As results, using bivariate analysis, we conclude that there are significantly differences in lumbal canal stenosis at L3 4 level lateral recessus stenosis at L4 5 and L5 S1 level, foraminal stenosis at L3 4 bilaterally and at left side of L5 S1 level hernia nucleus pulposus at L3 4 and L5 S1 level flavum ligament hypertrophy at L3 4 level and facet joint degeneration at right side of L4 5 level. Meanwhile, using multivariate analysis, only hernia nucleus pulposus of L3 4 and L5 S1 level bring decision to surgery."

"[, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi antarapola perubahan kadar Mg plasma dan K serum terhadaptimbulnya GIJ pada IMA. Jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kreteria penelitian sebanyak 28 orang yang terdiri dari 24 orang pria dan 4 orang wanita. Penderita IMA yang mengalami GIJ selama perawatan di ICCU RSCM sebesar 70%. GIJ yang terjadi dapat berupa gangguan konduktifitas (kelompok I) dan gangguan iritabilitas (kelompok II), sedang 30% irama sinus (kelompok III).

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This study aims to find a correlation between

pattern of changes in plasma Mg and K levels of serum to

the emergence of GIJ at IMA. The number of samples that met the research criteria was 28 people consisting of 24 men and 4 women. IMA patients who experience GIJ during treatment at ICCU RSCM is 70%. GIJ that occurs can be in the form of conductivity disorders (group I) and irritability disorders (group II), while 30% of sinus rhythms (group III).]"

"Even as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has matured into an invaluable diagnostic tool, it has also become a key experimental tool in biological research, where it demonstrates special sensitivity to a plethora of physiological factors, as well as a capacity for use all the way from cellular suspensions to in vivo human studies. In Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Methods and Biologic Applications, leading experts in the use of MRI from both academia and industry explain its basic principles and demonstrate its power to understand biological processes with numerous cutting-edge applications. To illustrate its capability to reveal exquisite anatomical detail, the authors discuss MRI applications to developmental biology, mouse phenotyping, and fiber architecture. MRI can also provide information about organ and tissue function based on endogenous contrast mechanisms. Examples of brain, kidney, and cardiac function are included, as well as applications to neuro- and tumor pathophysiology. In addition, the volume demonstrates the use of exogenous contrast material in functional assessment of the lung, noninvasive evaluation of tissue pH, the imaging of metabolic activity or gene expression that occur on a molecular level, and cellular labeling using superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents. Cutting-edge and user-friendly, Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Methods and Biologic Applications illuminates for biological scientists the basic principles of MRI and shows how it can be used successfully to solve important biological problems."

"Pada skripsi ini dirancang sebuah resonator RF Birdcage Coil tanpa lumped circuit untuk aplikasi sistem Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI merupakan teknologi pencitraan tubuh manusia untuk aplikasi diagnosis medis yang bersifat non-invasive dan tidak memiliki pengaruh radiasi foton seperti halnya yang terdapat pada sistem Computed Tomography (CT). MRI memanfaatkan efek kuat medan magnet untuk mensejajarkan susunan inti atom hidrogen (proton) dengan arah medan magnet eksternal. Pada saat yang bersamaan sistem memancarkan RF Pulse ke tubuh pasien kemudian menerima sinyal Magnetic Resonance (MR) untuk rekonstruksi citra penampang tubuh. Pada penilitian ini dirancang suatu resonator RF Birdcage Coil tanpa lumped circuit yang beresonansi di spektrum frekuensi 128 MHz. Secara desain, resonator ini dirancang terdiri atas Leg dan End Rings (ERs) terbuat dari selembar konduktor tembaga tipis yang ditempelkan di kedua sisi akrilik sebagai material substrat untuk memberikan nilai kapasitansi resonator dan sekaligus sebagai pembentuk konfigurasi resonator RF Birdcage Coil. End Rings disusun superposisi untuk membentuk kapasitor secara bergantian. Untuk mendapatkan frekuensi resonansi yang diinginkan, dilakukan tuning dengan cara memperbesar atau memperkecil dimensi plat tembaga End Rings untuk mengubah nilai kapasitansi resonator. Desain resonator dirancang dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Birdcage Builder untuk menghitung nilai kapasitansi awal dan disimulasikan dengan perangkat lunak berbasis Finite Integration Technique (FIT). Setelah dilakukan validasi dengan cara pengukuran tanpa ada tubuh manusia, resonator dapat beresonansi di frekuensi 128,5 MHz. Pengujian resonator dengan memasukkan bagian tubuh manusia seperti kepala dan tangan, resonator memberikan response perubahan yang sangat kecil pada pergeseran frekuensi berturut-turut 128,8 MHz dan 127,7 MHz untuk kepala dan tangan manusia.

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In this final project the RF Birdcage Coil resonator is designed without using lumped circuit for application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system. MRI is a scanning technology of human body tissues to medical diagnosis application which generally is non-invasive and doesn’t has the impact of photon like another system such as Computed Tomography (CT). It utilizes the effect of magnetic field strength to aligns proton with external magnetic field and transmits the RF Pulse to the human body then recieves the Magnetic Resonance (MR) signal for image reconstruction simultaneously.

In this research the RF Birdcage Coil resonator is designed without using lumped circuit and it can resonance in 128 MHz. This resonator has the Leg and End Rings which is made from copper foil and attached to the inner and outer of acrylic as a substrat material to produce the capacitance of the resonator and also as a shaper of the RF Birdcage Coil’s configuration. The End Rings arrange superposition to create the capacitance respectively. To get desired resonance frequency it should be tuned by make dimension foil of End Rings bigger or smaller to change the capacitance.

Birdcage Builder as a software which used to design the beginning form of the resonator and count the first value of capacitance then simulated in software based on Finite Integration Technique. After validation with measurement without human body the resonator can resonance in 128,5 MHz. Measurement with import body parts such as head and hand into resonator give the smallest change in 128,8 MHz and 127,7 MHz for human head and hand respectively."