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"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 ?/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 Ω/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass is one of most important components in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. In addition to its high electrical conductivity, transparency is another important requirement that must be achieved in fabricating TCO. One TCO film is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which can be considered as the most promising substitution for indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), since the latter is very expensive. However, the fabrication techniques for TCO film need to be carefully selected; the synthesis parameters must be properly optimized to provide the desired properties. In this work, FTO glass has been fabricated by the ultrasonic spray pyrolisis technique with different precursors, i.e. tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) and anhydrous tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4), as well as different solvents, i.e. ethanol and methanol. For both conditions, ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was used as the doping compound. The resulting thin films were characterized by use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and a four-point probe test. The results of the investigation show that the highest transmittance of 88.3% and the lowest electrical resistivity of 8.44×10-5 ?.cm were obtained with the FTO glass processed with 20 minutes of spray pyrolysis deposition and 300oC substrate heating, using SnCl4 as the precursor and methanol as the solvent. It can be concluded that TCO fabrication with tin chloride precursors and ammonium fluoride doping using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis can be considered as a simple and low cost method, as well as a breakthrough in manufacturing conductive and transparent glass."

"Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play an important role invarious technology, including dye sensitized solar cells. One of the mostcommonly used glass is indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, which is expensive.Therefore, the mainpurpose of this research was to determine if ITO glass can be replaced withfluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass,which is easier and more economic to manufacture. For this purpose, a tinchloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O)precursor was doped with ammoniumfluoride (NH4F) using asol-gel method and spray pyrolysis technique toinvestigate the fabrication process for conductiveglass. NH4F wasdoped at a ratio of 2 wt% in the SnCl2.2H2O precursor atvarying deposition times (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and substrate temperatures(250, 300, and 350°C). Theresults revealed that longer deposition times created thicker glass layers withreduced electrical resistivity. The highest opticaltransmittance was 75.5% and the lowest resistivitywas 3.32´10-5 Ω.cm,obtained from FTO glasssubjected to a 20-minute deposition time at deposition temperature of 300oC."

"Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play an important role in various technology, including dye sensitized solar cells. One of the most commonly used glass is indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, which is expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to determine if ITO glass can be replaced with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, which is easier and more economic to manufacture. For this purpose, a tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) precursor was doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F) using a sol-gel method and spray pyrolysis technique to investigate the fabrication process for conductive glass. NH4F was doped at a ratio of 2 wt% in the SnCl2.2H2O precursor at varying deposition times (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and substrate temperatures (250, 300, and 350°C). The results revealed that longer deposition times created thicker glass layers with reduced electrical resistivity. The highest optical transmittance was 75.5% and the lowest resistivity was 3.32´10-5 ?.cm, obtained from FTO glass subjected to a 20-minute deposition time at deposition temperature of 300oC."

"ABSTRAKKaca konduktor memiliki fungsi strategis di berbagai aplikasi elektronik. Jenisyang menjanjikan adalah Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). Dalam penelitian inidilakukan studi pengaruh waktu deposisi (5, 10, 20, 30, dan 40 menit) lapisan tipisFTO dengan metode spray pyrolysis menggunakan alat ultrasonic nebulizer yangtelah dimodifikasi terhadap nilai karakteristik lapisannya ditinjau dari sifat optis,kristalinitas, resistivitas, dan mikrostruktur. Variasi juga dilakukan denganmembandingkan prekursor Sn murni dan larutan yang telah didoping dengan Fsebanyak 2%wt untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan doping F pada larutanprekursor. Pengujian karakteristik lapisan dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM,UV-Vis spectroscopy, dan digital multimeter. Berdasarkan karakterisasi yangdilakukan diperoleh nilai terbaik untuk FTO yang dihasilkan adalah pada waktudeposisi 20 menit dengan nilai transmitansi 74%, energi band gap (Eg) 3,85 eV,dan sheet resistance (Rs) 7,99 Ω/sq.

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ABSTRACTConductive glass has strategic functions in various electronic applications. Oneof the lead is Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). In this research, the effects ofdeposition time (5,10,20,30, and 40 minutes) for fabrication of FTO thin film uponspray pyrolysis process using modified ultrasonic nebulizer on its characteristicin terms of optical, crystalinity, resistivity and microstructure properties has beenstudied. Variation was also performed by comparing the pure Sn precursor andthe solution that has been doped with F 2%wt to see the doping effect toproperties of thin film. The thin film characterization were carried out using XRD,SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and digital mutlimeter. Based on the results obtainedfor the best FTO was generated at the time of deposition is 20 minutes. Providing74% transmittance, band gap energy (Eg) 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) 7.99Ω/sq."

"ABSTRAKTransparent conductive oxide TCO merupakan material yang sangat penting untuk digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi teknologi modern. Pembuatan piranti seperti optoelektronik LCD, organic electroluminescence EL dan juga untuk elektroda pada dye sensitized solar cell DSSC .TCOpada divais DSSC berfungsi sebagai penyerap cahaya dan penghantar elektron.Jenis TCO yang paling umum digunakan adalah indium tin oxide ITO , namun harganya relatif mahal. Oleh sebab itu fabrikasi kaca konduktor fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO ini ditujukan untuk menggantikan fungsi ITO karena proses pembuatannya yang sederhana serta biaya yang relatif lebih rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, pembuatan kaca konduktor FTO ini dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dengan menggunakan bahan baku tin II chloride dehydrate SnCl2.2H2O dan anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida NH4F sebagai doping dengan parameter yang divariasi adalah waktu deposisi 10, 20 dan 30 menit dan temperatur pemanasan substrat 250, 300, 350 C . Selain itu,variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis prekursor SnCl2.2H2Odan SnCl4 dan pelarut ethanol dan methanol . Penelitian ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menghasilkan prototipe kaca transparan konduktif FTO yang mampu menghantarkan arus listrik dengan nilai resistivitas dalam skala 10-4 ?.cm serta nilai transparasi mencapai >80 . Karakterisasi sampel dilakukan menggunakan alat SEM-EDS, XRD, Spektroskopi UV-Vis dan Four Point Probe. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi dan semakin tinggi temperatur substrat maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif, namundengan konsekuensi nilai transmitansiyang juga akan semakin menurun. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil yang optimum pada kaca konduktor yang difabrikasi dengan prekursor SnCl4 dan pelarut methanol, konsentrasi doping 2 wt, waktu deposisi 20 menit dan temperatur subtrat 300 C dengan nilai resistivitas 8,44 x 10-5 ?.cm dan transmitansi 88,3 . Dari hasil diatas, prekursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 yang didoping amonium fluorida NH4F dengan menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dapat dianggap sebagai terobosan baru dalam pembuatan kaca yang konduktif dan transparan.

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ABSTRACTTransparent conductive oxide TCO is a very important material for use in various applications of modern technology including the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as LCDs, organic electroluminescence EL and also as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells DSSC . TCO on DSSC device serves as the light absorber and electron conductor. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide ITO , however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine doped tin oxide FTO which is easier and more economic for fabrication. In this work, the conductor FTO glass manufacture is done by ultrasonic spray pyrolisis method using tin II chloride dihydrate SnCl2.2H2O and anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 as precursors and ammonium fluoride NH4F as doping with variations of deposition time 10, 20 and 30 minutes and substrate heating temperature 250, 300 and 350 C . In addition, the variations of type precursor SnCl2.2H2O and SnCl4 and solvent ethanol and methanol . The aims of this research was to produce a prototype FTO transparent conductive glass with a value of resistivity 10 4 .cm and the value of transmittance 80 . Characterization of the samples is done using a SEM EDS, XRD, UV Vis Spectroscopy and Four Point Probe. The results showed that the longer the deposition time and the higher the substrats, providing smaller resistivity, but the consequences transmittance value which will also decrease. In this study,the highest transmittance of 88.3 and the lowest resistivity of 8.44 x 10 5 .cm resitivitas were obtained from the glass subjected to 20 minutes deposition time and 300 oC substrate heating during the process using precursor SnCl4 and solvent methanol. From the results, the precursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 doped ammonium fluoride NH4F using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis may be considered as a breakthrough in the manufacture of conductive and transparent glass."

"Industri nata de coco merupakan salah satu agroindustri yang menghasilkan limbah cair bersifat asam, berbau tidak sedap, dan mengandung polutan organik konsentrasi tinggi. Pendekatan biological treatment menggunakan lumpur aktif pada pengolahan limbah terkadang menjadi masalah yakni mikroba yang digunakan mati/inaktif dan memerlukan penyesuaian pH. Degradasi fotokatalitik diyakini mampu memperbaiki kekurang pengolahan limbah dengan cara lumpur aktif atau menjadi komplemen dalam sistem gabungan beberapa cara pengolahan. Titanium dioksida (TiO2) banyak digunakan sebagai fotokatalis karena memiliki sifat yang stabil, ramah lingkungan, dan murah. Kombinasi TiO2 bulky diubah ke dalam bentuk nanotube yang lebih baik secara morfologi kemudian dilakukan modifikasi dengan logam platina (Pt) agar pita serapan bergeser ke daerah sinar tampak serta dilekatkan pada film gelas konduktif FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi Pt pada katalis membuat kinerja fotokatalitik yang lebih baik. Hasil ini juga didukung oleh data fotoelektrokimia yang menghasilkan densitas arus tertinggi oleh fotokatalis Pt-TNT/FTO 65 mM yakni 0,0031 mA/cm2. Variasi suhu kalsinasi memberikan respon fotokatalitik yang berbeda. Fotokatalis Pt-TNT/FTO-450 menunjukkan kinerja paling baik dengan densitas arus puncak 0,0123 mA/cm2 serta nilai reflektan paling rendah dari data spektrum UV-Vis DRS. Sejalan dengan karakterisasi, hasil aplikasi fotodegradasi terhadap air limbah produksi nata de coco berhasil diturunkan. Laju fotodegradasi terbesar dihasilkan oleh fotokatalis Pt-TNT/FTO 65 mM yang mampu mendegradasi asam asetat, COD, dan amonia berturut-turut yakni 49,16%, 59,09%, 70,08% pada lama penyinaran 8 jam.....The nata de coco industry is one of the agro-industries that produce acidic liquid waste, have a terrible smell, and contain high concentrations of organic pollutants. The biological treatment approach using activated sludge in wastewater treatment sometimes becomes a problem; namely, the microbes used are dead/inactive and require pH adjustment. Photocatalytic degradation is believed to be able to improve the lack of wastewater treatment by using activated sludge or be a compliment in a combined system of several treatment methods. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used as a photocatalyst because it is stable, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive. The combination of bulky TiO2 was converted into a morphologically better nanotube form and then modified with platinum metal (Pt) so that the absorption band shifted to the visible light region and was attached to a conductive glass film FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide). The results showed that the higher the concentration of Pt in the catalyst. Evidence shows a shift in photocatalyst absorption from UV to visible light. Photoelectrochemical data supported this result. The “Pt-TNT/FTO 65 mM” photocatalyst produces the highest current density (0.0031 mA/cm2). In addition, the Pt-TNT/FTO-450 photocatalyst showed the best performance with a peak current density of 0.0123 mA/cm2 and showed the lowest bandgap. The developed photoelectrode showed an excellent result in degrading the organic pollutants from Nata De Coco wastewater. The highest photodegradation rate was produced by Pt-TNT/FTO 65 mM photocatalyst. It eliminated acetic acid, lowered COD value, and eliminated ammonia, respectively, namely 49.16%, 59.09%, 70.08% at 8 hours of irradiation time"

"ABSTRAKAntimony (Sb) doped tin oxide (ATO) merupakan salah satu material transparan yang telah mendapatkan popularitas lebih akhir-akhir ini karena sangat berperan penting terhadap teknologi. transparansi tinggi pada cahaya tampak, konsentrasi dan mobilitas elektron tinggi membuat ATO sebagai bahan penting untuk oksida transparan konduktif, display flat-panel, sel surya, jendela arsitektur perangkat optoelektronik dan sensor gas. Dalam penelitian ini, lapisan tipis antimony doped-tin oxide (ATO) dibuat dengan biaya rendah dan sederhana menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Lapisan tipis ATO telah ditumbuhkan dengan menvariasikan konsentrasi doping antimon (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% Sb) dan waktu deposisi (10, 20, 30 menit). Sifat struktural, morfologi, optik dan listrik dari lapisan ini telah dianalisis dengan difraksi sinar-X, mikroskop elektron, UV-VIS dan instrumen four point probe. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa semua lapisan polikristalin dengan struktur kristal tetragonal. Analisis sifat optik dan listrik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi optimum doping Sb telah diperoleh untuk meningkatkan transparansi danmeningkatkan konduktivitas listrik lapisan tipis timah oksida

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ABSTRACTAntimony (Sb) doped tin oxide (ATO) is one transparent material that has gained its popularity more recently due to their great technological importance. High transparency in the visible light, high concentration and mobility of electron makes ATO as an important material for the field of transparent conducting oxide, flat-panel display, solar cell, architectural windows optoelectronic devices and gas sensor. In this study, Sb doped-tin oxide (ATO) thin films has been fabricated by low cost and simple, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. ATO thin films have been deposited with various antimony doping concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% Sb) and time deposition(10, 20, 30 minutes). The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of these films have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-VIS and four point probe instruments. XRD studies show that all films are polycrystalline with tetragonal crystal structure. The optic and electric properties studies show that the concentration optimum of Sb doping has been obtained to increase transparency and improve the electrical conductivity of tin oxide thin film."

"Nanorod seng oksida (ZnO) berdopan tunggal Al, berdopan tunggal Mg, dan berdopan ganda Al-Mg ditumbuhkan di atas substrat kaca berlapis indium timah oksida (ITO) melalui dua tahap, yaitu deposisi lapisan benih dengan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) dan penumbuhan nanorod dengan metode hidrotermal. Pengamatan scanning electron microscopy (SEM) menunjukkan sebagian besar nanorod ZnO memiliki orientasi tegak lurus terhadap permukaan substrat dan pemetaan elemen dengan energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) menunjukkan seluruh elemen dopan tersebar merata di seluruh permukaan nanorod ZnO. Analisis difraksi sinar-x (XRD) menunjukkan bahwa pada nanorod ZnO berdopan Al, Mg, Al-Mg tidak terdapat fasa sekunder dan puncak bergeser ke sudut 2θ yang lebih besar karena adanya pembesaran volume kisi kristal. Spektrum UV-vis menunjukkan bahwa penambahan dopan tunggal Al atau Mg cenderung meningkatkan transparansi pada panjang gelombang cahaya tampak, sedangkan penambahan dopan Al pada nanorod ZnO berdopan ganda Al-Mg justru mengurangi transparansi. Perubahan energi celah pita akibat penambahan dopan Al dan/atau Mg masih belum memiliki pola yang jelas. Sedangkan hasil pengujian fotoluminesen (PL) menunjukkan semua nanorod ZnO memiliki banyak cacat alami kisi kristal.

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Al-doped, Mg-doped, and Al-Mg-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were grown on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates through two steps, i.e.seed layer deposition using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method and nanorod growing using hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed that most of the ZnO nanorods had the growth orientation perpendicular to the substrates surface and the element mapping undergone using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that all the doping elements were well distributed on the entire of the ZnO nanorod surfaces. XRD analysis results showed that Al-, Mg-, and Al-Mg- doped ZnO nanorods had no secondary phase and peaks shifted to the larger angles 2θ due to the increment of the crystal lattice volume.

UV-vis spectra showed that the addition of a single dopant Al or Mg tended to higher the optical transparency at the visible range, while the addition of dopants Al in Al-Mg double doped ZnO nanorods tended to lower the optical tranparency. Changes in band gap energy due to the addition of dopants Al and/or Mg had no clear pattern yet. While the photoluminescence (PL) test results indicated all the ZnO nanorods contained many native crystal lattice defects."