Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"To develop seismic design criteria for buildings, seismic hazard analysis is required to estimate the ground motion intensity with criteria such as peak ground acceleration (PGA). The seismic hazard can be analyzed by using two approaches: deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). In these two approaches, the seismic hazard is evaluated from past earthquake events and active faults data. In Thailand, seismic hazard is classified in the low lying regions; however, in recently years, earthquakes have occurred frequently in the North of Thailand. To prevent and reduce damage due to earthquakes in the future, determination of seismic hazard is needed. This research proposes a deterministic seismic hazard map evaluated from nineteen active faults affecting Thailand. Two types of active faults are considered: first, an active fault in a subduction zone and second, a crustal fault. The seismic hazard is evaluated by using a ground motion prediction equation (GMPEs). Four GMPEs are weighted equally for seismic crustal fault, and two GMPEs are weighted equally for a seismic subduction zone. The hypocentral distance is used to evaluate the seismic hazard for all ground motion prediction equations. The Northern part and the Western part of Thailand are high seismic hazard regions, because there are active faults with the large possibility of earthquakes of a maximum magnitude. The seismic hazards in the North, West and Northeast of Thailand are about 0.60 g. The seismic hazard in Bangkok is about 0.25 g due to the Three Pagoda fault and Sri Sawat fault. The seismic hazard in the South of Thailand is about 0.40 g."

"[Usaha untuk mendapatkan data seismik yang baik serta interpretasi seismik dari data eksisting pada suatu lapangan yang mempunyai struktur kompleks relatif sukar untuk dilakukan. Pembuatan model ideal untuk parameter seismik dengan menggunakan Forward Modelling diharapkan mampu untuk membuat hubungan antara kompleksitas struktur dengan data seismik yang dihasilkan.Hasil dari pembuatan Forward Modelling yang dilakukan dibandingkan dengan data real menunjukkan bahwa response seismik pada zone prospek menunjukkan trend yang sama, dimana pada zona yang mengalami struktur geologis yang kompleks, response seismik kurang bagus. Hasil pengurangan trace data real versus synthetic pada lintasan UT88-520 dan UT88-535 masih menunjukkan residu yang cukup besar, sebagai akibat dari kompleksitas strukturgeologi lapangan Tiaka. Hasil Forward Modelling dapat dijadikan sebagai pembanding dan validasi hasil seismik yang diharapkan untuk mendapatkan model seismik yang dapat menjadi acuan pada saat akuisisi seismik, agar didapatkan data seismik yang lebih baik.

---

The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure

is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling

for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the

correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that

we get.

The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward

Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect

zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not

clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520

and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in

Tiaka Field is very complex.

The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as

validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference

for seismic acquisition., The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure

is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling

for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the

correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that

we get.

The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward

Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect

zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not

clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520

and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in

Tiaka Field is very complex.

The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as

validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference

for seismic acquisition.]"

"Prediksi tekanan pori sebelum melakukan proses pengeboran menjadi hal yang sangat penting karena dapat merepresentasikan pemetaan migrasi hidrokarbon, serta analisa konfigurasi tutupan dan geometri cekungan. Disisi lain penentuan tekanan pori dapat membantu dalam pembuatan desain program casing dan lumpur. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lapangan X, Cekungan Kutai Kalimantan Timur dimana secara regional cekungan ini tersusun atas endapan- endapan sedimen yang berumur tersier yang memperlihatkan endapan-endapan fase trangresi dan regresi laut. Prediksi tekanan pori pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode yang dikembangkan oleh Eaton, metode ini membutuhkan data pengukuran geofisika seperti data kecepatan seismik dan data log sumur. Prediksi tekanan pori diturunkan dari kecepatan seismik 3D yang diperoleh dari hasil pemodelan kecepatan dengan menggunakan metode Impedansi akustik Inversion, dimana metode tersebut mampu untuk memprediksi kecepatan lebih akurat untuk menetukan karakteristik litologi dan daerah yang berstruktur komplek. Proses yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dimulai dengan menentukan parameter-parameter perhitungan dengan Metode Eaton pada 5 sumur dengan data kecepatan sonic dan seismic, selanjutnya melakukan perhitungan nilai overburden, Tekanan Hidrostatik, Normal Compaction trend NCT dan Model distribusi prediksi tekanan pori. Dari hasil prediksi tekanan pori dapat memperlihatkan penyebaran/ distribusi zona overpressure pada lapangan X yang dilalui oleh 5 sumur, penyebaran ini menjadi penting untuk membantu dalam program untuk menentukan pengeboran sumur di area tersebut.

---

Pore Pressure prediction prior to drilling is paramount importance as it can represent of mapping hydrocarbon migration, as well as to analyse of trap and basin geometric configurations. Side of is other pore pressure determination can be assist in design of casing and mud program. This research was conducted in X field , Kutai basin, East Kalimantan, where is by regional this basin is composed of tertiary deposits which to show sedimentary deposits of marine tracres and regressions. The pore pressure prediction in this study using developed methods by Eaton, this method requires geophysical measurement data such as seismic velocity data and well log data.

The pore pressure prediction is derived from the 3D seismic velocity obtained from the velocity modeling results using the Inversion acoustic impedance method, where the method is able to predict more accurate velocities to determine lithologic characteristics and complex structured regions. The process performed in this study begins by determining the calculation parameters with the Eaton Method on 5 wells with sonic and seismic velocity data, then performing overburden value calculation, Hydrostatic Pressure, Normal Compaction Trend NCT and Pore pressure prediction distribution model. From the predicted pore pressures can show the distribution of overpressure zones in the X field through which 5 wells, this distribution is important to assist in the program to determine drilling wells in the area."

"Jembatan-Toko yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan pejalan kaki dan sekaligus sebagai toko merupakan struktur bangunan yang semakin banyak digunakan di kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta, Indonesia. Jembatan-Toko yang umumnya dibangun di pusat-pusat perbelanjaan menghubungkan dua bangunaan yang dipisahkan oleh jalan raya. Sistem struktur jembatan-toko terdiri dari 2 (dua) jenis yaitu struktur bawah yang menggunakan sistem struktur jembatan sedangkan struktur atas yang menggunakan sistem struktur gedung. Kedua sistem struktur ini dihubungkan oleh sejumlah balok prategang diatas 2 (dua) perletakan sederhana. Penelitian ini membahas respon seismik dari struktur jembatan-toko dengan memvariasikan jenis perletakannya yaitu perletakan sendi, perletakan kaku (rigid), dan perletakan flexibel. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Elastomeric Rubber Bearing sebagai perletakan jembatan-toko dapat meningkatkan periode getar serta mengurangi perpindahan, gaya dalam, dan story drift.

---

Sky-Bridge, that functionally both bridge for pedestrian and shop building, is a structure that increasingly used in big city such as Jakarta, Indonesia. Sky-Bridge that commonly built in shopping centers connect two building that separated by highway. Structure system of bridgeshop consists of 2 (two) type namely lower structure as a bridge whereas upper structure as a building. Both of them are connected by a number of prestressing beam above two simple support. This research is to discuss about seismic response of Sky-Bridge structures that compares the design with variation of the structures joint among others hinge, fixed (rigid) joint, and Elastomeric Rubber Bearing (ERB) joint. Result of the Research showed the use of Elastomeric Rubber Bearing as a Sky-Bridge structures joint can increase the vibration period and reduce the displacement, internal force and story drift."

"Skripsi ini membahas tingkat seismisitas, kerapuhan batuan, dan tingkat periode ulang gempa bumi Jawa bagian barat dengan batas koordinat 105º1’11”-106º7’12” Bujur Timur dan 5º7’50”-7º1’11’’ Lintang Selatan. Analisis pengamatan menggunakan data kejadian gempa bumi selama periode 1981-2021, kedalaman h≤300 km, dan magnitudo 𝑀≥2. Metode yang digunakan adalah Magnitude Frequency Relation (MFR) dengan hasil nilai MC sebesar 4.8. Serta metode Maximum Likelihood dengan hasil nilai b sebesar 0.5 - 1.3 dan nilai a sebesar 3.5 – 8.0. Sedangkan nilai periode ulang gempa bumi yang didapatkan berbeda-beda tergantung besaran magnitudo pada wilayah penelitian. Pada gempa bumi dengan magnitudo 𝑀 = 5.0 dan 𝑀 = 5.5, secara berturutturut memiliki kisaran periode ulang gempa sekitar 1-4 tahun dan 2-7 tahun. Beda halnya dengan gempa bumi magnitudo 𝑀 = 6.0 dan 𝑀 = 6.5, memiliki kisaran periode ulang gempa sekitar 4-14 tahun dan 6-16 tahun.

---

This thesis discusses the level of seismicity, rock fragility, and the rate of return period for West part of the Java’s earthquake with coordinate boundaries of 105º1’11”- 106º7’12” East Longitude and 5º7’50”-7º1’11’’ South Latitude. Observational analysis uses earthquake data for the period 1981-2021, depth h≤300 km, and magnitude 𝑀≥2. The methods are used Magnitude Frequency Relation (MFR) with MC value of 4.8, also the Maximum Likelihood method with the results of a b value of 0.5 - 1.3 and a value of 3.5 – 8.0. While the value of the earthquake return period obtained varies depending on the magnitude of the study area. Earthquakes with a magnitude of 𝑀 = 5.0 and 𝑀 = 5.5, respectively, have an earthquake return period range of about 1-4 years and 2-7 years. Unlike the case with earthquakes of magnitude 𝑀 = 6.0 and 𝑀 = 6.5, they have a return period of around 4-14 years and 6-16 years."

"Todevelop seismic design criteria for buildings, seismic hazard analysis is required to estimate the ground motionintensity with criteria such as peak groundacceleration (PGA). The seismic hazard can be analyzed by using two approaches: deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) andprobabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). In these two approaches, theseismic hazard is evaluated from past earthquake events and active faults data. In Thailand, seismic hazard is classified in the low lying regions; however, in recently years,earthquakes have occurred frequently in the North of Thailand. Toprevent and reduce damage due to earthquakes in the future, determinationof seismic hazard is needed. Thisresearch proposes a deterministic seismic hazardmap evaluated from nineteenactive faults affectingThailand. Two types of active faults are considered: first, an active fault in a subduction zone and second, a crustal fault. The seismic hazard is evaluated by using a groundmotion prediction equation (GMPEs). Four GMPEs are weighted equally forseismic crustal fault, and two GMPEs are weighted equally fora seismic subduction zone. The hypocentral distance isused to evaluate the seismic hazard for all ground motion prediction equations.The Northern part and the Western part of Thailand are high seismic hazardregions, because there are active faults with the large possibility of earthquakes of a maximum magnitude. The seismichazards in the North, West and Northeast of Thailand are about 0.60 g.The seismic hazard in Bangkok is about 0.25 g due to the Three Pagoda fault and Sri Sawat fault. The seismic hazard in the South of Thailand is about 0.40 g."

"Lapangan FM merupakan salah satu lapangan penghasil hidrokarbon yang terletak di Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara. Salah satu Formasi yang berpotensi sebagai penghasil hidrokarbon adalah Formasi Cibulakan berupa batupasir dan batugamping yang menjadi reservoar objektif. Untuk memprediksi penyebaran reservoar batupasir digunakan metode multi-atribut seismik. Metode multi-atribut merupakan metode untuk memprediksi reservoar. Prediksi tersebut didapat dari hubungan fisis diaplikasikan dengan properti atribut dari data seismik. Berdasarkan analisa crosplot diketahui bahwa log gamma-ray dan density merupakan parameter yang sensitif terhadap keberadaan reservoar batupasir. Metode multi-atribut digunakan dalam membuat volume pseudo gamma-ray dan density. Kombinasi antara gamma-ray dengan density dapat memisahkan dengan baik antara batupasir, batu gamping dan batu lempung. Hasil pemetaan menunjukkan reservoar batupasir terdistribusi pada daerah Tinggian. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk eksplorasi lebih lanjut dalam penyebaran reservoar pada Formasi Cibulakan di Lapangan FM.

---

Field FM is one of the hydrocarbon-producing field located in the North West Java Basin. One of the potential formation of hydrocarbon-producing formations are sandstones and limestones Cibulakan form the reservoir objective. To predict the spread of reservoir sandstones research using multi-attribute seismic methods. Multi-attribute method is a method for predicting reservoir parameters. The predictions obtained from the physical relationship was applied to the property attribute of the seismic data.

Based on the analysis crosplot known that gamma-ray logs and density are parameters which are sensitive to the presence of reservoir sandstones. Multi-attribute method is used to predict the pseudo volume of gamma-ray and density. The combination of gamma-ray logs with density can separate well between sandstone, limestone and claystone.

Mapping results indicate reservoir sandstones in the area of distributed Tinggian. The results can be used for further exploration in the spread of the Formation reservoir in the Field Cibulakan FM."

"Dalam tesis ini, penulis mengemukakan metode sederhana untuk menguraikan jenis-jenis batuan dari data seismik full stack. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut, pertama, korelasi-silang antara well traces dan data seismik dikalkulasi. Trace-trace yang ada pada setiap sumur-sumur diambil sebagai trace referensi. Setiap well traces di-korelasi-silang dengan data seismic yang telah ada, dimana hasilnya dapat digunakan sebagai atribut seismik. Semua atribut yang telah dikalkulasi dari tracetrace referensi kemudian digunakan sebagai input untuk proses analisis gugus. Metode clustering yang telah digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah kmeans clustering. Kedua, perubahan kemiringan, intercept, korelasi koefisien, dan, deviasi standar, dari setiap sumur-sumur yang telah di-PCA(Principal Component Analysis) digunakan sebagai input untuk proses analisis gugus. Mengimplementasikan metode ini telah memunculkan horizon based analysis dengan mudah. Metode ini telah diterapkan pada data seismic fullstack dan informasi sumur pada lapangan Boonsville. Hasil menunjukkan konsistensi dengan keberadaan peta jenis-jenis batuan yang diinterpretasikan dari well correlation.

---

In this thesis, the authors present a simple method to extract the lithotypes from fullstack seismic data. To achieve that, first the cross-correlation between well traces and seismic data was calculated. The traces at the wells were taken as reference traces. Each well trace was then cross-correlated with the existing seismic data in which the result can be treated as a seismic attribute. All calculated attributes from all reference traces were then used as inputs for a cluster analysis process.

The method of cluster analysis which has been used in this thesis is k-means clustering. Second, a gradient, an intercept, a correlation coefficient, and deviation standard from the well that have been PCA-ed (Principal Component Analysis) is used as input for cluster analysis. Implementing this method has simply allowed for a horizon based analysis.

The method has been applied to fullstack seismic data and wells information in Boonsville field. Results show consistency with existing litho logy map interpreted from well correlation."

"Migrasi seismik merupakan salah satu proses akhir dalam processing seismik. Proses migrasi bertujuan untuk meningkatkan resolusi lateral data seismik dengan cara memindahkan kedudukan reflektor pada posisi dan waktu pantul yang sebenarnya berdasarkan lintasan gelombang. Hal ini disebabkan karena penampang seismik hasil stack belumlah mencerminkan kedudukan yang sebenarnya, karena rekaman normal incident belum tentu tegak lurus terhadap bidang permukaan, terutama untuk bidang reflektor yang miring. Selain itu, migrasi juga dapat menghilangkan pengaruh difraksi gelombang yang muncul akibat pengaruh struktur geologi seperti patahan, sinklin, dan antiklin. Migrasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu migrasi dengan menggunakan metode fourier split step dan finite-difference. Kedua metode migrasi yang digunakan tersebut diaplikasikan pada empat macam data seismik sintetik yang telah dibuat melalui pemodelan seismik Data seismik sintetik yang dibuat terdiri dari empat macam model geologi, yaitu model geologi dua perlapisan (sinklin-antiklin), model geologi tiga perlapisan (patahan), dan model geologi empat perlapisan dan satu channel, pada model geologi yang ketiga ini terdapat dua macam model kecepatan, yaitu model yang memiliki kecepatan kontinu dan model yang memiliki kecepatan tidak kontinu. Dilakukan perbandingan antara kedua metode migrasi yang digunakan terhadap data seismik sintetik yang ada. Hasil migrasi dengan menggunakan metode finite-difference terlihat lebih baik dalam mengatasi variasi kecepatan lateral yang sederhana maupun kompleks dibandingkan dengan metode fourier split step. Tapi, migrasi dengan menggunakan metode fourier split step lebih membutuhkan waktu yang singkat dalam hal proses komputasi dibandingkan metode finite-difference.

---

Seismic migration is a part of final process in seismic processing. The purpose of migration is to enhance spatial resolution of seismic data. This migration is performed by moving the position of reflector with regards to the real position and reflecting time based on the wave path. The different image between the stacked section and true subsurface position of the event due to the record of normal incidence is not always perpendicular to its reflector, especially a reflector with a certain dip. In addition, migration collapse diffraction effect is shown from the result of geological structure such as fault, sincline and anticline.

The migration algorithm that was used is split step fourier and finite-difference migration. Both migration methods were applied to four types of synthetic seismic data that were produced by seismic modeling. The produced synthetic seismic data consisted of four types of geological modeling which are: double layered geological model (syncline - anticline), triple layered geological model (fault), four layered geology model, and one channel. For the third geological models it was found that there were two types of velocity model, a continual velocity and the other was not. Comparison was then done for the two migration methods used with the existing synthetic seismic data.

The results show that finite-difference migration is better than split step fourier migration in solving and handling variation of a simple and complex lateral velocity. In contrast, split step fourier migration is faster than finite-difference migration in the computation process."