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"Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) pembuatan alas kaki berperan penting dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja di Indonesia, namun sayangnya peran UMKM tersebut masih belum diimbangi dengan perlindungan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) kepada para pekerjanya. Setiap hari para pekerja di UMKM pembuatan alas kaki terpajan dengan berbagai bahan kimia baik melalui inhalasi maupun dermal yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pernapasan, iritasi mata dan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait penggunaan bahan kimia pada pekerja di UMKM pembuatan alas kaki di Ciomas Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga UMKM pembuatan alas kaki di Ciomas – Bogor dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional dan menggunakan metode Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment dari Department of Safety and Health Malaysia Tahun 2018. Bahan kimia yang dianalisis dibatasi hanya untuk benzene dan toluene. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mix-method, di mana tahap rekognisi bahaya dan evaluasi pajanan melalui dermal dilakukan dilakukan secara kualitatif, sementara evaluasi pajanan melalui inhalasi dilakukan secara kuantitatif berdasarkan pengukuran personal air sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa level risiko bahan kimia melalui pajanan inhalasi termasuk kedalam level risiko moderat dan tinggi, di mana pajanan inhalasi yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan efek karsinogenik. Sementara melalui pajanan dermal masuk kedalam level risiko moderat, dengan efek kesehatan yang dapat terjadi yaitu, iritasi kulit dan mata. Tingginya pajanan yang diterima pekerja di UMKM alas kaki diperburuk dengan minimnya pengendalian yang dilakukan UMKM terhadap pajanan bahan kimia.

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Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) in footwear manufacturing sector contribute to provide jobs in Indonesia, but the role is still not balanced with the protection of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) for workers. Workers are daily exposed to extensive range of potential chemical occupational hazards either through inhalation or dermal which may lead to respiratory problem, eye and skin irritation. The research aimed to analyze health risks related to the use of chemicals among workers in MSME’s in footwear manufacturing. This research was conducted in three MSME’s in Ciomas - Bogor using cross sectional design and the Chemical Health Risk Assessment method by the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia Year 2018. The chemicals analyzed were limited to benzene and toluene. The data collection technique was carried out using mixmethod: qualitative method for hazard recognition and evaluation of exposure through dermal; and quantitative method for evaluation of exposure through inhalation, based on measurement of personal air sampling. The results showed that the level of risk of chemicals through inhalation exposure is included to the level of moderate and high risk, where high exposure can cause carcinogenic effects. While through dermal exposure is included to the level of moderate risk, with health effects that can occur, namely, skin and eye irritation. The high exposure received by workers in MSME footwear is exacerbated by the lack of control by MSMEs on exposure to chemicals."

"UMKM merupakan salah satu industri dengan risiko yang signifikan karena lemahnya implementasi penglolaan risiko. Penelitian ini menilai tingkat risiko yang ada di UMKM pembuatan busana muslim CV. A dan UMKM pembuatan boneka CV. AT tahun 2016. Penilaian risiko dilakukan dengan menganalisis nilai kemungkinan, pemajanan dan konsekuensi dari setiap bahaya yang teridentifikasi risiko menggunakan metode semi kuantiatif yang dikembangkan oleh W.T Fine. Diperoleh bahwa bahaya kelistrikan (instalasi) ; bahaya ergonomi (handling) ; bahaya kimia (pajanan fume) memiliki tingkat risiko very high. Bahaya mekanik (gerakan jarum) ; bahaya fisik (suhu ruangan) memiliki tingkat risiko priority 1. Bahaya kimia (pajanan debu ; pajanan solvent) ; bahaya gravitasi (tertimpa benda) ; bahaya fisik (pencahayaan) memiliki tingkat risiko substantial. Bahaya safety (penataan ruang) ; bahaya organisasi kerja (stress kerja) memiliki tingkat risiko priority 3. Bahaya mekanik (gerakan menggunting ; gerakan menyetrika) ; bahaya fisik (tabung gas) memiliki tingkat risiko acceptable.

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SMEs workers are exposed to significant risk due to improper implementation at risk management. This study aimed to evaluate the risk level at two tekstile SMEs by using risk assessment method developed by W.T Fine. It was found that very high risk was associated with safety hazard (electricity) ; ergonomic hazard (handling) ; chemical hazard (fume exposure). Priority 1 risk was associated with mechanical hazard (seewing) ; physical hazard (temperature). Substantial risk was associated with chemical hazard (dust ; solvent) ; gravity hazard (struck down) physical hazard (lightning exposure). Priority 3 was associated with safety hazard (work area) ; work organization hazard (work stress). Acceptable risk was associated with mechanical hazard (scissoring ; ironing) ; physical hazard (gas tube)."

"Masalah kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja di bengkel pembuatan alas kaki diakibatkan oleh lemahnya manajemen risiko, sehingga dibutuhkan pengkajian risiko dalam rangka pengelolaan risiko. Penelitian ini berisi analisis risiko kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja di Bengkel Pembuatan Alas Kaki Tahun 2016. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai tingkat risiko kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja pada setiap tahapan proses produksi alas kaki. Penilaian risiko menggunakan metode W.T. Fine yaitu dengan menganalisis nilai konsekuensi, pajanan dan kemungkinan.Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa level risiko yang dimiliki pada setiap langkah kerja meliputi level very high yaitu bahaya kimia, level priority 1 yaitu bahaya ergonomi dan bahaya mekanik, level substantial yaitu desain kerja (housekeeping), level priority 3 yaitu bahaya kinetik dan acceptable yaitu bahaya psikososial.

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Occupational health and safety problems in small and medium enterprises are caused by lack of risk management. This research aimed to assess the OHS risk level at five small shoes industries. Risk assessment was done by implementing W.T Fine method to analyze risk level by scoring the level of probability, exposure and consequence.

This study found that the risk of chemical hazard (solvent vapor from glue) was very high; the risk of ergonomic and mechanical hazard were categorized as priority 1, the risk of poor housekeeping was substantial; the risk of kinetic hazard was priority 3; and the risk of psychosocial hazards was acceptable."

"Toluena merupakan pelarut organik aromatik yang paling sering digunakan pada industri yang dapat menimbulkan risiko kesehatan bagi pekerja yang terpajan. Asam hipurat adalah biomarker penanda terjadinya pajanan toluena di dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pajanan toluena terhadap tingkat risiko RQ dan kadar asam hipurat urin pada pekerja industri alas kaki. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional di tiga industri alas kaki yang berada di Ciomas Bogor. Jumlah sampel 40 pekerja dengan pemilihan sampel multistage random sampling. Sampel udara diambil sebanyak 9 titik untuk mengukur konsentrasi toluena di tempat kerja dan di analisis dengan Gas Chromatografi GC . Sampel urin diambil pada pekerja untuk mengukur kadar asam hipurat dengan menggunakan alat UPLC MS/MS. Tingkat risiko RQ dihitung dengan membandingkan nilai asupan intake dengan dosis acuan Reference Concentration . Data karakteristik individu diperoleh melalui wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi toluena di udara p value 0,001 , umur p value 0,004 , lama kerja p value 0,004 , tugas kerja p value 0,013 dengan tingkat risiko RQ , namun berat badan, jenis kelamin, status merokok dan kebiasaan minum kopi tidak ada hubungan dengan tingkat risiko RQ . Tidak ada hubungan antara konsentrasi toluena di udara, umur, lama kerja, tugas kerja, berat badan, jenis kelamin, status merokok dan kebiasaan minum kopi dengan kadar asam hipurat urin pekerja. Analisis multivariat menunjukan bahwa tingkat risiko RQ dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi toluena, lama kerja dan tugas kerja secara bersamaan setelah dikontrol dengan variabel lainnya dengan persamaan regresi linear : Tingkat risiko RQ = -3,335 0,913 Konsentrasi toluena 1,07 Lama kerja ndash; 0,345 Tugas kerja . Disarankan pekerja menggunakan alat pelindung diri, melakukan rotasi kerja dan pekerja pengeleman ditempatkan diruangan dengan ventilasi terbuka.

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Toluene is organic solvents aromatic most often used in industry that can give a health risk to exposed workers. Toluene exposure can be determined by measuring the biomarker in the urine is hippuric acid. This research to analysis effect of toluene exposure to risk quotient RQ and urinary hippuric acid on informal footwear industries workers. This study used cross sectional design in three informal footwear industries which are located in Ciomas Bogor. Number of samples is 40 workers with sample selection of multistage random sampling. Air samples were collected at 9 points to measure toluene concentrations in the workplace and analyzed with Gas Chromatography GC . Urine samples were collected on the workers to measures levels of hippuric acid using UPLC MS MS. Estimation risk quotient RQ is compare the value of intake with Reference Concentration RfC . The results showed that there was significant correlation between toluene concentration p value 0,001 , age p value 0,004 , length of work p value 0,004 , work assignment p value 0,013 with risk quotient RQ , but there was no relation weight, sex, smoking and drinking coffee with risk quotient RQ . There was no relation between toluene consentration, age, length of work, work assignment, weight, sex, smoking and drinking coffee with urinary hippuric acid. Multivariate analysis showed that risk quotient RQ was influenced by toluene concentration, length of work and work assignment after controlled with other variables with a linear regression equation Risk Quotient RQ 3,335 0,913 toluene concentration 1,07 length of work ndash 0,345 work assignment. Workers should use personal protective equipment, doing work rotation and workers who work using glue are placed in the room with open ventilation."

"Latar belakang : Terpajan pelarut organik merupakan kejadian sehari-hari yang dialami oleh banyak pekerja. Pelarut organik banyak digunakan dalam proses pembuatan alas kaki disektor formal maupun informal. Menurut beberapa penelitian beberapa jenis pelarut organik mempunyai sifat neurotoksik sehingga perlu deteksi gejala-gejala tersebut yang mungkin timbul pada para pekerja. Kuesioner Swedish Q16 adalah kuesioner deteksi dini yang paling sering digunakan untuk penupisan pekerja yang terpajan pelarut organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan pelarut organik menggunakan Kuesioner Swedish Q16, serta mengetahui beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi seperti : umur, pendidikan, masa kerja, status gizi, pemakaian APD, kebiasaan minum alkohol, merokok, cuci tangan, makan minum di tempat kerja dan hasil pemantauan kadar pelarut organik di lingkungan,kerja.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional dengan subyek penelitian 138 orang pekerja alas kaki di sektor informal Ciomas Bogor. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan pengamatan langsung, sedangkan lingkungan kerja dilakukan dengan pengukuranpersonal sampling dan hasilnya diperiksa menggunakan teknik Gas Chromatography. Gejala neurotoksik dideteksi menggunakan kuesioner Swedish Q16. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan September-Oktaber 2006. Hasilnya diolah menggunakan program statistik SPSS 11,5.Hasil : Hasil identifikasi lem didapatkan lem kuning mengandung : toluen (45,3%), benzen (5,18%) dan metil etil keton (18,68%), lem putih mengandung : toluen (41,31%), benzen (3,52%) dan aseton (19,24%). Kadar toluen di lingkungan kerja rata-rata 1,12 ppm, tertinggi 2,48 ppm dan terendah 0,33 ppm. Keluhan terbanyak kesemutan (62,3%), sakit kepala (62,3%), mudah Ietih (56,5%). Prevalensi gejala neurotoksik pads subyek penelitian sebesar 55,8%. Pada analisis bivariat faktor umur, masa kerja dan IMT memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap terjadinya gejala neurotoksik. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat didapatkan umur < 28 tahun memiliki risiko 6 kali lipat untuk mengalami gejala neurotoksik. (p = 0,000; OR = 6,235). Penieriksaan finger tapping test dilakukan secara sub sampling pada 53 subyek dan dipemleh basil tidak normal pada tangan kanan 47,2% dan tangan kiri 43,3%.Kesimpulan : Prevalensi gejala neurotoksik pada pekerja industri alas kaki sektor informal , Ciomas , Bogor yang terpajan pelarut organik sebesar 55,8%. Faktor umur berhubungan dengan terjadinya gejala neurotoksik (OR = 6,235 ; p = 0,000).

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Background : Exposured by organic solvent is form of occurrence day by day for many workers. Organic solvent is used in many process on footwear manufacture both formal and informal sector. According to several studies , many organic solvent has neurotoxic char tcterisl it:, so need to early detection for symptoms that influences to workers. The Swedish Q16 is a questionnaire that often use for workers screening from exposured by organic solvent. The goal of this study is to identification of glue, prevalence neurotoxic symptoms cause by organic solvent exposure, with Swedish Q16 Questionnaire, and to know factors of influences as : age, education, working periode, body mass index, using of PPE, drink of alcohol, washing hand, smoking, eat and drink at workplace and organic solvent level in workplace.

Method : The design of this study was cross sectionai,and the total number of sample were 138 footwear workers. Data collecting was conducted to interview, direct monitoring and measuring personal sampling at workplace which checking by Gas Chromatography technique. Neurotoxic symptoms detected by Swedish Q16 Quetionnaire. Data collecting was done on September-October 2006. All data research result processing by Statistic Program SPSS version 11.5.

Result : Identification of glue has result that content of yellow glue are toluene (45,3%), benzene (5,18%) dan metyl etyl ketone (18,68%), white glue content are : toluene (41,31%), benzene (3,52%) dan acetone (19,24%). Degree of toluene at workplace was average 1,12 ppm, and range 2,48 ppm to 0,33 ppm. Highest complaint from subject are : tingling ((62,3%), headache (62,3%), fatigue (56,5%). Study's subject neurotoxic symptoms prevalence was 55,8%. On bivariate analysis, age factor, work periode, body mass index, have related to neurotoxic symptoms outcome. On multivariate analysis be found that age < 28 years have risk six time to experience with neurotoxie symptoms, (p0,000; OR = 6,235). Examination on finger tapping test to be done as sub sampling on 53 subject and the result is unnormally on right hand 47,2% and left hand 43,3%.

Conclutions : Prevalence of neurotoxicity symptoms in informal sector footwear workers at Ciomas Bogor was 55,8%. Age factor was related to the neurotoxic symptoms (OR = 6,235 ; p = 0,000)."

"ABSTRAKPada proses produksi alas kaki, lem sering digunakan sebagai bahan perekat yang mengandung benzena. Benzena telah ditetapkan sebagai bahan karsinogen pada manusia dimana jalur pajanan utama melalui inhalasi.Pajanan benzena terhadap tubuh mempunyai dampak yang sangat buruk pada kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi tingkat risiko kesehatan pekerja menurut pajanan benzena udara di lingkungan kerja dan mengetahui gambaranintake non karsinogen dan intakekarsinogen pajanan benzena terhadap gejala gangguan pernapasan pekerja. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross-sectional dan pendekatan analisis risiko pada pekerja di empat industri alas kaki informal di Desa Pagelaran, Ciomas, Bogor pada Agustus ndash; September 2017. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 96 pekerja yang diperoleh dengan metode purposif sampling. Sampel udara sebanyak 12 titik untuk mengukur konsentrasi benzena di dalam ruang kerja yang diukur dengan alat perangkap udara dan instrument Gas Chromatography GC . Data pekerja diperoleh melalui wawancara, pengukuran tinggi badan denganmicrotoise dan berat badan menggunakan alat timbangan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan 21pekerja memiliki risiko kanker ECR>1?10-4 dan11 pekerjamemiliki risiko non kanker real time RQ

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ABSTRACTIn the production process of footwear, glue is often used as an adhesive material containing benzene. Benzene has been established as a carcinogenic substance in humans where the main exposure pathway is through inhalation. Benzene exposure to the body has a very bad impact on healtuat h. This study aims to estimate the level of occupational health risk by exposure to benzene in the work place and to know the scope of non carcinogenic intake and carcinogen intake of benzene exposure against respiratory symptoms. This study uses cross sectional study design and risk analysis approaches to workers in four informal footwear industries located in Pagelaran, Ciomas, Bogor in August to September 2017. The total sample is 96 workers obtained by purposive sampling method. Air samples of 12 points to measure benzene concentrations in the workspace as measured by air trapping device and Gas Chromatography GC instrument. Workers data obtained through interviews, measurements of height with microtoise and weight using the instrument weighing scale. The results showed 21 workers had cancer risk ECR 1 10 4 and 11 workers had non cancer risk real time RQ "

"Kebutuhan produksi alas kaki dengan target harian yang telah ditetapkan mengharuskan pekerja bekerja dengan maksimal agar target dapat tercapai. Namun, aktivitas pekerjaan pada Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) pengrajin alas kaki seperti melakukan pekerjaan dengan posisi duduk, membungkuk, leher menekuk, serta dalam waktu kerja yang lama dan tidak menentu dapat menimbulkan nyeri yang mengarah pada kondisi keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko individu, faktor risiko pekerjaan, faktor risiko lingkungan kerja, dan faktor risiko peralatan kerja terhadap keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada pekerja UMKM pengrajin alas kaki di Kecamatan Ciomas. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional. Keluhan gangguan musculoskeletal dinilai dengan lembar penilaian Nordic Muskuloskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Faktor risiko individu dinilai melalui kuesioner karakteristik responden, dan antropometri dilakukan pengukuran menggunakan meteran. Kemudian faktor risiko pekerjaan dinilai menggunakan lembar Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC). Lalu faktor risiko lingkungan kerja dinilai dengan pengukuran suhu menggunakan WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) meter dan pengukuran pencahayaan menggunakan lux meter. Sedangkan faktor risiko peralatan kerja dinilai dengan mengukur workstation dan disesuaikan dengan standar antropometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 84,7% responden mengalami keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal. Hasil penelitian pada faktor risiko individu menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara perilaku merokok dengan keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada bahu. Hasil penelitian faktor risiko pekerjaan menunjukkan ada hubungan antara tingkat pajanan risiko punggung terhadap keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada leher. Hasil pengukuran faktor risiko lingkungan kerja menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan dengan keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal secara umum. Hasil pengukuran peralatan kerja pada workstation menunjukkan bahwa hanya terdapat beberapa workstation yang sesuai dengan standar antropometri yaitu meja open pada UMKM 4,5, dan 8, mesin jahit, dan meja finishing pada UMKM 8.

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The need for footwear production with predetermined daily target requires worker to work optimally so the target can be achieved. However, work activity on footwear Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) such as sitting work position, bending down, neck bend, long duration of work and uncertain can cause pain that lead to musculoskeletal disorder complaint. This research aim to analyze individual risk factors, occupational risk factors, work environment risk factors, and work equipment risk factors against musculoskeletal disorder complaint on footwear MSMEs workers in Ciomas district. This research using cross sectional study design. Complain of musculoskeletal disorder were assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnnaire (NMQ). Individual risk factors through a questionnaire of respondent’s characteristics, and anthropometry were assessed by measuring tape. Occupational risk factors were assessed using the Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC). Then, work environment risk factors were assessed by measuring temperature using a WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) meter and measuring lighting using a lux meter. While work equipment risk factors were assessed by measuring workstation and adjusted to anthropometric standards. The result of the research showed that 84,7% of respondent have a musculoskeletal disorder complaint. The result on individual risk factors showed that there was a significant relationship between smoking behavior and musculoskeletal disorder complaint on shoulder. The result on occupational risk factors showed that there was a significant relationship between back risk exposure level to musculoskeletal disorder complaint on neck. The result on work environment risk factors showed that there was no significant relationship with musculoskeletal disorder complaint in general. The result of measuring work equipment risk factors on workstations show that there are only a few workstations that comply with anthropometric standard, there are open’s table on 4th,5th, and 8th’s MSME, sewing machines, and finishing table’s at 8th MSME."

"Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan semakin meningkatnya jumlah pekerja informal yang bekerja di sektor Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM), akan tetapi minimnya kegiatan penilaian risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja yang dilakukan di sektor tersebut padahal pekerja infomal jarang yang diikutsertakan progam asuransi kesehatan/kecelakaan kerja.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja pada proses produksi pembuatan alas kaki di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z dan menentukan risiko tertingginya serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan pengendalian terhadap risiko yang teridentifikasi.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ialah semi kuantitatif dan deskriptif berdasarkan standar AS/NZS 4360:2004 dengan menggunakan metode Job Safety Analysis untuk mengidentifikasi bahaya dan risiko dan metode Fine untuk mengukur tingkat risiko dengan mengalikan antara kemungkinan, paparan dan konsekuensi dari setiap risiko yang ada. Studi deskriptif dilakukan untuk menjelaskan tindakan pengendalian yang sudah dilakukan oleh masing-masing UMKM. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan metode Purposive Sampling, yakni semua pekerja yang berada di proses produksi pembuatan alas kaki di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z.Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada tahap proses produksi di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z terdapat risiko yang termasuk ke dalam semua kategori metode Fine, yaitu: Very High, Priority 1, Substansial, Priority 3, Acceptable. Risiko tertinggi (Very High) didapatkan dari penggunaan bahan kimia dan kabel listik yang tidak sesuai standar.

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Research carried out because the increment number of informal workers who work in the sector of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), but there is lack of activity for health and safety risk assessment done in that sector and workers rarely covered by health or accident insurance program. The research aims to determine the level of occupational safety and health risks in the production process of making footwear in SMEs X, SMEs Y, SMEs Z and determine the highest risk and provide recommendations control measures against the identified risks.

The method used in this research is semi-quantitative and descriptive based on the standard AS/NZS 4360:2004 using the Job Safety Analysis method to identify hazards and risks and Fine method for measuring the level of risk by multiplying the probability, exposure and consequences of any risks. Descriptive study was conducted to elucidate the control measures already carried out by each SME. Sample was conducted by purposive sampling method, ie all workers who are in the process of production of the footwear in SMEs X, Y SMEs, SMEs Z.

The results showed that at this stage of the production process in SMEs X, Y SMEs, SME Z risks are included in all categories at Fine methods, namely: Very High, Priority 1, Substantial, Priority 3, Acceptable. The highest risk (Very High) obtained from the use of chemicals and electric cables that do not meet standards."

"Bagian terpenting yang tidak terpisahkan dalam proses pembuatan alas kaki adalahpenggunaan bahan perekat dan cat yang mengandung pelarut xilena. Apabila terpajanxilena, maka akan berakibat pada gangguan sistem saraf pusat. Tingkat pajanan xilenayang telah diterima oleh tubuh dapat dilihat melalui kadar Asam Metil Hipurat AMH dalam urin. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat risikodan peranan pajanan inhalasi xilena terhadap gangguan kesehatan. Penelitian inimenggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Lokasi penelitian berada di tiga bengkel alaskaki di Kecamatan Ciomas, Kabupaten Bogor dan dilakukan pada bulan September ndash;Oktober 2017. Adapun sampel penelitian terdiri dari pekerja sebanyak 40 orang; danlingkungan yaitu xilena di 9 titik pengukuran. Sampel pekerja diambil informasimengenai karakteristik, pola aktivitas, kadar AMH dalam urin, dan gejala neurotoksik.Seluruh informasi diambil pada saat jam kerja berlangsung melalui wawancara. Khususurin, diambil pada saat jam kerja berakhir dan dianalisis dengan UPLC MS/MS.Selanjutnya, pengukuran xilena dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas.Kemudian, tingkat risiko RQ pajanan xilena dianalisis dengan menggunakanpendekatan ARKL. Analisis hubungan antar variabel menggunakan uji t independen konsentrasi xilena dengan gejala neurotoksik dan kadar AMH dengan gejalaneurotoksik dan regresi linier sederhana konsentrasi xilena dengan kadar AMH . Darihasil penelitian, konsentrasi xilena di seluruh bengkel adalah 3,58E-03 mg/m3 median dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di titik sampel 6 3,16E-02 mg/m3 dengan kadar AMHdalam urin seluruh pekerja adalah sebesar 1,00E-04 g/g kreatinin median dan lebihdari setengah 57,5 pekerja negatif gejala neurotoksik. Berdasarkan perhitungannilai RQ, seluruh pekerja tidak terdapat risiko RQ le;1 terhadap pajanan xilena. Batasmaksimum konsentrasi xilena yang direkomendasikan batas maksimum adalah selama25 tahun ke depan sebesar 0,2593 mg/m3 laki ndash; laki dan 0,30182 mg/m3 perempuan .Untuk hasil uji, secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan antara konsentrasi xilena danAMH p = 0,511 , konsentrasi xilena pada pekerja dengan positif-negatif gejalaneurotoksik p = 0,969 , serta kadar AMH pada pekerja dengan positif-negatif gejalaneurotoksik.

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The use of adhesives and paints containing xylenes play important rule in footwearmanufacturing. Xylene exposure can affect the central nervous system such assymptoms of headache, fatigue, short term memory disorders, time response disorders,numerical ability disorders, equilibrium and balance changes. To determine the levelof exposure can be conducted by measuring the levels of methylhippuric acids MHA in urine. The aim of this study was to describe the risk of xylenes exposure to workers 39 health. This study used cross sectional design and conducted in three footwearworkshops in Ciomas, Bogor Regency in September October 2017. The study sampleconsisted of 40 workers and 9 point measurements of xylenes in indoor air. For workersamples, information concerning characteristics, activity patterns, and neurotoxicsymptoms were taken during working hours through interviews. Especially, urine MHA was taken at the end of work hours and analyzed with UPLC MS MS.Furthermore, xylenes measurements were carried out using gas chromatography. Then,the risk level RQ of xylenes exposure was analyzed using ARKL approach. For theanalysis of relationships among variables using independent t test xylenes withneurotoxic symptoms and MHA levels with neurotoxic symptoms and simple linearregression xylenes with MHA levels . From the results, the concentration of xylenesin the workshops was 3.58E 03 mg m3 median with the highest concentration atsample point 6 3.16E 02 mg m3 . MHA in the urine of all workers were 0.000100 g gof creatinine median and more than half 57.5 of workers had negative neurotoxicsymptoms. All workers have no risk to health RQ le 1 and recommended maximumlimit of xylenes concentration over the next 25 years of 0.2593 mg m3 male and0.30182 mg m3 female. From the statistical results, there was no statisticallysignificant relationship between xylenes concentration and MHA p 0,511 , xylenesin workers with positive and negative neurotoxic symptoms p 0.969 , and MHAlevels in workers with positive and negative neurotoxic symptoms."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang karakteristik risiko pajanan benzen dan toluenterhadap pekerja bengkel sepatu informal di Kecamatan Ciomas, Bogor denganmenggunakan metode karakterisasi risiko model IPCS Harmonization Project dengansampel sebanyak 29 pekerja di 11 bengkel sepatu yang merupakan HomogenousExposure Group dan memiliki tingkat pajanan tertinggi karena menggunakan lemdengan kandungan benzen sebanyak 32,01%. Alat pengumpul data yang digunakandalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner, timbangan berat badan, perangkat samplingpersonal dan preliminary survey form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaSebanyak 96,6% pekerja bengkel sepatu informal berisiko terkena efeknonkarsinogenik toluen, 75,9% berisiko terkena efek nonkarsinogenik benzen, dan58,6% pekerja berisiko terkena efek karsinogenik benzen untuk kondisi pajananrealtime dan semakin lama masa kerja maka risiko akan semakin meningkat. Olehkarena itu, diperlukan manajemen risiko yaitu dengan menurunkan nilai ambang batasbenzene menjadi 0,31 mg/m3 dan toluen 51,57 mg/m3, membatasi masa kerja menjadi1,3 tahun untuk mencegah efek karsinogenik dan nonkarsinogenik benzen dan 1 tahununtuk mencegah efek nonkarsinogenik toluen.

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ABSTRACTThis research analyzes risk characteristics of benzene and tolueneexposure of footwear informal sector workers in Ciomas Bogor using the methodof risk characterization model by IPCS Harmonization Project with sample size of29 workers in 11 informal footwear factories which is a homogenouse exposuregroup and maximum risk level for using glue containing benzene (32,01%). Datacollection tool used in this study is a questionnaire, weight scales, personalsampling device and preliminary survey form. The results showed that 96.6% oftotal informal footwear workers at risk of noncarsinogenic effects of toluene,75.9% informal shoe repair shop workers at risk of noncarsinogenic effects ofbenzene, and 58.6% of workers at risk of carcinogenic effects of benzeneexposure for realtime and growing conditions length of work duration, then therisk will increase. Therefore, the necessary risk management is to lower thethreshold value for benzene to be 0.31 mg/m3 and 51.57 mg/m3 toluene, limit theperiod of employment to 1.3 years to prevent the carcinogenic andnoncarcinogenic effects of benzene and and 1 year to prevent noncarsinogeniceffects of toluene."