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"Road infrastructure includes toll roads developed to support mobility and economic activity. The toll road is part of the road network and is an alternative that can save travelers time and give them better service. The level of service of the toll road is strongly connected to the level of satisfaction of toll road users; therefore, customer satisfaction needs to be included in development models. The purpose of this study was to develop a model approach to customer satisfaction using an artificial neural network (ANN). Two models of customer satisfaction, SERVQUAL and Minimum Service Standards (SPM), have been used to modify the Toll Road Service Quality (TRSQ) model. This study has been able to explain that TRSQ has a value of R2, meaning the result is better than that of the other two models. The TRSQ model itself consists of seven dimensions: information, accessibility, reliability, mobility, security, rest areas, and responsiveness. Reliability is the dimension with the greatest effect on customer satisfaction."

"The Trans-Sumatera Toll Road (TSTR) Infrastructure Project is planned to stretch from Bakauheni to Banda Aceh (2527 kilometers), with an estimated investment about IDR 290 trillion. The value engineering method is applied to the TSTR project by creating six additional functions for a toll road: motorcycle lane integration, rest area development, dry port integration, median railways integration, tourism park development, and fiberoptic networking. The feasibility analysis is constructed using a system dynamic approach to three toll tariff scenarios. The result reveals that the additional functions have improved the financial feasibility of TSTR project, with the internal rate of return for the three proposed scenarios ranging from 8.28% to 13.77%"

"Pembangunan jalan tol dengan skema penugasan di Indonesia memiliki beberapa tantangan baik dari sisi keterbatasan penyediaan pendanaan, masih rendahnya traffic yang melintas dibandingkan perencanaan bisnis awal serta belum optimalnya implementasi land value capture. Hal ini berdampak pada terhambatnya penyelesaian pembangunan Proyek Strategis Nasional dan kinerja perusahaan pengembang jalan tol menurun bahkan terancam bangkrut. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan model bisnis berbasis land value capture pada pengusahaan jalan tol penugasan sangat diperlukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi model bisnis pengusahaan jalan tol penugasan di Indonesia dan memberikan rekomendasi improvement model bisnis berupa Road Plus Property Developer (RPPD) yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja investasi proyek serta perbaikan kinerja Perusahaan pengembang Jalan tol. Model bisnis RPPD mengintegrasikan antara pengusahaan jalan tol dan pengembangan asset atau properti dalam satu hak pengusahaan jalan tol skema penugasan. Metode Relative Importance Index (RII), Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Business Model Canvas (BMC), Life Cycle Cost (LCC) dan Soft System Methodology (SSM) telah digunakan dalam mengembangkan model bisnis RPPD pada pengusahaan jalan tol penugasan. Model bisnis RPPD ini mampu memberikan nilai tambah bagi Perusahaan pengembang jalan tol maupun bagi Pemerintah sebagai pemilik proyek. Berdasarkan pada studi kasus perhitungan kinerja investasi melalui evaluasi kelayakan finansial pada Jalan Tol Ruas Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar terbukti bahwa integrasi bisnis pengusahaan jalan tol dengan pengembangan Kawasan Industri mampu meningkatkan kelayakan dengan IRR sebesar 14,07% meningkat sekitar 25% dibandingkan dengan IRR pengusahaan jalan tol eksisting sebesar 11,18%, hal ini disebabkan karena adanya bangkitan traffic dari aktivitas industry. Selain itu, pengelolaan bisnis properti seperti Rest Area, Billboard dan Fiber Optic mampu menghasilkan IRR sebesar 15,82%. Peningkatan kinerja investasi tersebut berdampak langsung secara positif yang dibuktikan melalui temuan dan teori yang dihasilkan. Temuan akhir mengindikasikan bahwa cara meningkatkan kinerja investasi pada pengusahaan Jalan Tol skema penugasan dapat dicapai melalui penerapan model bisnis Road Plus Property Developer.

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The construction of toll roads with an assignment scheme in Indonesia has several challenges, both in terms of limited funding, low traffic compared to the initial business plan, and the low implementation of land value capture. This has an impact on the delay in the completion of the construction of the National Strategic Project and the performance of toll road developer companies has decreased and even threatened with bankruptcy. Therefore, the development of a business model based on land value capture in the management of toll roads with assignments is very necessary. The purpose of this study is to identify the business model of toll road management with assignments in Indonesia and to provide recommendations for business model improvement in the form of Road Plus Property Developer (RPPD) which can improve project investment performance and improve financial performance in toll road development companies. The RPPD business model integrates toll road management and asset or property development in one toll road management right with an assignment scheme. The Relative Importance Index (RII), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Business Model Canvas (BMC), Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Soft System Methodology (SSM) methods have been used in developing the RPPD business model in the management of toll roads with assignments. This RPPD business model will be able to provide added value for the toll road developer company and for the government as the project owner. Based on case studies calculating investment performance through financial feasibility evaluations on the Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road, it is proven that the integration of the toll road business with the development of Industrial Areas is able to increase feasibility with an IRR of 14.07%, an increase of around 25% compared to the existing of toll road operations with IRR 11.18%, due to the generation of traffic from industrial activities. Besides that, property business management such as Rest Areas, Billboards and Fiber Optic is able to produce an IRR of 15.82%. This investment performance increase has a direct positive impact as proven through the findings and theories produced. The final findings indicate that the way to improve investment performance in toll road concession schemes can be achieved through implementing the Road Plus Property Developer business model."

"Saat ini akses menuju ke Surabaya masih banyak menggunakan transportasi darat, sehingga hampir setiap tahun jumlah kendaraan di jalan pantura meningkat drastis. Transportasi kapal dengan jenis wavepiercing katamaran menjadi salah satu pilihan yang tepat untuk mengembangkan tol laut sebagai pengalihan kepadatan yang terjadi. Pada skripsi ini, penulis membatasi pembahasan yaitu sistem transportasi laut menggunakan wavepiercing katamaran. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh yaitu: Analisis biaya pembuatan kapal wavepiercing katamaran, Sistem perancangan alat transportasi, sistem ticketing, dan sistem dipelabuhan. Dari beberapa analisis tersebut kapal wavepiercing katamaran layak dibuat dan digunakan di perairan Pantura (pantai utara).

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Nowadays, there are many ways to Surabaya by ground transportation. Therefore almost every year the total of vehicles in Pantura street increased. Ship transportation by catamaran wave piercing become is one of the best solutions of developing sea toll to transfers vehicle density that happened. In this final project the writer define the study sea transportation system by catamaran wave piercing. The outcome of analyzing by writer obtained : the analyze of catamaran wave piercing ship making budget, the system of transportation tools plan, ticketing system, and port system. From those analyzes, catamaran wave piercing ship is the best solution in pantura (north beach) zo"

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas Dampak pembangunan jalan tol Tangerang - Merak terhadap Kabupaten Tangerang. Sebelum adanya jalan tol Tangerang - Merak, Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan daerah agraris. Akan tetapi perubahan terjadi setelah dibangunnya jalan tol Tangerang - Merak sebagai realisasi penerapan Jabotabek. Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang perlahan berubah menjadi daerah industri. Perubahan ini dikarenakan oleh pembangunan jalan tol Tangerang - Merak yang dibangun tahun 1990. Jalan tol Tangerang - Merak terbagi dua tahap, tahap pertama menghubungkan Tangerang Barat hingga Ciujung, dan tahap kedua menghubungkan Ciujung hingga Merak. Jalan tol Tangerang - Merak selesai dibangun pada tanggal 23 Oktober 1996. Dampak dari pembangunan jalan tol Tangerang - Merak bagi Kabupaten Tangerang adalah pertumbuhan industri dan perumahan. Industri yang tumbuh di Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan industri pengolahan. Industri di Kabupaten Tangerang tersebar di daerah Cikupa, Balaraja, Pasar Kemis, Legok dan Serpong. Selain industri, perumahan di Kabupaten Tangerang mulai bermunculan seperti Citra Raya, Kota Tigaraksa, BSD, dan Alam Sutera. Dari segi masyarakat, jumlah penduduk di Kabupaten Tangerang bertambah banyak. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pendatang yang mencari kerja di Kabupaten Tangerang. Selain itu, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia IPM di Kabupaten Tangerang meningkat tajam. Hal ini menandakan Daerah Kabupaten Tangerang lebih baik setelah dibangun jalan tol Tangerang - Merak.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the growth of Tangerang Merak toll road, in Tangerang Regency which was an agrarian region. However, the change occurred after the construction of Tangerang Merak toll road as the realization of Jabotabek implementation, Tangerang Regency slowly turned to become more industrious. This was mainly due to the construction of Tangerang Merak toll road in 1990. The construction was divided into two phases, the first one connected Ciujung to Merak. It was finished in 23 Oktober 1996. The outcome of the construction of Tangerang Merak toll road construction to the Tangerang Regency is the industrial and housing growth. The major industry sector in Tangerang Regency is process manufacturing. This is widely spread in regions such as Cikupa, Balaraja, Pasar Kemis, Legok and Serpong. Besides industry, some of the housings had became to arise are Citra Raya, Kota Tigaraksa, BSD and Alam Sutera. From the demographic section, this caused population growth, mainly to the fact that there are many newcomers who are looking for occupations in Tangerang Regency. Furthermore, the Human Development Index HDI in Tangerang Regency is getting improved significantly. This is as a result of the economic growth of the newcomers, which showed that the Tangerang Regency was improved by the Tangerang Merak toll road."

"Kesenjangan hukum terjadi pada saat pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta, diketahui bahwa dalam pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen-Yogyakarta terdapat tanah sultan ground yang termasuk rencana pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta. Negara Indonesia menginginkan tanah sultan ground dapat berpindah hak kepemilikannya, yang semula berada pada wilayah Yogyakarta menjadi milik Negara Indonesia. Dalam hal ini, Negara Indonesia berlandaskan pada Pasal 5 Undang-undang Nomor 02 Tahun 2012 tentang Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan umum. Pasal tersebut berisikan kewajiban bagi pihak yang berhak atas tanah yang akan digunakan dalam pengadaan tanah bagi kepentingan umum untuk melepaskan tanahnya pada saat pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah bagi kepentingan umum dengan pemberian ganti rugi. Sementara, sultan ground merupakan sebuah keistimewaan yang diberikan oleh Negara kepada wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta mendapatkan hak keistimewaan, terdapat pada Pasal 6 Undang-undang Keistimewaan Yogyakarta yang berisikan kewenangan keistimewaan mencakup kebudayaan, pertanahan, dan tata ruang. Dalam kewenangan istimewa mengenai pertanahan, wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta memiliki kepemilikan terhadap Sultan Ground. Sehingga pihak Yogyakarta tidak berkenan untuk memindahkan hak kepemilikan Sultan Ground kepada negara dalam rangka untuk melindungi kearifan lokal Yogyakarta. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah berkaitan dengan terjadinya kesenjangan hukum dalam rangka pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta serta mengenai penyelesaian masalah berkaitan dengan kendala normatif dalam kesenjangan hukum yang terjadi dalam rangka pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian doktrinal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis mengenai kesenjangan hukum yang terjadi dalam pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta, dan menganalisis penyelesaian masalah terkait dengan kendala normatif dalam kesenjangan hukum yang terjadi dalam pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen–Yogyakarta. Dalam pengadaan tanah pembangunan Jalan Tol Bawen-Yogyakarta, ditemukan kesenjangan hukum antara Negara dengan wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Alternatif penyelesaian permasalahan yang dapat dilakukan dalam kasus kesenjangan hukum ini adalah penggunaan sistem sewa menyewa atau penggunaan sistem bagi hasil.

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Legal gaps occurred during the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road. It was known that during the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road there was sultan ground land which included the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road construction plan. The Indonesian state wants the sultan's ground land to be able to transfer its ownership rights, which were originally in the Yogyakarta region, to become the property of the State of Indonesia. In this case, the State of Indonesia is based on Article 5 of Law Number 02 of 2012 concerning Land Acquisition for Development for the Public Interest. The article contains obligations for parties entitled to land to be used in the acquisition of land for public use with compensation. Meanwhile, sultan ground is a privilege granted by the State to the territory of the Special Region of Yogyakarta based on Law Number 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta gets privileges, contained in Article 6 of the Yogyakarta Special Law, which includes special authority covering culture, land, and spatial planning. In the special authority regarding land, the territory of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has ownership of the Sultan Ground. So that Yogyakarta is not willing to transfer the ownership rights of Sultan Ground to the state in order to protect Yogyakarta's local wisdom. The problems to be discussed in this study are related to the occurrence of legal gaps in the framework of the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road and regarding the resolution of problems related to normative constraints in the legal gaps that occur in the context of the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road. The research method used in this study is doctrinal research method. This study aims to analyze the legal gap that occurs in the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road and analyze the resolution of problems related to normative constraints in the legal gap that occurs in the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road. In the acquisition of land for the construction of the Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road, a legal gap was found between the State and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. An alternative solution that can be made in the case of this legal gap is the use of a lease system or the use of a profit-sharing system. Keywords: Legal gaps, Land acquisition, and Development in the public interest."

"mendorong pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional. Walaupun begitu, dana yang dibutuhkan untuk rnembangun jalan tol tidaklah sedikit, sehingga pemerintah Indonesia melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak swasta dalam pengusahaan jalan tol. Kerjasama antara pemerintah dan swasta, atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Kerjasama Pemerintah Swasta (KPS), di dalam bidang pembangunan jalan tol menghasilkan suatu Perjanjian Pengusahaan Jalan Tol (PPJT). PPJT yang terjalin antara pihak pemerintah dan pihak swasta ini dibuat dengan menggunakan sistem Build Operate ana' Transfer (BOD, dengan nama lain Bangun Guna Serah. Setelah ditelaah lebih dalam, terdapat perbedaan status kepemilikan atas Jalan Tol yang terdapat di dalam PPJT dengan yang dianut oleh konsep BOT. Padahal. status kepemilikan sangat menentukan pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas resiko-resiko yang timbul pada saat force majeure.Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini bertujuan Lmtuk memahami status kepemilikan jalan tol beserta segala aset didalamnya.Skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai pertanggung jawaban atas resiko-resiko yang timbul terkait dengan kepemilikan jalan tol. Skripsi ini menggunakan studi kasus, yang menjelaskan perj anjian antara PT. X, sebagai pihak swasta dan Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol mewakili pihak pemerintah, dimana penjelasannya berdasarkan hukmn perdata di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sebagai hasil dari analisa ini, penulis menemukan bahwa status kepemilikan atas Jalan Tol baru dimiliki oleh pemerintah, pada saat kegiatan pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan dimulai. Hal ini disebabkan, pada fase tersebut, jalan tol sudah mempunyai fungsi sosial dan menyanglcut kepentingan umum, sehingga sudah selayaknya dimiliki oleh pemerintah. Hal ini didukung oleh peraturan perundang undangan yang berlalcu, yaitu pada UUD 1945. Oleh karena itu, baru pada saat masa pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan, seluruh resiko yang berkaitan dengan jalan tol pada saat force majeure ditanggung sepenuhnya oleh pemerintah.

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The development of tollway is aimed to support national economic growth. However, as the costs in building tollway keeps increasing, Indonesian government starts to build a partnership with private sectors to accomodate its financial needs. The partnership between the government and the private, named Public Private Partnership (PPP), in developing the tollway results in a contract between both parties. The contract is named PPJT (The agreement on financing, planning, building, operating and maintaining tollway). This agreement is based on Building, Operate and Transfer (BOT) concept. After ftuther investigation, it is found that there is a difference in ownership status between PPJ T and BOT. Yet, the ownership status is critical in terms of detennining which party is held liable for the risks occured during force majeure.Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to acquire a thorough understanding about the ownership status of the tollway including its assets.This thesis also discusses about responsibilities on the risks, in relation to the ownership status of the tollway. Furthermore, this thesis is based on a case study that describe an agreement between PT. X, that represent the private party, and BPJT (The Toll Regulatory Body) that represent the govemment, in which the analysis on the case is in accordance with the civil law in Indonesia. In addition, the research in this thesis is using juridical normative approach.As a result of this analysis, it is found that the tollway is owned by the govemment, starting at the operational and maintainance period. This is because on that period, the tollway starts to gain its social ftmction as it involves public interests in its use. Hence, government has to have significant control over it. This is supported by the contitustional law (UUD 1945). Therefore, in the operating and maintaining phase, the risks occured in force majeure that relates to the tollway is borne by government as its owner."

"Infrastruktur jalan merupakan bagian penting dalam mendukung rencana pemerintah dalam mewujudkan pemerataan pembangunan dan pengembangan wilayah di Indonesia. Seiring dengan pertambahan ruas jalan tol di Indonesia, maka perusahaan operator jalan tol harus memastikan proses bisnis berjalan dengan efektif dan efisien agar selalu memberikan pelayanan prima (service excellence) khususnya pengendalian proses komunikasi permintaan bantuan dan pengaduan gangguan lalu lintas pengguna jalan tol (Command Center). Tujuan dari penelitian ini antara lain evaluasi proses bisnis (As-is Process), analisis Business Process Improvement pada Integrasi Command Center (To-be Process) menggunakan metode ESIA (Eliminate, Simplify, Integrate, and Automate) dan analisis pengaruh Integrasi Command Center terhadap durasi proses dan biaya operasional layanan menggunakan simulasi Bizagi Modeler serta analisis SWOT & TOWS melalui In-Depth-Interview dalam memformulasikan strategi implementasinya. Dimana data simulasi dan analisis menggunakan sistem deterministik. Hasil analisis pada model proses bisnis (To-be Process) menunjukkan bahwa adanya potensi efisiensi waktu sebesar 33,33% (52 menit) dan efisiensi biaya operasional sebesar 46,57% (Rp 2,32 Milliar) pada proses komunikasi permintaan bantuan dan pengaduan gangguan lalu lintas pengguna jalan tol sehingga dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan dan kinerja perusahaan dalam memberikan layanan

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.Road infrastructure is an important part of the Indonesian government's plan for regional and equitable development. As the number of toll roads in Indonesia grows, the companies must make sure their business processes run effectively and efficiently so they can provide excellent service. The research aims to assess the current business processes (the as-is Process) and analyze potential improvements in the integration of the Command Center (the to-be Process) using the ESIA method (Eliminate, Simplify, Integrate, and Automate). Additionally, the study examined the effects of Command Center integration on process duration and service operating costs through simulation using Bizagi Modeler. Furthermore, a SWOT and TOWS analysis was conducted through In-Depth Interviews to formulate an implementation strategy. Data simulation and analysis are utilized in deterministic systems. The findings from the analysis conducted on the business process model, specifically the To-be Process, indicate that there exists a potential time efficiency improvement of 33,33% (equivalent to 52 minutes) and operating cost efficiencies of 46,57% (equivalent to 2,32 billion rupiah) in the communication process for handling requests for help and complaints related to traffic distractions by road toll users. These improvements have the potential to enhance customer satisfaction and overall company performance by delivering excellent service."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi proses penerapan PSAP 16 Perjanjian Konsesi Jasa – Pemberi Konsesi pada jalan tol dan kendala dalam penyelenggaraan akuntansi sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. Kontrak konsesi jasa disajikan dan diungkapkan dalam laporan keuangan pemerintah sesuai dengan PSAP 16 yang mulai berlaku efektif pada tahun 2022.  Penelitian ini penting dilakukan karena aset konsesi jasa khususnya jalan tol bernilai besar sehingga potensi kesalahan penyajian akuntansi dapat mempengaruhi opini Laporan Keuangan Kementerian PUPR maupun Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Pusat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kasus atas perjanjian konsesi jasa jalan tol pada Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kesulitan pada empat dari lima proses penerapan PSAP 16 yang dapat menjadi kendala pada penyajian PSAP 16 di laporan keuangan dan kendala tindak lanjut penyelesaian temuan pemeriksaan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan perbaikan pada proses penerapan PSAP 16 dalam mengatasi kendala penyajian nilai pada laporan keuangan dan tindak lanjut penyelesaian temuan BPK RI atas pencatatan akuntansi konsesi jasa jalan tol sesuai dengan PSAP 16 dengan pengembangan sistem akuntansi untuk pencatatan aset konsesi jasa secara terintegrasi, optimalisasi pengendalian intern untuk memisahkan porsi belanja barang dan modal, serta mekanisme pengukuran penggunaan alokasi anggaran dan penatausahaan aset konsesi jasa sehingga dapat menyajikan aset konsesi jasa sesuai substansi ekonomi.

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This research aims to evaluate the process of implementing PSAP 16 Service Concession Agreements - Grantor on toll roads and the obstacles in implementing accounting under applicable regulations. Service concession arrangements are presented and disclosed in government financial reports under PSAP 16 which has been effective since 2022. This research is important to carry out because service concession assets, especially toll roads, have great value so the potential for accounting misstatements to occur can influence the opinion of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing's Financial Report and even the Financial Report of Central Government. The research method used is a qualitative method using a case study approach on toll road service concession agreements at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. The research results showed that there were difficulties in four out of the five PSAP 16 implementation processes which caused several obstacles in presenting PSAP 16 in financial statements and obstacles related to completing audit findings. The implications of this research are expected to provide improvements to the process of implementing PSAP 16 in overcoming obstacles in presenting value in financial reports and follow-up to the completion of BPK RI's findings regarding accounting for toll road service concessions under PSAP 16 by developing an integrated accounting system for recording service concession assets, optimization of internal control to separate the portions of operational and capital expenditure, as well as adequate measurement mechanisms for the use of budget allocations and administration so the service concession assets can be presented according to their economic substance."

"ABSTRAKSelama 2003 hingga 2017 terjadi peningkatan jumlah ruas jalan tol yang diusahakan melalui skema kerjasama pemerintah dan badan usaha KPBU . Kerjasama ini dimungkinkan melalui empat skema investasi yang dibagi berdasarkan partisipasi badan usaha dalam proses konstruksi maupun pengoperasian jalan. Menggunakan pendekatan model matematika dan empiris, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proyeksi lalu lintas dan produk domestik regional bruto PDRB berpotensi menaikkan peluang partisipasi investor dalam proses pembangunan jalan tol. Sementara itu, faktor biaya investasi termasuk biaya konstruksi dan kepadatan penduduk berpengaruh negatif terhadap peluang partisipasi. Adapun faktor tarif awal memiliki pengaruh non-liner terhadap peluang partisipasi investor dalam proses pembangunan jalan.

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ABSTRACTBetween 2003 to 2017, there has been an increase in the number of toll roads being built by means of partnership between public and private sector PPP public private partnership . These partnerships are made possible by the four investment schemes that divide the responsibility on land acquirement and construction costs between partners. Findings from this study suggest that traffic projection and regional GDP have positive effects on the probability of private participation in toll road projects. On the other hand, investment costs including construction costs and population density have negative effects on the private participation. Meanwhile, the initial toll tariff seems to have non linear relationship with the probability of private participation in the road construction."