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"The low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of small battery powered devices called sensors, with limited energy capacity. Once deployed, accessibility to any sensor node for maintenance and battery replacement is not feasible due to the spatial scattering of the nodes. This will lead to an unreliable, limited lifetime and a poor connectivity network. In this paper a novel bio-inspired cluster-based deployment algorithm is proposed for energy optimization of the WSN and ultimately to improve the network lifetime. In the cluster initialization phase, a single cluster is formed with a single cluster head at the center of the sensing terrain. The second phase is for optimum cluster formation surrounding the inner cluster, based on swarming bees and a piping technique. Each cluster member distributes its data to its corresponding cluster head and the cluster head communicates with the base station, which reduces the communication distance of each node. The simulation results show that, when compared with other clustering algorithms, the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the number of clusters by 38% and improve the network lifetime by a factor of 1/4."

"Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has gained importance in recent years due to its various benefits, practicability and extensive utilization in diverse applications. The innovation helps to make real-time automation, monitoring, detecting and tracking much easier and more effective than previous technologies. However, as well as their benefits and enormous potential, WSNs are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper is a systematic literature review of the security-related threats and vulnerabilities in WSNs. We review the safety of and threats to each WSN communication layer and then highlight the importance of trust and reputation, and the features related to these, to address the safety vulnerabilities. Finally, we highlight the open research areas which need to be addressed in WSNs to increase their flexibility against security threats."

"The demand for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has increased enormously because of its great ability to supervise the outside world as well as due to its vast range of applications. Since these sensor nodes depend greatly on battery power and being deployed in adverse environments, substituting the battery is a tiresome job. Cluster-based routing techniques are prominent methods to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this research, the work on energy efficient clustering approach is considered in two phases. During the cluster head selection phase, cluster heads are chosen which can stabilize the power consumption in sensor networks, by considering both the residual energy and distance of node with respect to sink. Later, during the cluster formation phase, a non-cluster head node will choose a cluster head that lies in close proximity with the center point between the sensor nodes and sink. Also, these non-cluster head nodes should be within the transmission range of the cluster head, as selected by the above method. Initially, the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) which is an eminent protocol for sensor networks is investigated. Furthermore, the same LEACH protocol is enhanced by proposing an effective cluster head election scheme as well as a new cluster formation scheme as mentioned above. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms the traditional LEACH protocol in prolonging network lifetime."

"The low-cost WirelessSensor Network(WSN) consists of small battery powered devices called sensors, with limitedenergy capacity. Once deployed, accessibility to any sensor node for maintenance and battery replacement is not feasibledue to the spatial scattering of the nodes. This will lead to an unreliable,limited lifetime and a poor connectivity network. In this paper a novel bio-inspired cluster-baseddeployment algorithm is proposed for energy optimization of the WSNand ultimately to improve the network lifetime. In the cluster initializationphase, a singlecluster is formed with a single cluster head at the center of the sensing terrain. Thesecond phase is for optimum cluster formation surroundingthe inner cluster, based on swarming bees and a piping technique. Each cluster member distributesits data to its corresponding cluster head and the cluster head communicateswith the base station, which reduces the communication distance of each node. The simulationresults show that, whencompared with other clustering algorithms, the proposed algorithm can significantly reducethe number of clusters by 38% and improve the network lifetime by a factor of1/4."

"Covers the low-power Wireless sensor network (WSN) services ranging from hardware platforms and communication protocols to network deployment, and sensor data collection and actuation. This book explains the implications of resource constraints and expected performance in terms of throughput, reliability and latency. "

"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) terdiri dari sejumlah besar sensor nodes, dan digunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi seperti pemantauan gedung, pengendalian lingkungan, pemantauan kehidupan habitat liar, deteksi kebakaran hutan, otomatisasi industri, militer, keamanan, dan kesehatan. Setiap sensor node memerlukan sistem operasi (SO) yang dapat mengontrol hardware, menyediakan abstraksi hardware untuk aplikasi perangkat lunak, dan mengisi kesenjangan antara aplikasi dan hardware. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menyajikan SO untuk WSNs dan percobaan dari portcontikiOS untuk MSP430 mikrokontroler yang sangat populer di platform hardware untuk WSNs. Peneliti memulai dengan menghadirkan isu utama yaitu desain SO untuk WSNs. Lalu, peneliti memeriksa beberapa sistem operasi populer untuk WSNs, termasuk TinyOS, ContikiOS, dan LiteOS. Akhirnya peneliti menyajikan sebuah percobaan dari port ContikiOS untuk MSP430 mikrokontroler.

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AbstractWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of sensor nodes, and are used for various applications such as building monitoring, environment control, wild-life habitat monitoring, forest fire detection, industry automation, military, security, and health-care. Each sensor node needs an operating system (OS) that can control the hardware, provide hardware abstraction to application software, and fill in the gap between applications and the underlying hardware. In this paper, researchers present OS for WSNs and an experiment of porting contikiOS to MSP430 microcontroller which is very popular in many hardware platforms for WSNs. Researchers begin by presenting the major issues for the design of OS for WSNs. Then, researchers examine some popular operating systems for WSNs including TinyOS, ContikiOS, and LiteOS. Finally, researchers present an experiment of porting ContikiOS to MSP430 microcontroller."

"This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, EWSN 2012, held in Trento, Italy, in Februar 2012. The 16 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 78 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on communication and security, system issues, reliability, localization and smart cameras, and hardware and sensing."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini adalah analisa konsumsi energi jaringan sensor nirkabel pada metode penyebaran yang berbeda dan protokol routing yang berbeda. Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel (JSN) muncul dengan banyak aplikasi, karena kemajuan komunikasi nirkabel dalam skala besar. Jaringan ini digunakan untuk melayani aplikasi objek tunggal, dengan persyaratan optimasi tinggi seperti penghematan daya. Masalah desain JSN adalah kompleksitas tinggi, dan membutuhkan metodologi yang kuat, termasuk dukungan simulasi. Pada tesis ini menggunakan NS2 sebagai program simulasi untuk model pengujian konsumsi energi. Pada tesis ini dibandingkan konsumsi energi pada tiga metode penyebaran yang berbeda dari JSN. Metode penyebaran ini mengacu pada topologi penyebaran. Dalam simulasi ini, disebarkan JSN dengan topologi grid, array, dan Random. Simulasi ini menggunakan jumlah node yang berbeda dari JSN untuk menunjukkan skalabilitasnya. Serta menggunakan AODV dan DSR sebagai protokol routing dan CBR sebagai lalu-lintas paket data. Setelah itu, membandingkan konsumsi energi yang dikonsumsi oleh jaringan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, topologi penyebaran random dengan protokol routing DSR adalah topologi terendah dengan konsumsi energinya 7.02% dibanding grid-DSR 7,34% dan array-DSR 7,99%, array-AODV 18,64% dibanding grid-AODV 27,30% dan random-AODV 31,71%. Kombinasi topologi penyebaran random dengan protokol routing DSR konsumsi energinya paling sedikit.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is analysis of energy consumption the wireless sensor network at different deployment methods and different routing protocol. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is emerging with many applications, because of the advances in large scale wireless communications. These networks are deployed to serve single objective application, with high optimization requirements such as power saving. The WSN design problem is of high complexity, and requires robust methodologies, including simulation support. This tesis uses NS2 as simulation program for the energy consumption testing model. In this tesis compare the energy consumption on three different deployment methods of WSN. These deployment methods refer to topology deployment. In this simulation, deployed WSN on grid, array, and random topology. This simulation uses a different numbers of WSN nodes for showing the scalability. And using AODV and DSR as routing protocol and CBR as the data packet traffic. After that, compare the energy consumption that consume by that network. Based on simulation result, the random deployment topology with DSR routing protocol is the topology of the lowest energy consumption of 7.02% than grid-DSR 7.34% and array-DSR 7.99%; array-AODV 18.64%, grid-AODV 27.30% and random-AODV 31.71%. The combination of random deployment topology with DSR routing protocol energy consumption at least."

"Efisiensi energi dan stream data mining pada Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) adalah masalah yang sangat menarik untuk dibahas. Teknologi Routing Protocol dan Resource-Aware dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti mencoba untuk menggabungkan teknologi Routing Protocol menggunakan routing Distance Vector dan Resource-Aware (RA) framework pada Wireless Sensor Networks heterogen dengan menggabungkan sun-SPOT dan platform Imote2 Wireless Sensor Networks. RA melakukan proses pemantauan sumber daya dari memori, baterai, dan beban CPU lebih optimal dan efisien. Proses ini menggunakan Light-Weight Clustering (LWC) dan Light Weight Frequent Item (LWF). Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa dengan mengadaptasi Resource-Aware dalam Wireless Sensor Networks, masa pakai wireless sensor meningkatkan sampai ± 16,62%.

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AbstractEfficiency energy and stream data mining on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a very interesting issue to be discussed. Routing protocols technology and resource-aware can be done to improve energy efficiency. In this paper we try to merge routing protocol technology using routing Distance Vector and Resource-Aware (RA) framework on heterogeneity wireless sensor networks by combining sun-SPOT and Imote2 platform wireless sensor networks. RA perform resource monitoring process of the battery, memory and CPU load more optimally and efficiently. The process uses Light-Weight Clustering (LWC) and Light Weight Frequent Item (LWF). The results obtained that by adapting Resource-Aware in wireless sensor networks, the lifetime of wireless sensor improve up to ± 16.62%."

"Usia baterai yang terbatas dari embedded system dan mobile devices mengakibatkan baterai itu harus sering di recharge atau solusi yang lain adalah dengan mengganti baterai tersebut. Salah satu solusi untuk membuat embedded system dan personal device dapat beroperasi terus-menerus, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan energi matahari dan sistem fotovoltaik. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk merancang bangun modul penyuplai daya dengan memanfaatkan energi matahari sebagai pengganti baterai untuk modern embedded system dan aplikasi-aplikasi daya rendah. Salah satu contoh dari embedded system daya rendah adalah sensor node IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee yang digunakan pada WSN. Embedded system ini berbasis pada Freescale System-in-Package MC13213 dan sudah termasuk RF transceiver untuk aplikasi-aplikasi ZigBee. Daya yang dibutuhkan oleh alat ini adalah < 1mW untuk keadaan stand-by dan mencapai sekitar 50mW untuk keadaan aktif. Modul penyuplai daya ini dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu power supply, rangkaian input (maximum power point tracker), dan rangkaian output. Modul ini ditargetkan untuk menyuplai embedded system daya rendah khususnya wireless sensor node dengan tegangan kerja 3,3 volt dan konsumsi daya sampai dengan 50 miliwatt. ;The limited battery lifetime of modern embedded systems and mobile devices necessitates frequent battery recharging or replacement. One of the solution to make embedded systems and personal devices operate continuously is utilizing the solar energy and photovoltaic system. This final project aims to design a power supply module by utilizing solar energy as a replacement of battery for modern embedded system and low power application. The example of low power embedded system is IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor node used in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This embedded system is based on Freescale System-in-Package MC13213 including an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver for ZigBee applications. The power consumption of the wireless device provided by the manufacturer with sensors and microcontroller in standby condition is < 1wW, while the power consumption reaches approximately 50mW when microcontroller and sensors are active. This power supply module can be divided into three parts, power supply circuit, input circuit (maximum power point tracker), and the output circuit. This module is targeted to supply low power embedded systems, especially wireless sensor node with the operating voltage of 3.3 volt and the power consumption up to 50 mW.

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The limited battery lifetime of modern embedded systems and mobile devices necessitates frequent battery recharging or replacement. One of the solution to make embedded systems and personal devices operate continuously is utilizing the solar energy and photovoltaic system. This final project aims to design a power supply module by utilizing solar energy as a replacement of battery for modern embedded system and low power application. The example of low power embedded system is IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor node used in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This embedded system is based on Freescale System-in-Package MC13213 including an IEEE 802.15.4 RF transceiver for ZigBee applications. The power consumption of the wireless device provided by the manufacturer with sensors and microcontroller in standby condition is < 1wW, while the power consumption reaches approximately 50mW when microcontroller and sensors are active. This power supply module can be divided into three parts, power supply circuit, input circuit (maximum power point tracker), and the output circuit. This module is targeted to supply low power embedded systems, especially wireless sensor node with the operating voltage of 3.3 volt and the power consumption up to 50 mW."