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"Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as fuel in pulverised fuel combustion and as carbon feed in gasification, is a low heating rate pyrolysis of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200–300oC, at an atmospheric pressure, and in an inert environment. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse was torrefied at heating rates of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute, respectively, to achieve a final temperature of 275oC and after the final temperature was reached, hold times of 0 and 15 minutes, respectively occurred at a constant temperature of 275oC for a heating rate of 6oC/minute. The physical characteristics of torrefied sugarcane bagasse samples to be determined were a particle size distribution accomplished by grinding, hydrophobicity by allowing the samples to absorb moisture from the ambient air, and pellet hardness of the sample pellets. The torrefaction results show that increasing heating rate and hold time reduced the cellulose content of the sugarcane bagasse to as low as between 5.35% to 10.61% by weight composition, respectively. As the lignin content increased, the sample pellets resulted in better hardness in comparison to that measured on raw sugarcane bagasse. As the hemicellulose content increased, the samples, after grinding and stronger hydrophobicity, produced a higher fraction of smaller particle sizes. The maximum weight fraction of particles in these samples with sizes smaller than 105 µm achieved was 83.43% weight in contrast to 0.62% weight in raw sugarcane bagasse. The maximum water absorption by the samples in 3 hours was 1.28% weight in contrast to 8.02% weight by raw sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse physical characteristics, which are favourable for biomass pelletization, storage and transportation."

"Sugarcane industry and trade (SIT) in Indonesia is significantly influenced by the government policies. This paper reviewed SIT policies from colonial period up to now to obtain valuable lessons for future development of SIT. Lessons learned include: (1) During the colonial era, the peak triumph was achieved through farmers' sacrifice; (2) High financial support for research institutions to produce super varieties, such as POJ 2838 and 3016 with productivity as high as 18 ton/ha of crystal; (3) In the beginning of independence, Indonesia's institutions and manpower were not exclusively ready to optimally develop SIT; (4) There were no comprehensive policies and several of the existing one were conflicting. Based on these lessons, a comprehensive policy issued by related institutions are strongly required for future development of SIT."

"Deposit ampas tebu di Indonesia yang mencapai 8,5 juta ton per tahun menjadikan biomassa ini potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Perbaikan sifat ampas tebu sebagai bahan bakar padat dilakukan dengan torefaksi, yaitu proses pretreatment termokimia terhadap biomassa yang dilakukan pada suhu 200?300oC, tekanan atmosfer, dan lingkungan yang inert. Ampas tebu ditorefaksi sampai suhu 275oC dengan variasi laju pemanasan sebesar 3, 6, dan 10oC/menit dan variasi waktu penahanan suhu selama 0 dan 15 menit. Analisis yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik ampas tebu adalah kandungan lignoselulosa, distribusi ukuran partikel, sifat hidrofobik, dan kekerasan pellet. Kenaikan laju pemanasan dan waktu penahanan suhu mengurangi kandungan hemiselulosa ampas tebu sampai di bawah 6% dan menaikkan kandungan ligninnya sampai di atas 83%. Seiring peningkatan kandungan lignin, kekerasan pellet ampas tebu juga meningkat, yaitu sampai 29,22 pada skala durometer Shore D. Seiring penurunan kandungan hemiselulosa, ampas tebu bersifat lebih mudah dihancurkan dan hidrofobik. Distribusi partikel yang berukuran lebih kecil dari 105 μm pada ampas tebu yang ditorefaksi adalah sebanyak 67%, sedangkan pada ampas tebu yang tidak ditorefaksi hanya 0,62%. Penyerapan air oleh ampas tebu yang ditorefaksi hanya sebanyak 1,3%, sedangkan pada ampas tebu yang tidak ditorefaksi sampai 8,02%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi dapat memperbaiki karakteristik fisik ampas tebu.

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Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as an alternative energy source. Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as a solid fuel, is a thermochemical pretreatment of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200?300oC, atmospheric pressure, and inert environment. Sugarcane bagasse is torrefied at 275oC with the heating rate variation of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute and hold time variation of 0 and 15 minutes. Characterizations conducted to determine the physical characteristics of sugarcane bagasse are lignocellulosic content, particle size distribution, hydrophobicity, and pellet hardness. The increasing heating rate and hold time will reduce the hemicellulose content of sugarcane baggase to lower than wt-6% and increase the lignin content to higher than wt-83%. As the lignin content increases, the sugarcane bagasse pellet will have better hardness, i.e. 29.22 on a durometer Shore D scale. As the hemicellulose content increases, sugarcane bagasse will have better particle size distribution and stronger hydrophobic tendency. The particle size distribution of torrefied sugarcane bagasse which is smaller than 105 μm is wt-67% while only wt-0.62% in untorrefied sugarcane bagasse. The water absorbtion of torrefied sugarcane bagasse is wt-1.3% while wt-8.02% in untorrefied sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse

physical characteristics."

"[ABSTRAKSerat bagas tebu (Sugarcane bagasse) yang merupakan serat alam dapat digunakan sebagai penguat komposit matriks polimer.Namun, serat tebu dengan matriks polimer memiliki kompatibilitas yang rendah dikarenakan sifat hidrofobik dari matriks polimer dan sifat hidrofilik dari serat.Selain itu, serat alam masih banyak mengandung fraksi amorf (lignin dan hemiselulosa), sehingga komposit menjadi getas dan kristalinitasnya rendah.Oleh karena itu, dilakukan perlakuan untuk mengurangi fraksi amorf tersebut melalui perlakuan kimia.Perlakuan kimia tersebut mampu mengurangi kandungan fraksi amorf (lignin dan hemiselulosa) secara efektifsehingga meningkatkan indeks kristalinitas serat secara signifikan.Perlakuan kimia tersebut terdiri dari perlakuan awal dan perlakuan inti, keduanya penting untuk mengurangi kandungan fraksi amorf dan meningkatkan indeks kristalinitas serat secara signifikan.Perlakuan awal yang digunakan adalah alkalinisasi dengan varian temperatur dan konsentrasi.Perlakuan inti yang digunakan adalah pemutihan dengan menggunakan larutan natrium klorit dan asam sulfat. Selain itu, dilakukan juga perlakuan oksidasi reaktif dengan bantuan katalis TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidin-1-oksil radikal). Dari berbagai perlakuan tersebut diperoleh rangkaian perlakuan yang paling efektif untuk mengurangi kandungan fraksi amorf (lignin dan hemiselulosa) karena mampu meningkatkan.

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ABSTRACT

, "Sugarcane bagasse fiber (Sugarcane bagasse) is a natural fiber used as a reinforce on polymer"

"matrix composites. However, sugarcane fiber, with the polymer matrix, have a low compatibility due to the hydrophobicity of the polymer matrix and hydrophilic properties of the natural fiber. In addition, natural fiber still contains many amorphous fraction (lignin and hemicellulose), so that the composite becomes brittle and low crystallinity. Therefore, there are several methods of chemical treatment to decrease the amorphous fraction. The chemical treatment can decrease the content of amorphous fraction (lignin and hemicellulose) effectively and increase the crystallinity index significantly. Initial treatment used is alcalinization with variants of temperature and concentration. Core treatments used are bleaching by using a solution of sodium chlorite and sulfuric acid. In addition, the treatment was conducted by using reactive oxidation catalyst, named TEMPO (2,2,6,6- tetrametilpiperidin-1-oksil radical). From those various treatments, it was obtained the most effective treatment to reduce the content of amorphous fraction (lignin and hemicellulose)"

"which is can increase crystallinity index up to 76.13%."]"

"Biomassa merupakan energi alternatif yang dapat menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi krisis energi di Indonesia Torefaksi adalah proses pirolisa lambat tanpa oksigen yang memiliki rentang suhu 225 325oC Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh torefaksi terhadap distribusi ukuran partikel biomassa kemudahan biomassa menyerap moisture content dan kekerasan dari pellet biomassa yang berasal dari bagas tebu Bagas tebu merupakan hasil samping dari pertanian yang pemanfaatannya masih terbatas Analisis yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik tiap biomassa adalah daya serap moisture content dari biomassa distribusi ukuran partikel dan Brinell Hardness Semakin tinggi suhu torefaksi mengakibatkan semakin mudah biomassa di reduksi ukuran dengan persentase ukuran partikel kurang dari 125 m sebesar 43 55 pada suhu 325 C Torefaksi juga mengakibatkan kemampuan biomassa menyerap moisture content semakin kecil Pada suhu 325 C kandungan moisture content sebesar 2 92 Seiring kenaikan suhu torefaksi biomassa semakin sulit menyerap moisture content Namun torefaksi menyebabkan sifat kekerasan Hardness pellet biomassa rendah Kenaikan suhu torefaksi menyebabkan sifat kekerasan Hardness pellet biomassa semakin rendah dengan nilai tertinggi pada pellet biomassa tanpa torefaksi sebesar 1 20 kg mm2.

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Biomass is an alternative energy that could become one of solution to overcome energy deficit in Indonesia Torrefaction is the process of slow pyrolysis without oxygen has a temperature range of 225 325oC The purpose of this research was to determine the influence on ease of torefaction of the particle size distribution of biomass biomass easily absorb moisture content and hardness of the pellet biomass derived from sugarcane bagasse Baggase a by product of agriculture which utilization is still limited Types of analysis to characterize the biomass as a result of torrefaction are absorptive capacity of the biomass moisture content particle size distribution and Brinell Hardness The higher temperatures result in more easily with the size reduction of biomass in the percentage of particle size less than 125 m was 43 55 at a temperature of 325 C Torrefaction also resulted in the ability to absorb moisture content of biomass is getting smaller At temperatures of 325 C the content of moisture content of 2 92 As the temperature rises biomass is increasingly difficult to absorb moisture content But the torrefaction of biomass pellets causes the hardness decreases Rising temperatures cause the hardness properties hardness the lower biomass pellets with high scores on biomass pellets of 1 20 kg mm2 "

"Ampas tebu merupakan limbah perkebunan dengan kandungan serat selulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penyusun komposit. Komposit serat alami dengan matriks epoksi memiliki beberapa kelebihan diantaranya sifat mekanis yang baik. Penambahan carbon nanotube (CNT) pada komposit diketahui melalui banyak penelitian dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanik. Perlakuan alkali dengan NaOH dilakukan pada serat untuk menghilangkan pengotor pada permukaan serat serta mengaktivasi gugus hidroksil dari serat. Mild acid oxidation dilakukan pada CNT menggunakan HNO3 dan H2O2 untuk mengfunsionalisasi CNT menjadi CNTOH. Perlakuan silane coupling agent (GLYMO) dilakukan terhadap serat dan CNT untuk meningkatkan kompabilitas dengan matriks. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penambahan carbon nanotube pada komposit serat ampas tebu (bagasse) dengan matriks epoksi sebanyak 0,5%, 1% dan 1,5% terhadap berat matriks yang digunakan. Pengujian FTIR membuktikkan keberhasilan proses perlakuan alkali, mild acid oxidation dan perlakuan silane coupling agent dengan menunjukkan terbentuknya gugus hidroksil, karboksil dan silanol. Selain itu, pengujian Uv-Vis Spektroskopi juga menunjukkan keberhasilan proses fungsionalisasi CNT dengan meningkatkan dispersitas kelarutan CNT sebesar 5%. Hasil uji tekuk yang didapatkan dari penelitian adalah meningkatkan kekuatan lentur komposit sebesar 150,65%, 87,61%, dan 72,73% pada penambahan CNT 0,5%, 1% dan 1,5% berat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan CNT akan meningkatkan kekuatan lentur komposit hingga titik optimum penambahan CNT sebesar 0,5% berat dan komposit yang terbentuk dapat dimanfaatkan dalam industri otomotif untuk bahan interior mobil.

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Sugarcane bagasse is a plantation waste containing cellulose fiber which can be used as a composite material. Natural fiber composites with epoxy matrices have several advantages including good mechanical properties. The addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) to composites known through many studies can improve mechanical properties. Alkali treatment with NaOH is carried out on the fiber to remove impurities on the surface of the fiber and activate hydroxyl groups from the fiber. Mild acid oxidation is carried out on CNT using HNO3 and H2O2 to functionalize CNT become CNT-OH. The silane coupling agent (GLYMO) treatment was performed on fiber and CNT to improve compatibility with the matrix. In this study, the addition of carbon nanotubes on bagasse fiber composites (bagasse) with epoxy matrix as much as 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of the weight of the matrix used. FTIR result proves the success of the alkali, mild acid oxidation and silane coupling agent treatment by showing the formation of hydroxyl, carboxyl and silanol groups. In addition, Uv-Vis Spectroscopy also showed the success of CNT functionalization process by increasing CNT solubility dispersion by 5%. The bending test obtained from the study were to increase the flexural strength of composites by 150.65%, 87.61%, and 72.73% on the addition of CNT 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by weight. It can be concluded that the addition of CNT will increase the flexural strength of the composite with the optimum value of adding CNT by 0.5% by weight and the composite formed can be utilized in the automotive industry for car interior materials."

"The definition of the physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane trash pellets were necessary for the design considerations relating to storage, handling and processing equipment. The mixing ratios of ground sugarcane trash:cassava starch:water content (1.0:0.25:0.85 and 1.0:0.25:1.40 by weight) and pelleting speeds (100, 120, 140, and 160 rpm) were considered to determine their effects on bulk density, true density, porosity, durability and compressive strength. The results show that the mixing ratio by weight of 1.0:0.25:0.85 and pelleting speed of 120 to 140 rpm were optimum for producing the sugarcane trash pellets. At the moisture content of 12.01% (wb), the bulk density, true density, durability and compressive strength of biomass pellets were in the range of 330.93 to 365.00 kg/m3, 860.38 to 918.43 kg/m3, 99.34 to 99.46 % and 5.15 to 6.43 MPa, respectively."

"The definition of the physical and mechanicalproperties of sugarcane trash pellets were necessary for the designconsiderations relating to storage, handling andprocessing equipment. The mixing ratios of groundsugarcane trash:cassava starch:water content (1.0:0.25:0.85 and 1.0:0.25:1.40 by weight) and pelleting speeds (100, 120, 140, and 160 rpm) were considered to determine their effects on bulkdensity, true density, porosity, durability and compressive strength. The results show that the mixing ratio byweight of 1.0:0.25:0.85 and pelleting speed of 120to 140 rpm were optimum for producing the sugarcane trash pellets. At the moisture content of 12.01% (wb), the bulk density, true density, durability and compressive strengthof biomass pellets were in the range of 330.93 to 365.00 kg/m3, 860.38 to 918.43 kg/m3, 99.34 to 99.46 % and 5.15 to 6.43 MPa, respectively."

"Pemanasan global menjadi momok yang menakutkan bagi manusia, seiring dengan meningkatnya konsumsi energi primer berbahan bakar fosil yang menimbulkan gas efek rumah kaca. Hal ini mendorong para peneliti di seluruh dunia untuk merubah kebiasaan tersebut ke energi baru terbarukan (EBT). Namun, EBT baik itu fotovoltaik (PLTS) maupun pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu (PLTB) keduanya memiliki sifat intermittent sehingga dibutuhkan alat penyimpanan energi untuk menanggulangi sifat intermittent. Salah satu alat penyimpan energi adalah Kapasitor Lithium Ion (KLI). Penyimpanan energi jenis ini mempunyai karakteristik densitas daya dan energi spesifik yang berada diantara baterai lithium ion dan kapasitor konvensional, sehingga diharapkan mampu memiliki kapasitas mendekati Baterai Lithium Ion dengan densitas daya yang dimiliki mendekati Kapasitor konvensional. Salah satu alternatif bahan material yang dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan KIL yaitu, sampah organik, khususnya dalam penelitan ini ampas tebu. Hasil penggilingan tebu berupa ampas kasar kemudian di olah menjadi karbon aktif dengan memperhatikan variasi suhu aktivasi KOH. Karbon aktif pada skripsi ini memiliki luas permukaan mencapai 2136,66 m2/g terjadi pada suhu aktivasi 800°C. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh melalui prediksi machine learning didapatkan nilai kapasitansi dengan suhu aktivasi 800oC, 700oC dan 600oC masing-masing sebesar 141,214 F; 80,955 F dan 102,855 F dengan MAE sebesar 28,11. Suhu aktivasi memiliki peran penting dalam penentuan hasil luas permukaan dan kapasitansi pada Kapasitor Lithium Ion.

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Global warming is a frightening specter for humans, along with the increased consumption of fossil fuel-based primary energy that causes greenhouse gases. This prompted researchers around the world to change these habits to renewable energy (EBT). However, both photovoltaic (PLTS) and wind power plants (PLTB) both have intermittent characteristic so, that energy storage system are needed to cope with intermittent characteristic. One of the energy storage devices is Lithium Ion Capacitors (KIL). This type of energy storage has specific power and specific energy characteristics that are between lithium ion batteries and conventional capacitors, so it is expected to be able to have a capacity close to Lithium Ion Batteries with power density that are close to conventional capacitors. One alternative material that can be used for the manufacture of KIL is organic waste, especially in this research is sugarcane bagasse. The results of sugarcane milling in the form of coarse pulp then processed into activated carbon with temperature variation in KOH activation. Activated carbon in this thesis has a surface area of 2136.66 m2 / g which occurs at an activation temperature of 800 ° C. Based on the results obtained through machine learning prediction, the capacitance values with activation temperatures of 800 oC, 700 oC and 600 oC were 141.214 F; 80,955 F and 102,855 F with MAEs of 28.11. Activation temperature has an important role in determining the results of surface area and capacitance in Lithium Ion Capacitors."

"ABSTRAKThis research aims to study on the impact of temperature, reaction time and particle size of biomass on the property of calorific value in 3 types of raw biomass including palm branches, balm fibres and palm shell, and to forecast the calorific value equations to study the impacts of palm branch, palm fibre and palm shells calorific values. The experiment was carried out by grinding all raw biomass to be sized of 3 mm with a weight of 10 g each, then treated them in the reactor under the torrefaction temperature of 220 oC, 260 oC and 280 oC with a range of time at 20, 40 and 60 minutes. After that, all torrefied biomass were analyzed of their calorific values by means of ultimate analysis and proximate analysis. The study presented its result that the maximization of temperature and reaction time made the calorific value higher. The ultimate analysis showed the calorific value of palm branches is higher than the calorific value of palm shells and palm fibers showed indifferent values for both analyses. However, the proximate analysis found palm shell possessed the highest calorific value."