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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pelapisan bahan adhesif universal sistem self-etch yang terhadap perubahan morfologis mikrostruktur dentin. Lima gigi premolar manusia yang diekstraksi diabrasi dan dihaluskan dari arah oklusal dan medial menggunakan diamond disc grit #600 dan kertas silikon karbida grit #1000, #1500 dan #2000. Bahan adhesif Single Bond Universal diaplikasikan dalam sistem self-etch pada permukaan oklusal dentin yang terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok berdasarkan waktunya yaitu selama 20 detik (n = 3), 30 detik (n = 3) dan 40 detik (n = 3). Spesimen dipolimerisasi dengan LED curing unit, iradiansi 900mW/cm² selama 10 detik. Satu spesimen yang tidak diaplikasi bahan adhesif digunakan sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan SEM dilakukan dengan perbesaran x850, x1,600 dan x3,000. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan gambaran morfologis mikrostruktur dentin sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi bahan adhesif tetapi tidak ada perbedaan antar kelompok 20 detik, 30 detik dan 40 detik. Disimpulkan bahwa waktu pelapisan bahan adhesif tidak mempengaruhi perubahan morfologis mikrostruktur dentin.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of bonding application time on dentin microstructure created by a universal adhesive in self-etch mode. Five extracted human premolars were sectioned and polished occlusally and medially using diamond disc grit #600 dan silicone carbide paper grit #1000, #1500 and #2000. One universal adhesive, Single Bond Universal was applied on to the occlusal surface of dentin and was divided into 3 groups based on the time: 20 s (n = 3), 30 s (n = 3) and 40 s (n = 3). Specimens were polimerized using LED curing unit, irradiance 900mW/cm² for 10 s, except for one that was left untreated as control. All specimens were observed using SEM at magnifications x850, x1,600 dan x3,000. The result showed that there were morfological differences in dentin microstructure between before and after application but none between specimen groups. It was concluded that bonding application time does not affect the morfological differences in dentin microstructure."

"Single-step self-etch adhesive systems are the system that combine self etching primer and bonding agent into one step application. This system was developed as the effort to simplified in application prosedures and give a good bond strength of resin composites to dentin surface. The purpose of this study was to examine the bond strength of resin composites with two singlestep self-etch adhesives system (Xeno III and Clearfil Tri-S Bond) to bovine dentin at temperature of adhesive 3ºC, 22ºC and 30ºC. Adhesive was applied to dentin surface (bovine insisivus mandibular dentin) follow by resin composites bonded according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Tensile bond strength of 60 specimens were tested UTM (universal testing machine) after 24 hours storage in aquadest at 37 ºC. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test (p< 0,05). The bond strength of Xeno III was significantly diffrent from that of Clearfil tri-S Bond, 0,66±0,271, 2,70±1,528, 0,23±0,104 versus 2,07±0,272, 4,77±0,689, 4,39±1,205 MPa at temperature of materials 3ºC, 22ºC and 30ºC respectively. The bond strength of two single- step adhesives system (Xeno III and Clearfil Tri-S Bond) were highest at temperature 22ºC than other temperatures of materials."

"Yurisdiksi Universal merupakan konsep yurisdiksi hukum pidana yang mengatur bahwa suatu negara dapat memberlakukan hukum pidana nasionalnya kepada pelaku tindak pidana, dimanapun pelaku tersebut berada tanpa memperdulikan kewarganegaraan dari pelaku tindak pidana maupun korbannya. Yurisdiksi universal telah dikenal dalam berbagai perjanjian internasional, jiga dalam hukum pidana nasional Indonesia. Oleh KUHP yurisdiksi universal dapat diberlakukan kepada kejahatan atas mata uang, pembajakan atau perompakan kapal serta kejahatan terhadap penerbangan sipil. Yurisdiksi universal kemudian diatur juga dalam KUHP baru yakni UU No. 1 Tahun 2023, oleh UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 yurisdiksi universal diatur secara lebih terbuka dan tidak dirumuskan secara terbatas terhadap tindak pidana terhadap mata uang, pembajakan dan perompakan kapal serta kejahatan terhadap penerbangan saja. Selain Indonesia beberapa negara sepeti Prancis dan Belanda juga mengatur mengenai yurisdiksi universal dalam hukum pidana nasionalnya. Terdapat beberapa perbedaan dan kesamaan antara Indonesia, Prancis dan Belanda dalam mengatur yurisdiksi universal, pada intinya pengaturan mengenai yurisdiksi universal pada hukum pidana nasional negara termasuk pada ketiga negara tersebut berkembang seiring waktu dan dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan hukum internasional.

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Universal Jurisdiction is a concept of criminal jurisdiction which stipulates that a country can apply its national criminal law to perpetrators of crimes, wherever the perpetrators are located regardless of the nationality of the perpetrators of crimes or their victims. Universal jurisdiction has been recognized in various international treaties, as well as in Indonesian national criminal law. By Indonesian Criminal Code universal jurisdiction can be applied to crimes against currency, piracy and crimes against civil aviation. Universal jurisdiction is then also regulated in the new Criminal Code, namely Law no. 1 of 2023. By Law no. 1 of 2023 universal jurisdiction is regulated in an openly manner and is not formulated in a limited way against crimes against currency, piracy and crimes against aviation only. Apart from Indonesia, several countries such as France and the Netherlands also regulate universal jurisdiction in their national criminal law. There are several differences and similarities between Indonesia, France and the Netherlands in regulating universal jurisdiction, in essence the arrangement regarding universal jurisdiction in the national criminal law of countries including those three countries has developed over time and is influenced by the development of international law."

"Berdasarkan laporan pemantauan global WHO pada tahun 2023 mengenai pelacakan cakupan kesehatan universal yang diluncurkan pada tanggal 18 September 2023 oleh WHO dan Bank Dunia, menunjukkan bahwa 400 juta orang tidak memiliki akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan dasar, dan 40% penduduk dunia tidak memiliki akses terhadap jaminan sosial serta 4,5 miliar orang tidak sepenuhnya tercakup dalam layanan kesehatan penting pada tahun 2021, dan 2 miliar orang mengalami bencana belanja kesehatan akibat pengeluaran yang dikeluarkan sendiri untuk kesehatan atau out of pocket. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) berarti bahwa semua orang menerima layanan kesehatan berkualitas yang mereka perlukan tanpa mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran implementasi kebijakan Universal Health Coverage (UHC) dalam meningkatkan kesehatan di berbagai negara dengan metode Literature review yang menganalisis 8 artikel terinklusi dari 350 artikel pada empat online database (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). Penelitian ini menekankan kerangka kerja sistem kesehatan WHO yang dikenal dengan Six Building Blocks yang terdiri dari enam pilar meliputi aspekaspek pelayanan kesehatan, tenaga kesehatan, sistem informasi kesehatan, akses terhadap layanan kesehatan, obat-obatan, pembiayaan kesehatan, dan kepemimpinan atau tata Kelola. Implementasi Universal Health Coverage (UHC) di dunia saat ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan, meskipun masih menghadapi sejumlah tantangan yang bervariasi dari setiap negara yang disebabkan perbedaan karakteristik penduduk, pemasukan negara, ekonomi dan geografis.

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According to WHO's 2023 global monitoring report on tracking universal health coverage launched on September 18, 2023 by WHO and the World Bank, 400 million people do not have access to basic health services, 40% of the world's population does not have access to social security, 4.5 billion people are not fully covered by essential health services by 2021, and 2 billion people experience health spending disasters due to out of pocket health expenditures. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means that all people receive the quality health services they need without experiencing financial hardship. This study aims to describe the implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policies in improving health in various countries using the Literature review method which analyzed 8 articles included from 350 articles in four online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). This study emphasizes the WHO health system framework known as the Six Building Blocks which consists of six pillars including aspects of health services, health workers, health information systems, access to health services, medicines, health financing, and leadership or governance. The implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in the world is currently showing significant progress, although it still faces a number of challenges."

"Peat is one of energy resource alternatives as a sudstitute for oil."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan adhesif universal sebagai sementasi pasak fiber dalam restorasi pasca endodontik populer digunakan karena sifatnya yang serbaguna sehingga dapat diaplikasikan dengan metode total-etch maupun self-etch. Namun, penelitian mengenai perbedaan push-out bond strength (PBS) antara kedua metode tersebut masih terbatas. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan PBS dan failure mode antara metode total-etch dan self-etch sistem adhesif universal pada sementasi pasak fiber. Metode: Tiga puluh gigi premolar rahang bawah yang baru diekstraksi disimpan di dalam air terdeionisasi yang kemudian dilakukan pemotongan mahkota sebelum dilakukan perawatan saluran akar dan preparasi ruang pasak. Pasak kemudian disementasi dengan semen resin dualcure self-adhesive dan bahan adhesif Prime&Bond Universal (PBU). Uji PBS dilakukan untuk mengukur kekuatan ikat geser masing-masing kelompok uji. Kegagalan ikatan kemudian diobservasi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Hasil: Kelompok self-etch memiliki kekuatan ikat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok lainnya dengan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0.05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan kegagalan adhesif yang signifikan di antara kelompok. Kesimpulan: Metode self-etch memiliki kekuatan ikat paling baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok uji lainnya, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan failure mode pada setiap kelompok.

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Background: Universal adhesives for fiber post cementation in endodontically treated teeth have become popular in clinical dentistry as they can be applied in either total-etch or self-etch mode, due to their reduced number of application steps and versatility. However, studies regarding comparison between the two modes are limited and insufficient. Aim/Objective: The aim of the study is to analyze and compare the pushout bond strength and failure mode of the multimode universal adhesive system. Materials and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted mandibular premolars were decoronated prior to a root canal treatment (RCT) and prepared for post placement and bonded using Prime&Bond Universal (PBU). Post was then cemented using dual-cure self-adhesive resin cement. The push-out bond strength (PBS) test was performed to measure the shear bond strength using a universal testing machine (UTM). Failure mode was then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: One-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni and Independent T-Test indicated that there is significant difference (p<0.05) between the bond strength of the total- and self-etch mode of the universal adhesive system. However, no differences in failure mode are observed between groups. Conclusion: Self-etch mode is more preferable due to its higher bond strength dominated with cohesive failure indicating its success in bonding with the root canal

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"ABSTRAKFokus dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan penerapan asas universal jurisdiction oleh Negara untuk memberantas pembajakan di laut (piracy). Dalam hukum internasional, terutama United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 menegaskan bahwa kejahatan pembajakan di laut terjadi di wilayah laut lepas dan diluar yurisdiksi Negara manapun. Berbeda dengan armed robbery yang terjadi di laut teritorial. Oleh karena itu untuk melawan pembajakan di laut Negara harus menerapkan yurisdiksinya di wilayah laut lepas dan menerapkan asas universal jurisdiction.ABSTRACTFocus of this research is explaining the implementation of universal jurisdiction principle by states to combat piracy. International law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 emphasized that piracy shall occur in the high seas beyond jurisdiction of any States. It differs with armed robbery which is happened inside territorial waters. Therefore it is necessary for States to implement their jurisdiction on the high seas and implement universal jurisdiction principle."

"Permasalahan ketimpangan ekonomi telah menyebabkan krisis yang sangat mendalam bagi rakyat Indonesia. Berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan oleh Credit Suisse, diketahui bahwa 1 persen orang terkaya di Indonesia menguasai 49.3 persen kekayaan nasional. Sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan ketimpangan tersebut, pemerintah Indonesia dapat menerapkan kebijakan berbasis Universal Basic Income (UBI) untuk kalangan masyarakat miskin. Dengan diterapkannya kebijakan berbasis UBI untuk kalangan masyarakat miskin, maka diharapkan akan terjadi peningkatan produktivitas masyarakat secara keseluruhan sehingga akan menurunkan angka ketimpangan ekonomi. Kendati demikian, pertama kita harus menjawab suatu permasalahan filosofis penting terkait apakah kebijakan berbasis UBI tersebut pada hakikatnya memanglah bersifat adil bagi seluruh masyarakat Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan suatu penelitian filosofis dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif terhadap kemungkinan penerapan kebijakan berbasis Universal Basic Income (UBI) di Indonesia yang dilandaskan pada teori keadilan Rawls. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa penerapan kebijakan berbasis Universal Basic Income (UBI) pada hakikatnya sudah bersifat adil karena mewujudkan kesetaraan kesempatan dan keadilan sosial lewat pemberian manfaat UBI.

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The problem of economic inequality has caused a very deep crisis for the Indonesian people. Based on a survey conducted by Credit Suisse, it is known that the richest 1 percent in Indonesia controls 49.3 percent of national wealth. As one of the efforts to overcome the problem of inequality, the Indonesian government can implement policies based on Universal Basic Income (UBI) for the poor. With the implementation of UBI-based policies for the poor, it is hoped that there will be an increase in the productivity of society as a whole so that it will reduce economic inequality. Nevertheless, first we have to answer an important philosophical issue related to whether the UBI-based policy is in essence fair for all Indonesian people. Therefore, this study aims to carry out a philosophical research using descriptive analysis methods on the possibility of implementing Universal Basic Income (UBI)-based policies in Indonesia which are based on Rawls's theory of justice. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the implementation of policies based on Universal Basic Income (UBI) was essentially fair because it created equality of opportunity and social justice by providing UBI benefits."