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"This study focuses on treatment of landfill leachate in column experiments by immobilized trametes versicolor on polyurethane foam, collected from nonthaburi landfill site, thailand...."

"During the cold war, the superpowers endeavored to win hearts and minds through what came to be called public diplomacy. Many of the target audiences were on the front lines in Europe. But other, larger ones resided in areas outside Europe, in the throes of decolonization and poverty. Among these lands, for all the drama of war, intervention, and revolution, the majority experienced the cold war as public diplomacy, as a media war for their allegiance rather than as a violent war for their lives. In these areas, superpower public diplomacy encountered issues of race, empire, poverty, and decolonization, all in flux as they intersected with the cold war, and with long-running anti-imperialist currents. The challenge to US public diplomacy was acute, as the image of the United States was inseparable from Jim Crow and from Washingtons European alliances. Yet the greater consequence of these campaigns was not for American diplomacy, but rather for postwar international history, when the non-European world responded to this media war by joining it. Newly independent voices launched public diplomacy campaigns of their own, making for a crowded field. In addition to validating the strategic importance of public diplomacy, this proliferation of voices articulated a different vision. Reappropriating the space left between the poles of the superpower conflict, this global conversation formulated the Third World project around a nucleus of nonalignment, development, and anticolonial racial solidarity. The Global South response to the Cold War thereby helped to coalesce the third world as a transnational imagined community."

"In the twentieth century, decolonization sparked mass migration movements across the globe as former settlers left newly independent colonies for the former imperial metropole or a new country altogether. In the following decades, postcolonial migrants made new homes and created communities in their hostlands. Eventually, some travelled back to their country of origin, the former colony. Indisch Dutch returns to Indonesia are not uncommon and, although some members of the first generation visited Indonesia as tourists, accounts of (re)turns by the second and third generation are rare. To form a clearer picture of the transnational connections between Indonesia and the Netherlands, it is important to engage with Indisch Dutch travels to Indonesia after independence. By examining life narratives of second and third generation Indisch Dutch, this article investigates the complex relationships between diaspora, memory, nostalgia, and identity, and their impact on transnational relations between the two countries. Specifically, the paper examines accounts by Adriaan van Dis and Lara Nuberg about their journeys of return to Indonesia in the 2000s."

"The disintegration of the British Empire in Asia and the emergence of new nationstates marked a period of significant upheaval for communities whose identities and mobilities were fundamentally reconstituted by a new system of borders, citizenships, and nationalities. In this article, I seek to explore a social history of early citizenship in Singapore by examining how citizenship was understood and conceived by varied segments of society during its final years as a colony. Focusing on ethnic groups considered non-indigenous, I examine the decisions made by communities and individuals with regard to Singapore citizenship, studying the period between 1957 and 1963. During this time the meaning and significance of Singapore citizenship underwent dramatic shifts, and various forms of dual citizenship were phased out in the context of political plans for Singapore’s future. I argue that individuals’ decisions about citizenship reveal how they understood their own futures after colonialism, within the region, commonwealth, and nation. The citizensubjectivities of individuals and communities often did not align with what emerged as an official discourse of exclusive loyalty and belonging. Early experiences of citizenship were instead shaped by intersections of race, class, and complex transnational identities, as well as pragmatic assessments and emotional decision making. These did not simply mirror state-driven processes but instead represented important aspects of the complex social history of decolonization in Singapore and the early transition of its inhabitants from a colonial society to a national citizenry."

""Dunia Baru" mendekonststruksi paradigma dari para penjelajah Eropa yang datang ke Karibia, dan ini merupakan ideologi dari para poskolonialis Karibia. Omeros, sebuah epik karya Derek Walcott, dan The Enigma of Arrival, sebuah novel otobiografi karya VS Naipaul, mengangkatnya sebagai upaya membangun identitas dan kontestasi melawan hegemoni kolonial. Masing-masing menerapkan strategi dalam mengadaptasi pandangan-pandangan Eropa sebagai salah satu elemen fiksinya. Namun demikian, keduanya ternyata mengusung berbagai makna ambivalen demi makna-makna yang hendak dikemukakan dalam kaitannya dengan poskolonialitas Karibia. Bagaimana masing-masing mengetengahkan makna-makna dekonstruktif tersebut merupakan fokus dari disertasi ini. Juga, dipaparkan di sini analisis terhadap masing-masing perspektif dalam mengangkat ideologi tersebut. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah poskolonial, dan sebagai kajian sastra metodologi yang diterapkan ialah analisis tekstual. Pemahaman dan interpretasi secara kualitatif terhadap teks-teks merupakan hal yang utama dalam mengerjakan kajian di sini. Karena pada dasarnya sastra Karibia ada dalam ranah atau konteks poskolonial, beberapa teks penting lainnya dibahas demi keperluan pembahasan permasalahan-permasalahan yang ditemukan dalam korpus penelitian, Omeros dan The Enigma of Arrival. Dalam hal ini sumbangan pikiran dari Stuart Hall tentang identitas kultural menjadi landasan penting bagi pembahasan berbagai fenomena yang terjadi di Karibia, di samping juga teoriteori mendasar mengenai poskolonialisme itu sendiri. Akhirnya, beberapa temuan sebagai hasil kajian penelitian disertasi ini. Pertama, strategi adaptasi terhadap pandangan Eropa oleh Omeros diterjemahkan ke dalam ide tentang Eden Baru, dan The Enigma of Arrival mengungkapkannya dalam Kebun Jack. Keduanya menjadi representasi cara baru dalam membangun identitas, yang menekankan masa depan karena masa lalu hanya menjadi mitos yang mengganggu dan sekadar memenuhi memori. Kedua, ada beberapa aspek yang dimiliki Eden Baru dan Kebun Jack, yakni perubahan, perbedaan, dan masa depan. Ketiga, bagi Omeros cara menghadapi masa depan ialah berani dan bijak mengadaptasi pandangan Eropa untuk disesuaikan dengan kondisi lokal. Bagi The Enigma of Arrival cara menghadapi masa depan ialah berdiri sejajar dengan dunia Eropa sehingga inferioritas warisan masa lalu tidak menghambat kemajuan.

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"New World" is to deconstruct the paradigm owned by the European explorers of Caribbean. It is the ideology of Caribbean postcolonialists. Omeros, by Derek Walcott, and The Enigma of Arrival, by VS Naipaul, mounted it as an establishment of identity and contestation against the colonial hegemony. Each underwent a strategy, especially in adapting European views as one of its fictious elements. However, they provided ambivalent meanings in order to bring their own messages due to Caribbean post coloniality. How each of them deconstructed those views is the focus of this dissertation. It also analysed the perspective of each in uplifting the ideology.

The approach applied was postcolonial and as a literary study the methodology of this dissertation was textual analysis. Qualitatively understanding and interpreting the texts were the main conduct to undergo the study. Since the Caribbean literature belongs to the realm of postcolonial context, several important texts were worth discussing in order to analyze the problems found in the main corpus of study, Omeros and The Enigma of Arrival. Stuart Hall's notions on cultural identity was an important basis in providing any concepts dealing the Caribbean phenomena, besides also several significant theories about postcolonialism.

Finally, there are some findings in the dissertation. First, the strategy of adapting European views in Omeros provided a notion of New Eden and in The Enigma of Arrival a notion of "Jack’s Garden." Both represented a new way of establishing identity, in which the emphasis was mainly on the future life because the past stood as the myth which burdened with only memories. Secondly, some aspects of both New Eden and Jack’s Garden were change, difference, and future. Thirdly, for Omeros the way of facing the future was by adapting it into the local conducts, and not by imitating European views. Meanwhile, for The Enigma of Arrival the way of facing the future was to stand as high as Europe in order to abolish inferiority given by the past."