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"Karotenoid adalah pigmen alami tidak larut air yang terkenal karena bersifat antioksidan dan merupakan prekursor vitamin A. Beta-karotena merupakan provitamin A terbaik yang umum digunakan dalam industri sebagai pigmen oranye-merah untuk membuat berbagai produk makanan. Pada penelitian ini beta-karotena diekstraksi dari mikroalga dengan jenis spirulina yang ditumbuhkan pada media zarrouk dengan penambahan limbah sawit dalam berbagai persentase. Kandungan karotenoid dalam mikroalga diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol, metanol, heksana, dan diklorometana. Berdasarkan hasil FESEM, terdapat perubahan ukuran granula pada mikroalga yang ditumbuhkan dalam variasi persentase limbah sawit (POME) sebagai media. Diklorometana merupakan pelarut ekstraksi terbaik berdasarkan hasil penentuan kadar beta-karotena dengan spektrofotometer Vis. Persentase limbah sawit dalam media berbanding terbalik dengan kadar beta-karoten dalam mikroalga. Limbah sawit pada media mikroalga menghambat pembentukan pigmen dan menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak, berdasarkan metode DPPH.

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Carotenoids are natural, insoluble pigments that are famous for their antioxidant properties and are precursors of vitamin A. Beta-carotene is the best pro-vitamin A which is commonly used in industry as an orange-red pigment to make various food products. In this study, beta-carotene was extracted from microalgae, spirulina, grown in zarrouk media with the addition of palm oil waste in various percentages. Carotenoid content in microalgae was extracted using the maceration method with ethanol, methanol, hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Based on FESEM results, there were changes in microalgae granule size that grown in variety percentages of palm oil waste (POME) as medium. Dichloromethane was the best extraction solvent based on the results of determining beta- carotene content using a Vis spectrophotometer. The percentage of palm waste in the media was inversely proportional to the beta-carotene content in microalgae. Palm waste in microalgae medium inhibits pigment formation and reduces antioxidant activity, based on the DPPH method."

"Red palm oil (RPO) mengandung antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak seperti karotenoid (α dan β-karoten, likopen), vitamin E (dalam bentuk α, β, dan δ tokotrienol dan tokoferol), dan ubikuinon. Red palm oil (RPO) dapat digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah stunting dan kekurangan gizi karena nilai gizi yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada minyak goreng yang beredar di pasaran. Akan tetapi, belum terdapat banyak studi mengenai pemanfaatan red palm oil (RPO) dalam hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula emulsi dari red palm oil (RPO). Sediaan emulsi red palm oil (RPO) dibuat menggunakan 5% sukrosa ester palmitat untuk mengemulsifikasi 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) dengan madu untuk menambah kestabilan, kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi fisik untuk mengetahui stabilitas emulsi selama 12 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama 12 minggu ketiga formula emulsi stabil berdasarkan parameter organoleptis, pH, homogenitas viskositas, ukuran partikel, dan zeta potensial. Hasil uji hedonis pada 30 orang responden menunjukkan bahwa formula F1 paling disukai para responden. Dengan demikian, dalam penelitian ini formula F1 menghasilkan hasil uji yang paling baik.

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Red palm oil (RPO) contains fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids (α and β-carotene, lycopene), Vitamin E (in the form of α, β, and δ tocotrienols and tocopherols), and ubiquinone. Red palm oil (RPO) can be used as an effort to prevent stunting and nutritional deficiencies due to its significantly higher nutritional value compared to cooking oils available in the market. However, there haven't been many studies regarding the utilization of red palm oil (RPO) in this matter. This study aims to obtain an emulsion formula from red palm oil (RPO). The red palm oil (RPO) emulsion preparations were made using 5% sucrose ester palmitate to emulsify 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) with honey to enhance stability. Subsequently, a physical characterization was conducted to determine the emulsion's stability over a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that all three emulsion formulas remained stable over the 12-week period based on organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity homogeneity, particle size, and zeta potential. Hedonic testing results from 30 respondents indicated that Formula F1 was the most preferred by the respondents. Therefore, in this study, Formula F1 yielded the best test results."

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Beta karoten memiliki kapasitas antioksidan. Malondialdehida (MDA), produk dari peroksidasi poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), merupakan penanda stres oksidatif. Keseimbangan oksidan dan antioksidan dalam ASI membantu mencegah terjadinya radikal bebas pada bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar beta karoten ASI dan mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar MDA ASI. Delapan puluh ibu usia 20–40 tahun yang menyusui secara eksklusif dan memiliki bayi usia 1–6 bulan yang datang ke Puskesmas Kecamatan Cilincing dan Grogol Petamburan pada bulan Februari–April 2019 dan bersedia menandatangani lembar persetujuan penelitian menjadi subjek penelitian. ASInya di periksa di laboratorium. Korelasi positif lemah ditemukan antara indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,285, p = 0,010) serta asupan beta karoten dan kadar MDA ASI (r = - 0,469 dengan p <0,001). Korelasi negatif sedang ditemukan pada durasi menyusui dalam minggu dengan kadar MDA ASI, asupan beta karoten memilki korelasi positif lemah dengan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,247, p = 0,027). Aktivitas fisik memiliki hubungan dengan kadar beta karoten ASI (p = 0,012). Dengan demikian, IMT, durasi menyusui, asupan beta karoten berpengaruh terhadap kadar MDA ASI.

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Beta carotene has antioxidant capacity. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation product, is the marker of oxidative stress. The balance of oxidant and antioxidant in breastmilk helps prevent the free radical formation in babies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation of beta carotene intake with the breast milk (BM) beta carotene level and to determine the relationship between beta carotene intake with the MDA level in BM. Eighty 20–40 years old exclusively breastfeeding mothers who came to Cilincing and Grogol Petamburan Public Health Centre in February–April 2019 and had 1–6 months old babies were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The BM were assessed the laboratory. Weak positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and BM MDA level (r = 0.285, p = 0.010) as well as beta carotene intake and BM MDA level (r = 0.247, p = 0.027). Medium negative correlation was found between breastfeeding duration in weeks with the BM MDA level (r = - 0.469, p <0.001). Physical activity has a relationship with BM beta carotene level (p = 0.012). Therefore, BMI, breastfeeding duration, beta carotene intake has a correlation with BM MDA level.

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"Ekstrak daun mengkudu Morinda citrifolia L mengandung beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder, diantaranya biosurfaktan saponin yang dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier dalam pembuatan mikroemulsi. Ekstraksi saponin dilakukan dengan teknik maserasi, identifikasi secara fitokimia dan karakterisasi dengan FTIR dan UV-Vis. B-karoten merupakan zat warna alami yang sering digunakan dalam minuman, namunsukar larut dalam air , rentan terhadap suhu dan cahaya. Mikroemulsi dapat meningkatkan solubilisasi dan stabilitas. Pembuatan mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan surfaktan: kosurfaktan Sm dan Sm terhadap minyak. Mikroemulsi yang didapatkan tipe M/A dengan ukuran droplet antara 10-100 nm. Karakterisasi mikroemulsi menggunakan mikroskop, particle size analyzer PSA , dan turbidimeter. Solubilisasi dan stabilisasi?-karoten diamati dengan UV-Vis dan FTIR. Hasil yang diperoleh terbentuk mikroemulsi minyak dalam airyang stabil dengan perbandingan surfaktan terhadap kosurfaktan Sm 8:2 dan perbandingan Sm terhadap minyak adalah 14:1. Solubilisasi B- Karoten dalam mikroemulsi di peroleh sebesar 2 mg/mL dan mikroemulsi dapat meningkatkan stabilisasi terhadap suhu dan cahaya.

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Leaf extract of Morindacitrofilia L. contains several types of secondary metabolites one of them is biosurfactantsaponin which can be used as an emulsifier in microemulsion formation. Saponin extraction was performed with maceration technic, identification by phytochemicaland characterization using FTIR and UV Vis spectrophotometer. Carotene is a natural colorant which frequently used in beverages but it is vulnerable with temperatures and lights. Palm oil was used asoilphase. carotene solubilization in microemulsion increases stabilization. Microemulsion formationwas performed by varying surfactant, co surfactant and oil phase. Microemulsion stabilization was observed using turbidity meter, microscope, and particle size analyzer PSA. carotene solubilization and stabilization in microemulsion system were observed by UV Vis spectrophotometer. Microemulsion particle size were confirmed at 8,25 11,20 nm. The result of stabilized oil microemulsion in water wasobtained with ratio ofsurfactant and co surfactant Sm at 8 2, and ratio of Sm and oil at1 4 1. carotene solubilization in microemulsion system isoptimum obtaine dat 2mg ml."

"Mikroalga mewakili mikroorganisme paling potensial dalam produksi karotenoid komersial dari berbagai sumber karotenoid alami. Meskipun demikian, informasi mengenai kualitas dan profil kuantitatif senyawa karotenoid pada spesies mikroalga masih kurang. Maka dari itu, determinasi karotenoid untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis kandungan astaxanthin, beta-karoten, dan fucoxanthin pada mikroalga laut dilakukan. Analisis ditentukan menggunakan HPLC dengan fase gerak metanol (MeOH) dan MTBE (1:1; v/v) pada λ 450 dan 477 nm. Hasil menunjukkan astaxanthin ditemukan pada Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (0,27 dan 0,04 ppm) dan Synechococcus moorigangaii InaCC M208 (0,37 dan 0,17 ppm), beta-karoten ditemukan pada Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 (0,6 dan 0,55 ppm), Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 (0,63 dan 0,61 ppm), dan Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (1,78 dan 1,7 ppm), serta fucoxanthin ditemukan pada semua sampel Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 (0,84 dan 0,25 ppm), Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 (0,1 ppm), Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (0,28 dan 0,11 ppm), dan Synechococcus moorigangaii InaCC M208 (0,72 dan 0,44 ppm). Perbedaan kandungan karotenoid dapat disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan spesies, enzim yang berperan dalam sintesis karotenoid, metode ekstraksi, hingga cekaman lingkungan.

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Microalgae are the most promising microorganisms for commercial carotenoid production from natural sources. However, there is currently a scarcity of data on the quality and quantitative profile of carotenoid compounds in microalgae species. Therefore, the determination of carotenoids to determine and assess the content of astaxanthin, beta-carotene, and fucoxanthin in marine microalgae was carried out. HPLC with methanol (MeOH) and MTBE (1:1; v/v) mobile phase at 450 and 477 nm was used to determine the analysis. Astaxanthin was discovered in Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (0.27 and 0.04 ppm) and Synechococcus moorigangaii InaCC M208 (0.37 and 0.17 ppm), beta-carotene was discovered in Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 (0.6 and 0.55 ppm), Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 (0,63 and 0,61 ppm), and Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (1,78 and 1,7 ppm). Fucoxanthin was found in all samples, Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 (0.84 and 0.25 ppm), Tetraselmis subcordiformis InaCC M206 (0.1 ppm), Nannochloropsis oceanica InaCC M207 (0.28 and 0.11 ppm), and Synechococcus moorigangaii InaCC M208 (0.72 and 0.44 ppm). Differences in carotenoid content can be attributed to species differences, enzymes involved in carotenoid production, extraction methods, and environmental conditions."

"Media culture is one of the important factors in the growth of mivroalgae. Culture medium contains macro and micro nutrition required for the growth of microalgae. Composition of nutrition concentrations determine the production of microalgae biomass and nutrient content. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of medium composition of media for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. This study was conducted in a laboratory scale. The growth medium that were used in this tudy were BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, "Sederhana 2", and "Sederhana 3" medium. The microalgae that were used in this study were mixed culture Chlorophyceae microalgae which is dominated by scenedesmus sp. The parameters observed were pH, optical density (OD), cell density and temperature. the results show that of the 6 variations of the growth medium used in this study M4N medium is the best medium for the growth of microalgae. At the end of the operation, cell density of Scenedesmus sp. from M4N medium was 306.83 x 106 cell/ML with a dark green color for the culture. The coefficient growth of Scenedesmus sp. which is grown in M4N medium was 0,36. This is likely to be due to the composition of nutrients in the medium M4N which were more complete than other media."

"ABSTRAKMinyak kelapa sawit merupakan bahan baku unggul pembuatan biodiesel di Indonesia. Meskipun Indonesia memiliki iklim tropis, Pemanfaatan biodiesel sawit diselidiki memiliki masalah dengan sifat aliran dingin terutama di daerah-daerah dataran tinggi. Masalah umum lainnya dari Biodiesel adalah kemudahan degradasi selama penyimpanan jangka panjang. Minyak kelapa sawit memiliki stabilitas oksidasi yang lebih baik, tetapi titik awannya tinggi karena tingginya kadar asam lemak jenuh. Di sisi lain, minyak mikroalga memiliki titik kabut dan titik tuang yang rendah, tetapi lebih mudah teroksidasi karena tingginya tingkat FAME tak jenuh. Oleh karena itu, kombinasi sifat tak jenuh tunggal dan jenuh antara Minyak Kelapa Sawit dan minyak Mikroalga membuatnya lebih disukai sebagai campuran bahan baku untuk meningkatkan kualitas Biodiesel. Model senyawa alga metil diformulasikan berdasarkan komposisi asam lemak Nannochloropsis sp. dari literatur. Dalam penelitian ini, skema pencampuran minyak dilakukan dengan variasi 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% penambahan Microalgae Oil ke Palm Oil. Transesterifikasi terjadi pada 60-700C dengan penambahan katalis basa 0,6%-wt dan metanol 40% -v/v selama 1-1,5 jam. FAME dianalisis berdasarkan SNI 7182:2015 dengan empat parameter utama diantaranya angka asam total (ASTM D 6644), titik kabut dan titik tuang (ASTM D 2500, dan ASTM D97), dan stabilitas oksidasi (EN 14112). Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah menentukan rasio campuran yang optimal antara minyak kelapa sawit dan minyak mikroalga untuk produksi biodiesel. Berdasarkan percobaan, rasio campuran biodiesel yang optimal ditemukan pada 5% dengan cloud dan titik tuang masing-masing adalah 15.30C dan 120C. Stabilitas oksidasi dan angka asam 5% yang diperoleh adalah 10,58 jam, dan 0,175 mg KOH /g. Oleh karena itu, campuran biodiesel mengkonfirmasi bahwa asam lemak tak jenuh dari minyak mikroalga dapat meningkatkan sifat aliran dingin dari bahan bakar biodiesel kelapa sawit.

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ABSTRACTPalm oil is reported as the superior feedstock of biodiesel producing in Indonesia. Although Indonesia has tropical climate, Utilization of palm biodiesel is investigated having problems with the cold flow properties particularly in the high-altitude areas. The other common issue of Biodiesel is the ease of degradation during long-term storage. Palm oil has better oxidation stability, but high cloud point due to the high levels of saturated fatty acids. On the other hand, microalgae oil has low cloud and pour point, but more easily oxidized due to the high levels of unsaturated FAME. Therefore, the combination of monounsaturated and saturated properties between Palm Oil and Microalgae oil makes it preferable as raw materials blending to upgrade the quality of Biodiesel. The model algal methyl compounds were formulated based on fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis sp. from the literature. In this research, the oil blending scheme was done by variations 5%,10%,20%,30% of addition Microalgae Oil to Palm Oil. The transesterification occurred at 60-700C with the addition of base catalyst 0.6%- wt and methanol 40%-v/v during 1-1.5 hours. The FAMEs were analysis according to SNI 7182:2015 with four main parameters including total acid number (ASTM D 6644), cloud point and pour point (ASTM D 2500, and ASTM D97 respectively), and oxidation stability (EN 14112). The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum blending ratio between palm oil and microalgae oil for biodiesel production. Based on the experiment, the optimum blending ratio of biodiesel was found on 5% with the cloud and pour point are 15.30C and 120C respectively. The oxidation stability and total acid number of 5% blends obtained were 10.58 hours, and 0.175 mg KOH/g biodiesel respectively. Hence, the biodiesel blends confirm that the unsaturated fatty acids of microalgae oil can enhance the cold flow property of palm biodiesel fuels."

"Asam dokosaheksanoat (DHA) merupakan asam lemak omega-3 esensial yang berperan penting terhadap kerja otak, jaringan saraf serta retina. Saat ini, mikroalga mendapat perhatian sebagai sumber alternatif yang potensial dalam menghasilkan asam lemak omega-3, yang biasanya didapatkan dari produk ikan. Sebagai sumber DHA konvensional, minyak ikan memiliki kandungan DHA yang rendah, yang dapat memicu penangkapan ikan berlebihan (over fishing) apabila dibutuhkan jumlah DHA yang banyak. Mikroalga Thraustocytrids ditengarai sebagai mikroalga yang sangat potensial dalam menghasilkan DHA.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat mikroalga Thraustocytrids yang mampu menghasilkan (DHA). Mikroalga Thraustochytrids diisolasi dari guguran daun mangrove yang terletak di Kawasan Mangrove Lampung dengan metode direct planting. Mikroalga yang tumbuh diamati morfologinya dengan mikroskop cahaya. Koloni Thraustochytrids yang tumbuh dipurifikasi hingga dihasilkan koloni tunggal yang selanjutnya diperbanyak dan dibuat biomassanya. Asam lemak diekstraksi dan dimetilasi dengan metode direct transesterification serta diidentifikasi kandungan DHAnya dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Gas- Spektrofotometri Massa.Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat DHA pada sampel minyak mikroalga Thraustochytrids. Keberadaan DHA dipastikan oleh kecocokan fragmentasi massa DHA sampel dan fragmentasi massa DHA pada database spektrum massa NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for the proper functioning of the brain, neural tissues and retina. In recent years, microalgae have gained attention as a potential alternative source of omega-3 fatty acid, which are commonly sourced from fish stocks. Fish stocks, as the conventional source of DHA have a very low concentration of DHA, which could bring overfishing issue as an impact of getting a high concentration of DHA. Thraustochytrids is known as a potential microalgae source of DHA.

The purpose of this study is to isolate a Thraustochytrids microalgae that can produce DHA. Thraustochytrids microalgae were isolated from fallen mangrove leaves at Lampung Mangrove Zone with direct planting technique. The morphology of growing microalgae was observed with light microscope. The growing Thraustochytrids colony was purified until a single colony was obtained. The selected colony was cultured and was dried to make its biomass. Fatty acid was extracted and methylated using direct transesterification method. The presence of DHA in microalgae isolate was identified with Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrophotometer.

The result of DHA identification proved that the isolate of Thraustochytrids microalgae was contained DHA. The presence of DHA in the microalgae oil sample was confirmed by the similarity of DHA mass fragmentation in the sample and DHA mass fragmentation in NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Library Database."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai karakterisasi morfologi ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) tinggi beta karoten. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman morfologi dan pola pita isozim peroksidase (PER), 6-fosfoglukonat dehidrogenase (6-PGD), sikimat dehidrogenase (SDH), dan enzim malat (ME) pada 5 genotipe ubi kayu Mentega 1, Mentega 2, Roti, Ubi Kuning, dan Adira 1. Hasil pengamatan morfologi dan analisis pola pita isozim diuraikan secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk dendrogram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam satu genotipe terdapat keragaman karakter morfologi tetapi tidak dalam pola pita isozim. Karakter pembeda antar genotipe adalah warna daun muda, warna daun tua, warna pertulangan daun bagian atas, warna petiolus, gigi pada daun, warna batang muda, warna batang tua, dan warna parenkim. Berdasarkan dendrogram pola pita enzim PER, genotipe Adira 1 dan Ubi Kuning berada dalam satu cluster.

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Research on morphological and isozyme characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) with high beta-carotene has been done. The study aims to determine the diversity of morphological and isozyme banding pattern of peroxidase (PER), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), schicimate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malic enzyme (ME) from 5 cassava genotypes (Mentega 1, Mentega 2, Roti, Ubi Kuning, and Adira 1). The results of morphological observation and analysis of isozyme banding pattern was described descriptively and presented in the form of dendrogram.

The results showed that there is a diversity of morphological character in a single genotype but not in isozyme banding pattern. The distinguishing characters between the genotypes are colours of: young leaf, old leaf, basal part of leaf venation, petiolus, teethlets on mature leaf, young stem, old trunk, and parenchyma. Based on dendrogram of PER enzyme banding pattern, Adira 1 and Ubi Kuning are put in the same cluster"