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"Peningkatan angka kejadian hipertensi di dunia telah menjadi ancaman kesehatan global. Latihan fisik metode HIIT dan MICT mampu menurunkan tekanan sistolik, diastolik dan tekanan rata-rata arteri. Tujuan penelitian kali ini ingin mengetahui perbedaan efek HIIT dan MICT terhadap kadar eNOS dan TGF-ß1,gambaran EKG dan ketebalan miokardium dengan menggunakan model tikus hipertensi yang diinduksi NOS Inhibitor. Hipertensi diinduksi dengan pemberian L-NAME 40 mg/kg/hari pada tikus jantan galur wistar melalui sonde pada kelompok B, C, dan D, selama lima minggu. Setiap minggu dilakukan pengukuran tekanan darah dan pengukuran berat badan. Intervensi latihan fisik HIIT dan MICT dilakukan lima hari dalam seminggu selama lima minggu. Kadar eNOS dan TGF- ß1 diuji menggunakan metode ELISA. Analisa EKG dilakukan dengan menghitung durasi interval QRSp. Analisis histologi dengan pewarnaan HE dilakukan untuk pengukuran tebal dinding jantung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan tekanan darah (p = 0.001) dari minggu ke minggu dan pemanjangan durasi QRSp (p = 0.000) pada kelompok yang diberikan induksi. Peningkatan tekanan darah pada kelompok yang diberikan latihan fisik lebih kecil dibandingkan kelompok tanpa latihan fisik. Ketebalan miokardium kelompok induksi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol tanpa induksi. Pada penelitian ini, tidak ditemukan perbedaan tekanan darah, durasi QRSp, kadar eNOS, kadar TGF-ß1dan ketebalan dinding jantung, antara kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan HIIT dengan MICT. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa latihan fisik baik HIIT dan MICT dapat menekan peningkatan tekanan darah, namun tidak ditemukan perbedaan EKG, kadar eNOS dan TGF-ß1serta ketebalan miokardium, antara HIIT dan MICT pada tikus yang diinduksi dengan L-NAME.

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The increasing incidence of hypertension in the world has become a global health threat. HIIT and MICT physical exercise methods can reduce systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. This study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of HIIT and MICT on eNOS and TGF-ß1 levels, ECG features, and myocardial thickness using a rat model of NOS inhibitor-induced hypertension. Hypertension was induced in Wistar male rats by administering L-NAME 40 mg/kg/day via probe for five weeks in the B, C, and D group. Every week blood pressure and body weight are measured. HIIT and MICT physical exercise interventions were carried out five days a week for five weeks. eNOS and TGF-ß1 levels were tested using the ELISA method. ECG analysis is carried out by calculating the duration of the QRSp interval. Histological analysis with HE staining was performed to measure heart wall thickness. The results showed that there was an increase in blood pressure (p=0.001) from week to week and a lengthening of QRSp duration (p=0.000) in the group given induction. The increase in blood pressure in the group given physical exercise was smaller than in the group without physical exercise. Myocardial thickness in the induction group was higher than in the control group without induction. In this study, there were no differences in blood pressure, QRSp duration, myocardial thickness, eNOS levels, or TGF-ß1 levels between the groups given HIIT and MICT treatment. It can be concluded that physical exercise, both HIIT and MICT, can reduce increases in blood pressure, but there are no differences in eNOS, and TGF-ß1 levels, ECG andmyocardial thickness, between HIIT and MICT in mice induced by L-NAME."

"Penyandang hipertensi banyak yang beralih dari terapi medik ke terapi komplementer. Banyak terapi komplementer yang sudah dilakukan namun pada kenyataannya masih menunjukkan effect size yang relatif kecil dalam penurunan tekanan darah, penurunan level stress dan peningkatan retensi short term memory. Kondisi ini menunjukkan belum tuntasnya penanganan hipertensi. Metode penelitian Tahap I Identifikasi jenis intervensi dan uji coba pada 164 responden penyandang hipertensi. Tahap II dilakukan uji coba Model Intervensi Keperawatan Ramah Hipertensi pada 40 responden. Hasil Tahap I diperoleh tiga jenis terapi komplementer yaitu progressive muscle relaxation, aroma lavender dan terapi warna hijau. Tahap II diperoleh hasil pengaruh Model Intervensi Keperawatan Ramah Hipertensi terhadap penurunan sistolik sebesar -16,90 mmHg dengan effect size 0,78 (sedang) dan p value < 0,005. Penurunan diastolik sebesar -12,45 dengan  effect size 0,90 (besar). Penurunan level stress -4,92 dengan effect size 0,82 (besar). Peningkatan retensi short term memory sebesar +2,33 dengan effect size 0,78 (sedang). Kesimpulan Model Intervensi Keperawatan Ramah Hipertensi berpengaruh terhadap penurunan tekanan darah, penurunan level stress dan peningkatan retensi short term memory.

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Many people with hypertension are switching from medical therapy to complementary therapy. Many complementary therapies have been implemented but in fact they still show relatively small effect sizes in reducing blood pressure, reducing stress levels and increasing short term memory retention. This condition indicates the incomplete management of hypertension. Phase I research methods Identify the types of intervention and trials on 164 respondents with hypertension. Phase II, a hypertension-friendly nursing intervention model was tested on 40 respondents. The results of there search in Phase I obtained three types of complementary therapies namely progressive muscle relaxation, lavender aroma, and green color therapy. In Phase II, the results of the effect of the Hypertension Friendly Nursing Intervention Model on systolic reduction of -16.90 mmHg with an effect size of 0.78 (moderate). The diastolic reduction is -12.45 with an effect size of 0.90 (large). Stress level decreases up to -4.92 with effect size 0.82 (large). Short-term memory retention increases by +2.33 with an effect size of 0.78 (moderate) and p-value<0.005. In conclusion,the Hypertension-Friendly Nursing Intervention Model affects the  decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in stress levels, and increase retention of short-term memory."

"Ekstrak akar kelembak mengandung senyawa stilben yang dinamakan rhaponticin dan rhapontigenin. Senyawa stilben ini bekerja sebagai agonis PPAR-? yang diduga dapat memperbaiki metabolisme lemak dan glukosa pada wanita menopause. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek peningkatan kadar adiponektin dan penurunan gula darah puasa serta penghambatan penebalan dinding intima-media aorta pada wanita menopause dari ekstrak etanol 70% akar kelembak pada tikus betina yang diovariektomi. Dalam penelitian, 30 ekor tikus betina diovariektomi dan 6 ekor tikus betina dilakukan pembedahan tanpa ovariektomi. Tikus-tikus tersebut kemudian dibagi dalam 6 kelompok. Kelompok 1 adalah kontrol negatif yang mendapatkan CMC 0,5%, kelompok 2 sebagai kontrol positif mendapatkan Tamoksifen Sitrat dengan dosis 0,4 mg/200 g BB tikus, kelompok 3, 4, dan 5 adalah kelompok yang mendapatkan ekstrak etanol 70% akar tanaman kelembak dengan dosis berturut-turut 7 ; 35; dan 175 mg/200 g BB tikus yang disuspensikan dalam CMC 0,5%, dan kelompok 6 sebagai kelompok sham diberikan CMC 0,5%. Pemberian perlakuan dimulai pada hari ke-21 pascaovariektomi selama 28 hari. Setelah perlakuan, tikus diambil sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar adiponektin dan gula darah , kemudian dikorbankan untuk diukur berat uterusnya dan aorta. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol 70% akar tanaman kelembak dapat meningkatkan kadar adiponektin, dan menghambat penebalan lapisan intima-media aorta tapi tidak menurunkan gula darah puasa pada tikus yang diovariektomi.

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Rhubarb root extract contains compound stilbene called rhaponticin and rhapontigenin. Stilbene compound works as an agonist of PPAR-? were allegedly can improve metabolism of lipid and glucose in postmenopausal women. This study aims to determine the effect of 70% ethanol extract of rhubarb root on increased levels of adiponectin and decreased fasting blood sugar as well as inhibition of intima-media thickening of the wall of the aorta in ovariectomized female rats. In the study, 30 female rats were ovariectomized and 6 female mice performed surgery without ovariectomy. The mice were then divided into 6 groups. Group 1 is a negative control group who received 0.5% CMC, group 2 as a positive control group get Tamoxifen Citrate at a dose of 0.4 mg / 200 g BB rats, groups 3, 4, and 5 is the group receiving the 70% ethanol extract of the roots of plants rhubarb with successive doses of 7; 35; and 175 mg / 200 g BW mice that were suspended in 0.5% CMC, and 6 groups as sham group given 0.5% CMC. Provision of treatment started on day 21 pascaovariektomi for 28 days. After the treatment, the rats were taken blood samples for examination adiponectin levels and blood sugar, then sacrificed to measure weight uterus and aorta. This study showed that administration of 70% ethanol extract of rhubarb plant roots can increase adiponectin levels, and inhibiting the thickening of the intima-media layers of the aorta but not lower fasting blood sugar in ovariectomized rats.

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"Hiperglikemia ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan kadar glukosa dalam darah yang melebihi normal. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) merupakan alternatif pengobatan yang dilakukan dengan mengubah pola hidup pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian FMD terhadap kadar glukosa darah, berat badan, dan kadar insulin pada tikus hiperglikemia. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan (n = 16), yaitu kelompok hiperglikemia (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan CMC Na 0,5%), kelompok metformin (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan metformin 250 mg/kgBB), kelompok FMD (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan FMD), dan kelompok ND (CMC Na 0,5%). Tikus diukur kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan berat badan pada tiap minggu perlakuan dan dikorbankan pada akhir perlakuan. Terdapat penurunan kadar GDP setelah pemberian FMD, walaupun tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara pra-perlakuan dengan minggu ke-4 perlakuan pada kelompok FMD (p > 0,05). Pemberian FMD tidak memberikan perbedaan yang signifikan pada rata-rata berat badan tikus pada minggu pra-perlakuan dan minggu ke-4 perlakuan (p > 0,05). Pemberian FMD cenderung dapat menurunkan kadar insulin sehingga mendekati kadar insulin kelompok ND, serta menunjukan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok metformin dengan kelompok FMD dan ND (p < 0,05). Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian FMD dapat menurunkan kadar GDP, cenderung menurunkan kadar insulin, namun tidak secara signifikan menurunkan berat badan pada tikus model hiperglikemia.

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Hyperglycemia is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels that exceeds normal. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is an alternative treatment that is carried out by changing the lifestyle of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the effect of giving FMD on blood glucose levels, body weight, and insulin levels in hyperglycemic rats. This study was conducted on male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, which were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 16), namely the hyperglycemia group (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBW and CMC Na 0.5%), metformin group (HFD-STZ 35 mg /kgBW and metformin 250 mg/kgBW), the FMD group (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBW and FMD), and the ND group (CMC Na 0,5%). Rats were measured for fasting blood glucose levels (GDP) and body weight each week of treatment and sacrificed at the end of the treatment. There was a decrease in GDP levels after FMD administration, although there was no significant difference between pre-treatment and the 4th week of treatment in the FMD group (p > 0.05). Giving FMD did not cause a significant difference in the average body weight of rats in the pre-treatment week and the 4th week of treatment (p > 0.05). Administration of FMD tended to reduce insulin levels so that they were close to insulin levels in the ND group, and showed a significant difference between the metformin group and the FMD and ND groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FMD administration can reduce GDP levels, tends to reduce insulin levels, but does not significantly reduce body weight in hyperglycemic rat models."

"ABSTRAKIsometric Handgrip Exercise merupakan salah satu terapi non farmakologis yang dikembangkan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh isometric handgrip exercise terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi. Desain penelitian quasi experiment dengan pendekatan control group pretest posttest design pada 44 responden meliputi kelompok kontrol dan kelompok intervensi. Kelompok intervensi mendapatkan latihan handgrip selama 3 menit, sekali sehari dan dilakukan selama 5 hari. Kedua kelompok dilakukan pengukuran tekanan darah sebelum dan setelah latihan pada hari 1 dan ke 5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pasien hipertensi. kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah isometric handgrip exercise secara bermakna dapat menurunkan tekanan darah sistolik dan tekanan darah diastolik. Hasil penelitian ini diharapakan menjadi dasar isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) sebagai intervensi keperawatan yang mandiri dan inovatif pada asuhan keperawatan klien dengan hipertensi

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ABSTRACTAn Isometric Handgrip Exercise is one of the non-pharmacological therapies that is developed to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on changes in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. A Quasi experimental research design approach pretest posttest control group design was employed with 44 respondents included control and intervention groups. The intervention group got handgrip exercise for 3 minutes, once a day and performed for 5 days. Both groups performed measurements of blood pressure before and after exercise on days 1 and 5. The results showed that there is influence of isometric handgrip exercise on changes in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Conclusion of this study is the isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) can significantly lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The result of this study recommended that isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) can bean independen and innovative therapeutic nursing intervension in nursing care of patients with hypertension."

"Penyakit hipertensi termasuk masalah besar dan serius, di samping karena prevalensinya yang tinggi dan cenderung meningkat. Latihan fisik yang dapat menjadi alternatif terapi untuk menurunkan tekanan darah adalah latihan fisik ergonomis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik ergonomis terhadap penurunan tekanan darah lansia hipertensi dengan metode quasi eksperimen dan desain pre dan post test group design with control group melibatkan sampel 108 lansia. Analisis menggunakan uji wilcoxon dan mann withney. Hasil penelitian didapatkan penurunan tekanan darah setelah dilakukan latihan fisik ergonomis, yaitu rata-rata penurunan sistolik 12,3 mmHg dan rata-rata penurunan diastolik 6,09 mmHg. Perawat komunitas mengaplikasikan latihan fisik ergonomis kepada masyarakat terutama lansia hipertensi untuk menurunkan tekanan darah.

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Hypertension has become a major and serious health problem in society for its high prevalence and is likely to increase in cases. Moreover, an alternate therapy of physical exercise that can be used to lower blood pressure is ergonomic exercise. This study is aimed to determine the effect of ergonomic exercise for lowering ederly hypertensive blood pressure using quasi-experimental method as well as pre and post test group design with control group involving 108 elderlies as its sample. The analysis used wilcoxon and mann withney.

The results of the study shows a decrease in blood pressure after the ergonomic exercise, with an average of 12.3 mmHg systolic decrease and an average of 6.09 mm Hg diastolic decrease. This ergonomic exercise is usually used by community nurses, especially to lower the blood pressure of hypertensive ederly."

"Peningkatan prevalensi hipertensi primer menjadi penyebab timbulnya gagal jantung, jantung koroner, gagal ginjal, dan stroke. Penatalaksanaan hipertensi primer dapat dilakukan dengan terapi nonfarmakologis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh terapi kombinasi slow deep breathing dan handgrip exercise terhadap perubahan tekanan darah pada klien hipertensi primer. Penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimental dengan desain the nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest dengan jumlah keseluruhan responden 30 orang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat perubahan yang signifikan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik setelah dilakukan intervensi pada kelompok intervensi p value

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Increased in the prevalence of primary hypertension causes of heart failure, coronary heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke. The management of primary hypertension should be include the non pharmacological therapy. The purpose of this study to identify the effect of combination therapy of slow deep breathing and handgrip exercise to reduce blood pressure in primary hypertension patients. The study design was a quasi experimental design with the nonrandomized control group pretest posttest design recruited 30 respondents. The results showed that there was significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after intervention in the intervention group p value "

"Akar Kelembak (Rheum officinale Baill.)yang mengandung senyawa stillben seperti Rhaponticin telah diketahui dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol plasma. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh akar kelembak pada konsentrasi metabolit plasmadarah tikus model pascamenopause dan menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak etanol 70% akar kelembak terhadap penurunan faktor risiko kardiovaskular. Tiga puluh ekor tikus betina diovariektomi dan 6 ekor dilakukan pembedahan tanpa ovariektomi. Hewan dibagi 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif (CMC 0,5%), kelompok kontrol positif (Tamoksifen sitrat dosis 0,4 mg/200 g BB), 3 kelompok perlakuan ekstrak etanol 70% akar kelembak dengan dosis berturut-turut 7mg/200gBB tikus; 35 mg/200gBB tikus; dan 175mg/200gBB tikus dan kelompok sham (CMC 0,5%). Perlakuan dimulai pada hari ke 21 pascaovariektomi selama 28 hari. Tekanan darah diukur 4 kali pada minggu kedua dan ketiga pascaovariektomi, dan minggu kedua dan keempat setelah pemberian perlakuan sampel dan pengambilan sampel darah pada akhir perlakuan. hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% akar kelembak dosis 35mg/200gBB tikus menurunkan tekanan darah tikus yang diovariektomi (tekanan darah sistole p=0.000 dan diastol p=0.016), dan menyebabkan perubahan konsentrasi/ kadar asam amino (serin, histidin, treonin dan lisin) pada pemeriksaan HPLC (tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik) serta senyawa metilprplin dan prolin pada pemeriksaan GCMS.

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The roots of rhubarb (Rheum officinale Baill.) containing compounds such as Raponticin stillben has been known to reduce levels of plasma cholesterol. This study aimed to analyze the effect of rhubarb roots in rat blood plasma metabolite cocentrations postmenoupausal models and analyze the effect of the 70% ethanol extract of the roots of rhubarb to the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. Thirty ovariectomized female rats and 6 tail surgery without ovariectomy. Animal divided into 6 groups: negative control (CMC 0,5%), positive control group (Tamoxifen citrate dose 0,4mg/ 200g BW), 3 treatments group 70% ehanol extract of the roots of rhubarb with successive doses 7mg/200gW rats; 35mg/200gW rats; and 175mg/200gW rats and sham group (CMC 0,5%). Treatment starts on day 21 pascaovariectomy for 28 days. Blood pressure was measured four times in the second and third weeks pascaovariectomy, and the second and fourth weeks after administration of the sample treatment and blood sampling at the end of the treatment. The tes result showed that 70% ethanol extrart of the roots of rhubarb dose 35mg/ 200g W rat lower blood pressure ovariectomized rats (systolic blood pressure and diastolic p=0.000 p=0.016), and led to changes concentrations/ levels of the amino acid (serine, histidine, threonin and lysine) in HPLC examination (no statistically significant difference) and compounds metilproline and proline at GCMS examination."

"Prediabetes merupakan keadaan berisiko tinggi untuk perkembangan diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia. Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) baru-baru ini telah ditemukan sebagai alternatif pendekatan terapi untuk hiperglikemia, tetapi FMD menggunakan bahan-bahan yang tersedia di Indonesia belum diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh FMD terhadap glukosa darah puasa (GDP), berat badan (BB), dan kadar kolesterol total pada 16 tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley. Tikus model hiperglikemia diinduksi dengan high-fat diet (HFD) selama 4 minggu dan streptozotosin dosis rendah (35 mg/kg) 2 tahap. Sedangkan, kelompok kontrol diberikan pakan normal diet (ND). Kelompok HFD (n=4) diberikan perlakuan secara oral sehari sekali dengan 0,5% CMC, metformin (250 mg/kg), setiap siklus FMD diberikan 4 hari FMD dan ND selama 10 hari. GDP, BB, dan kadar kolesterol total diamati selama 4 minggu. Setelah itu, tikus dikorbankan pada 10 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian FMD tidak secara signifikan menurunkan GDP pra-perlakuan dan setelah perlakuan (p=0,055), tetapi mengalami trend penurunan. Data menunjukkan pemberian FMD tidak memberikan perbedaan bermakna terhadap BB dan cenderung menurunkan kadar kolesterol total sehingga nilainya mirip kelompok ND. Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian FMD menggunakan bahan-bahan yang tersedia di Indonesia menyebabkan tren penurunan terhadap GDP, cenderung menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, tetapi tidak menurunkan BB secara signifikan.

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Prediabetes is high-risk state for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it is characterized by hyperglycemia. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) has recently been found to be an alternative treatment of hyperglycemia, however FMD with Indonesian ingredients haven’t been studied. This study aimed to evaluate effect of FMD on fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight (BW) and total cholesterol (TC) in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The hyperglycemic model was induced by 4 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) and multiple low doses of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Meanwhile, normal rats fed a normal diet (ND). HFD group (n=4) were assigned to one-daily oral treatment with 0,5% CMC, metformin (250 mg/kg), and each FMD cycle entails 4-day FMD and 10 days of refeeding ND. FBG, BW and TC were monitored in 4 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at 10 weeks. Results showed that GDP didn’t decrease significantly before and after FMD treatment (p=0,055) but showed a downward trend. Data showed that FMD not significantly difference in BW and decrease in TC, so the value was similar to the ND group. In conclusion, FMD treatment with available materials in Indonesia resulted in downward trend in FBG, tended to lower TC but not significantly lower BW."

"Berbagai penelitian terus dilakukan untuk mencari intervensi dalam upaya mencegah komplikasi sistem kardiovaskular yang timbul akibat kondisi hiperglikemia pada diabetes. Pada kondisi hiperglikemia, latihan fisik intensitas tinggi interval (HIIT) dan intensitas sedang kontinu (MICT) diketahui memiliki pengaruh positif, salah satunya melalui peningkatan kadar GLP-1. GLP-1 selanjutnya meningkatkan kadar eNOS aorta dan menekan ekspresi RAGE. Keseluruhan proses tersebut memberikan proteksi pada endotel dan mencegah perubahan struktur pembuluh darah.Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh HIIT dan MICT terhadap kadar GLP-1, eNOS, ekspresi RAGE pada aorta dan dampaknya pada struktur aorta. Digunakan tikus jantan wistar usia 8 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (6 tikus per kelompok): kelompok kontrol tanpa intervensi latihan fisik (KN), hiperglikemia tanpa perlakuan (KHG), hiperglikemia dengan intervensi MICT (HG CT), dan hiperglikemia dengan intervensi HIIT (HG IT). Hiperglikemia diinduksi dengan injeksi streptozotocin intraperitoneal dosis tunggal (40mg/BB). Tikus dianggap memenuhi kriteria hiperglikemia jika kadar glukosa darah 72 jam pasca injeksi >200mg/dL. Intervensi latihan fisik dilakukan selama 6 minggu, dilanjutkan dekapitasi dan pengambilan jaringan aorta. Kadar GLP-1 dan eNOS diuji menggunakan metode ELISA sandwich, sementara ekspresi RAGE diuji menggunakan metode qPCR. Gambaran histologi aorta dilihat menggunakan metode pewarnaan hematoxylin-eosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan nilai median kadar GLP-1 dan ekspresi RAGE antara KHG dengan HG CT dan HG IT (p < 0.05), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai median kadar eNOS antara KHG dengan HG CT dan HG IT (p > 0.05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan diameter serta ketebalan dinding aorta antar kelompok. Untuk seluruh parameter yang diukur, tidak ditemukan perbedaan antara HG CT dan HG IT. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik HIIT dan MICT memberikan efek proteksi vaskular yang sama pada kondisi hiperglikemia, melalui peningkatan GLP-1 dan inhibisi RAGE.

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Research is continuously performed to seek interventions to prevent cardiovascular system complications in diabetes arising from hyperglycemia. In hyperglycemia, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) are known to have a positive effect, one of which is through increasing GLP-1 levels. GLP-1 further increases aortic eNOS levels and inhibit RAGE expression. The whole process provides protection to the endothelium and prevents pathological changes in structure of the blood vessels.

The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of HIIT and MICT on GLP-1 level, eNOS level, and RAGE expression in the aorta and how these affect the structure of aorta. Wistar male rats aged 8 weeks were divided into 4 groups (6 rats per group): control group without exercise (KN), hyperglycemia without treatment (KHG), hyperglycemia with MICT (HG CT), and hyperglycemia with HIIT (HGIT). Hyperglycemia was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/BW). Rats were considered hyperglycemia if the blood glucose level within 72 hours after injection was >200 mg/dL. The exercise intervention was carried out for 6 weeks, followed by decapitation and aorta tissue collection. GLP-1 and eNOS levels were tested using the sandwich ELISA method, while RAGE expression was tested using the qPCR method. Histology of the aorta was analyze using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The results showed that there was a difference in the median value of GLP-1 levels and RAGE expression between KHG and both HG CT and HG IT (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in the median value of eNOS levels between KHG and both HG CT and HG IT (p > 0.05). There was no difference in aorta diameter and wall thickness within groups. For all parameters measured, no difference was found between HG CT and HG IT. It can be concluded that both HIIT and MICT exert similar vascular protective effects in hyperglycemic conditions, through increased GLP-1 and RAGE inhibition."