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"Disertasi ini membahas tentang perkembangan kegiatan intelijen modern dengan menggunakan human intelligence dan techno intelligence, yang dilaksanakan oleh sejumlah jajaran intelijen kenegaraan di Indonesia. Bahwa kegiatan intelijen yang dilaksanakan oleh setiap lembaga intelijen meliputi penyelidikan, pengamanan dan penggalangan, dengan sifat tertutup dalam operasi rahasia selama kurun waktu tertentu, yang menggunakan teknik, taktik dan strategi, terhadap sasaran perorangan maupun kelompok, melalui pelibatan unsur manusia dan teknologi secara simultan. Adanya kegiatan penyelidikan intelijen yang dilaksanakan oleh agen intelijen bersama satuan intelijen, sebagai operasi klandestin untuk mendeteksi sejumlah fenomena dan potensi gangguan yang menjadi ancaman terhadap keamanan, sebagai bentuk antisipasi untuk menjaga stabilitas keamanan di dalam negeri. Selain itu, kegiatan pengamanan intelijen menjadi bagian dalam upaya meniadakan segala bentuk ancaman, gangguan dan hambatan yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan tugas organisasi, melalui sejumlah tindakan pengamanan terhadap personel, kegiatan, material dan bahan keterangan / informasi. Sedangkan kegiatan penggalangan intelijen, dilaksanakan untuk merubah emosi, sikap, tingkah laku, opini dan motivasi dari sasaran perorangan maupun kelompok, dengan menggunakan metode tertentu oleh satuan intelijen di daerah yang telah ditentukan. Oleh karena itu, disertasi ini menguraikan upaya rekonstruksi kegiatan intelijen yang secara teknis, taktis dan strategis menjadi model pelibatan human intelligence dan techno intelligence, menghadapi ancaman keamanan dalam negeri di Indonesia.

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This dissertation discusses the development of modern intelligence activities using human intelligence and techno intelligence, which are carried out by a number of state intelligence agencies in Indonesia. That intelligence activities carried out by each intelligence agency include investigation, security and collection, with a closed nature in secret operations over a certain period of time, which uses techniques, tactics and strategies, against individual and group targets, through the simultaneous involvement of human and technological elements. There are intelligence investigation activities carried out by intelligence agents together with intelligence units, as clandestine operations to detect a number of phenomena and potential disturbances that pose a threat to security, as a form of anticipation to maintain security stability in the country. In addition, intelligence security activities are part of efforts to eliminate all forms of threats, interference and obstacles that occur in the implementation of organizational tasks, through a number of security measures for personnel, activities, materials and information/information. Meanwhile, intelligence gathering activities are carried out to change the emotions, attitudes, behavior, opinions and motivations of individual and group targets, using certain methods by intelligence units in predetermined areas. Therefore, this dissertation outlines efforts to reconstruct intelligence activities technically, tactically and strategically into a model involving human intelligence and techno intelligence, facing domestic security threats in Indonesia."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang perkembangan penyelidikan intelijen yang dilaksanakan oleh segenap jajaran intelijen kenegaraan dan lembaga penegak hukum, dalam menghadapi ancaman jaringan terorisme di Indonesia. Bahwa perkembangan lingkungan strategis pada tatanan global telah secara signifikan berpengaruh kepada kondisi keamanan kawasan, khususnya di Asia Tenggara, yang selanjutnya berdampak langsung maupun tidak langsung kepada situasi dan kondisi keamanan nasional di Indonesia, maka peran deteksi dini dan peringatan dini segenap jajaran intelijen kenegaraan tidak boleh dikesampingkan. Dimana akibat distorsi dari unsur ? unsur keamanan di Indonesia yang salah satunya adalah terorisme, saat ini telah mengalami transformasi pada spektrum ancaman dan berada di ambang gangguan yang sangat membahayakan.Munculnya jaringan terorisme di Indonesia merupakan dampak dari perkembangan pembangunan jaringan terorisme, dan hal ini membutuhkan langkah ? langkah penanganan secara intelijen untuk secara strategis mampu mengungkap para pelaku penyebaran jaringan dan pelaku ancaman, karena sasaran jaringan terorisme tidak hanya cenderung kepada pihak yang dianggap sebagai far enemy, namun saat ini juga menyasar kepada near enemy.Oleh karena itu, diperlukan langkah ? langkah antisipasi terhadap ancaman yang datang dari jaringan terorisme, melalui perkembangan model ? model penyelidikan intelijen baik yang bersifat taktis dan teknis dengan pelibatan human intelligence serta techno intelligence, sehingga kekuatan jaringan terorisme dapat dipadamkan, dan tidak lagi menjadi ancaman yang signifikan terhadap personel aparat keamanan, pejabat negara, maupun warga negara Indonesia.

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This thesis discusses the development of intelligence investigations undertaken by all levels of state intelligence and law enforcement agencies, to encounter the threat of terrorist networks in Indonesia. The development of the strategic environment in the global order have significantly affected the regional security situation, especially in Southeast Asia, which in turn impact directly or indirectly to national security circumstances in Indonesia, the role of early detection and early warning intelligence at all levels of state should not be ruled out. Where due to the distortion of the elements of security in Indonesia, one of which is terrorism, this time has undergone a transformation in the threat spectrum disorder and are on the verge of a very dangerous.The emergence of terrorist networks in Indonesia is the impact of the development of terrorist network development, and this requires steps handling of intelligence to be able to uncover the perpetrators of the strategic deployment of network threats and actors, because terrorist networks targeting are not only tend to those who are considered as far enemy, but now also targeting the near enemy.Therefore, it is necessary to create steps of precaution against the threat in which coming from the terrorist?s network, through the development of intelligence investigations models, both tactical and technical intelligence with human involvement and techno intelligence, so that the strength of the terrorist network can be extinguished, and no longer as a threat significantly to the security forces personnel, state officials, as well as Indonesian citizens."

"Penyelundupan manusia merupakan kejahatan transnasional yang memberikan dampak cukup signifikan bagi keamanan negara. Adapun ancaman yang muncul seperti keamanan bagi objek yang akan diselundupkan di pelabuhan yang sering menjadi sentra aktivitas penyelundupan manusia oleh pelaku kejahatan. Hal ini terjadi karena tidak adanya upaya regulasi keamanan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku penyelundupan manusia. Selain itu, meningkatnya jumlah pelaku penyelundupan manusia serta potensi masuknya paham atau aliran ekstrim yang dapat memengaruhi masyarakat secara luas dan menganggu kepentingan nasional. Kegiatan penyelundupan manusia tersebut dapat terjadi jika salah satunya dapat direalisasikan. Artinya bahwa imigran gelap akan berhasil dengan adanya kerjasama dari agen-agen penyelundup. Dalam melakukan penyelundupan suaru kelompok dapat dikatakan terorganisir jika memenuhi unsur organize crime, salah satunya memiliki struktur kerja dalam kejahatan. Dalam dinamika penyelundupan terdapat objek Pekerja Migran Indonesia menjadi salah satu orang yang diselundupkan secara non prosedural. Hal ini tentunya akan menyebabkan gangguan keamanan nansional khususnya di bidang keamanan. Adanya penggunaan pelabuhan ilegal yang dikuasi masyarakat sebagai lokasi yang strategis digunakan sebagai lokasi untuk mengelabui petugas keamanan. Pengawasan dan upaya cegah dini dari Kominda dan aparat terkait telah dilakukan dengan sarana dan prasaranan yang dimiliki, namun terdapat beberapa kendala yang dialami para petugas.<

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People smuggling is a transnational crime that has a significant impact on state security.  As for the threats that arise, such as security for objects to be smuggled in ports, which are often centers of human smuggling activities by criminals.  This happens because there are no security regulation efforts made by people smugglers.  In addition, the increasing number of people smugglers as well as the potential for the entry of extreme ideologies or sects that can affect the wider community and disrupt national interests.  Human smuggling activities can occur if one of them can be realized.  This means that illegal immigrants will succeed with the cooperation of smuggling agents.  In carrying out smuggling, a group can be said to be organized if it meets the elements of organize crime, one of which has a work structure in crime.  In the dynamics of smuggling, there is an object of Indonesian Migrant Workers being one of the people who are smuggled in a non-procedural manner.  This of course will cause national security disturbances, especially in the security sector.  The use of illegal ports controlled by the community as a strategic location is used as a location to trick security officers.  Supervision and early prevention efforts from Kominda and related officials have been carried out with the facilities and infrastructure they have, but there are several obstacles experienced by the officers."

"Written by the foremost experts in human intelligence. It not only includes traditional topics, such as the nature, measurement, and development of intelligence, but also contemporary research into intelligence and video games, collective intelligence, emotional intelligence, and leadership intelligence. In an area of study that has been fraught with ideological differences, this Handbook provides scientifically balanced and objective chapters covering a wide range of topics. It does not shy away from material that historically has been emotionally charged and sometimes covered in biased ways, such as intellectual disability, race and intelligence, culture and intelligence, and intelligence testing. The overview provided by this two-volume set leaves virtually no area of intelligence research uncovered, making it an ideal resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals looking for a refresher or a summary of the new developments."

"Perkembangan lingkungan strategis baik dalam konteks global maupun nasional telah menempatkan intelijen pada posisi yang sulit dan situasinya pada saat ini sangat kontras apabila dibandingkan dengan situasi pada masa Orde Baru. Intelijen dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengurangi kekhawatiran terhadap ancaman bangsa dan negara. Intelijen merupakan bagian dari sistem keamanan nasional yang berfungsi baik untuk memberikan deteksi dini, peringatan dini, maupun pencegahan dini melalui pengumpulan informasi, analisis strategis, dan/atau kegiatan-kegiatan kontra-intelijen melalui cara-cara cerdas termasuk operasi tertutup. Dengan fokus utama untuk mencegah pendadakan stratejik dan taktis, intelijen dimaksudkan demi terpeliharanya keutuhan wilayah, kedaulatan negara, dan keselamatan segenap bangsa. Faktor kegagalan yang paling dominan pada kasus-kasus ini terjadi karena adanya kegagalan Intelijen yang diakibatkan oleh kegagalan kepemimpinan dan kebijakan dalam mengambil keputusan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa peran badan intelijen sebagai penyedia informasi dengan pengambil kebijakan dalam hal ini presiden, Panglima TNI, Kapolri dan pejabat serupa sangat penting dan harus bersinergi.

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.Development of the strategic environment in the context of both global and national levels has put the military including intelligence units in a difficult position at the moment and the situation is in stark contrast when compared with the situation in the New Order. Intelligence can be used as a tool to reduce concerns about the threat of the nation and the state. Intelligence is part of a national security system that serves both to provide early detection, early warning, and early prevention through information gathering, strategic analysis, and or the activities of counter intelligence through clever ways including covert operations. With the main focus to prevent strategic and tactical element of surprise, intelligence intended for the maintenance of the territorial integrity, sovereignty, and the safety of the entire nation. The most dominant factor in the failure of these cases occur because of the failure of intelligence due to the failure of leadership and policy decision making. This proves that the role of intelligence agencies as providers of information to policy makers in this case the president, the commander of the TNI, the chief of Police and officials alike are very important and should be synergize."

"This study aims to explore the determinants of AI adoption and its impact on HRM effectiveness in Tanzanian medium enterprises (MEs). With a focus on providing insights for HR professionals and decision makers, data from 185 respondents comprising HR professionals, IT professionals, and CEOs who have adopted AI were analyzed using PLS-SEM, which includes factors of Relative Advantage, Complexity, Compatibility, Security/ Privacy, Top management, Organizational readiness, Competitive pressure, External support, and Government support for AI adoption. The results highlight relative advantage, compatibility, and competitive pressure as the key drivers of AI adoption in the Tanzanian context, which in turn enhances the effectiveness of HR systems. The study bridges the existing gap and offers recommendations for the integration of AI into HRM practices. Implications for managers and solution providers are discussed to facilitate a better understanding of the determinants influencing the adoption process in SEs in Tanzania. The study builds on theoretical knowledge of AI adoption by utilizing the TOE model, which incorporates technological, organizational, and environmental factors. The study recommends future exploration of additional factors and inclusion of a larger sample to enhance the universality of the results.

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This study intends to explore the determinants of AI adoption and its impact on HRM effectiveness in Tanzanian medium enterprises (MEs). With a focus on providing insights for HR professionals and decision-makers, data from 185 respondents comprising HR professionals, IT professionals, and CEOs who have already adopted AI was analyzed using PLS-SEM, in which factors of Relative advantage, Complexity, Compatibility, Security/Privacy, Top management, Organization readiness, Competitive pressure, External support and Government support were tested for the adoption of AI. Results highlight relative advantage, compatibility, and competitive pressure as key drivers of AI adoption in Tanzania's context, subsequently enhancing HR systems' effectiveness. The study bridges the existing gaps and offers recommendations for AI integration into HRM practices. Implications for managers and solution providers were discussed to facilitate a better understanding of the determinants influencing the adoption process within Tanzanian MEs. The study underlies the theoretical knowledge of AI adoption by utilizing the TOE model, incorporating technological, organizational, and environmental factors. This study recommends future exploration of additional factors and including a larger sample to enhance the universality of results."

"Penelitian ini berangkat dari paradoks masalah pengawasan lalu lintas barang di perairan Indonesia. Satu sisi pengawasan yang berlapis menjadi upaya yang baik dalam memperkecil masuknya ancaman ke Indonesia, namun di sisi lain banyaknya pemeriksaan dari bermacam lembaga membuat pengawasan menjadi tidak efisien dari sisi waktu maupun biaya. Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai (DJBC) sebagai penjaga gerbang Indonesia memiliki peran strategis menjalankan pengawasan atas berbagai ancaman tersebut. DJBC melihat bahwa sistem data dan informasi yang terintegrasi menjadi salah satu jawaban dari pemrasalahan tersebut. Tesis ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui sejumlah data dari berbagai sumber. Analisis diawali dengan melakukan telaah sejumlah dokumen dan literatur terkait, yang dilanjutkan dengan wawancara terstruktur untuk melihat potensi dikembangkannnya sistem informasi pengawasan dengan menggunakan konsep intelijen fusion center. Adapun sejumlah teori dan konsep dalam penelitian ini, yaitu penyelundupan, bea dan cukai, intelijen strategis dan komunitas intelijen, dan fusion center. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ancaman penyelundupan pada lalu lintas barang di Indonesia berkembang menjadi semakin kompleks karena kondisi geografis terkait letak dan luasnya wilayah Indonesia. Disamping itu, terjadi pergeseran modus penyelundupan yang sangat cepat mengadaptasi kondisi lingkungan dan teknologi yang diiringi perkembangan pelaku kejahatan lintas negara terorganisir (TNOC). Dampak dari ancaman tersebut adalah Indonesia menjadi target kejahatan karena tantangan pengawasan penegak hukum mengamati tindakan kejahatan dalam perbandingan jarak dengan sarana dan prasarana yang sangat timpang. Sehingga lemahnya pengawasan penyelundupan semakin mengancam dan berisiko pada Ekonomi Indonesia khususnya pada kelancaran aktivitas Ekspor dan Impor. Untuk itu, penanggulangan yang wajib dilakukan adalah memperkuat sinergi dan mekanisme kerjasama kolektif antar lembaga terkait. Salah satu upaya memperkuat sinergi dan kerjasama kolektif ini dengan meningkatkan peran dan fungsi prediktif fusion center, mempersempit gerak penyelundup dan mengurangi ancaman dari sisi fungsi prediktif intelijen.

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This research departs from the paradox of the problem of controlling the traffic of goods in Indonesian territory. On the one hand, multi-layered supervision is a good effort in minimizing the entry of threats to Indonesia, but on the other hand, the large number of inspections from various institutions makes supervision inefficient in terms of time and costs. The Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC) as Indonesia's gatekeeper has a strategic role in supervising these various threats. DJBC sees that an integrated data and information system is one of the answers to this problem. This thesis uses a qualitative approach through a number of data from various sources. The analysis begins with a review of a number of related documents and literature, followed by structured interviews to see the potential for the development of an information control system using the intelligence fusion center concept. There are a number of theories and concepts in this research, namely smuggling, customs and excise, strategic intelligence and intelligence community, and fusion center. The results of the study show that the threat of smuggling in goods traffic in Indonesia is becoming increasingly complex due to geographical conditions related to the location and extent of Indonesia's territory. In addition, there has been a shift in the mode of smuggling which has adapted very quickly to environmental and technological conditions accompanied by the development of organized transnational crime perpetrators (TNOC). The impact of this threat is that Indonesia becomes a target for crime because of the challenge of law enforcement supervision in observing criminal acts in a comparative distance with very unequal facilities and infrastructure. So that weak supervision of smuggling threatens and risks the Indonesian economy, especially in the smooth running of export and import activities. For this reason, the countermeasures that must be carried out are strengthening synergies and collective cooperation mechanisms between related institutions. One of the efforts to strengthen synergy and collective cooperation is to increase the role and predictive function of the fusion center to narrow the movement of smugglers and reduce threats from the predictive function of intelligence"