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"Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) merupakan virus kimera yang berasal dari rekombinasi antara HIV yang dapat menginfeksi manusia dan SIV yang dapat menginfeksi primata non manuisa. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan substitusi sekuens gen virus kimera pada sekuens gen gag, yaitu Cyclophilin A binding domain, gen vif, dan gen nef. Hasil rekombinasi pada virus kimera SHIV diinfeksikan pada sel HT-29 yang memiliki alternatif molekul yang dapat mengenali reseptor gp120, yaitu galaktosilseremida.  Uji infektivitas virus kimera SHIVst ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan infeksi virus kimera melalui analysis keberadaan materi genetik yaitu RNA virus dan protein kapsid, yaitu p24. Hasil yang diperoleh virus kimera dapat dihasilkan melalui transfeksi pada sel CHO terdapat pita RNA virus yang terbentuk pasca amplifikasi. Selain itu, analisis kebaradaan protein p24 juga terkonfirmasi melalui western blot dan ELISA antigen p24 dari supernatant pasca transfeksi. Namun, pada hasil infeksi virus kimera yang dilakukan pada sel HT-29, keberadaan RNA virus melalui tahapan amplifikasi baik PCR konvensional maupun RT PCR tidak menunjukkan terbentuknya pita spesifik RNA virus. Oleh karena itu, virus kimera SHIVst tidak bisa menginfeksi sel HT29.

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Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) is a chimeric virus originating from recombination between HIV which can infect humans and SIV which can infect non-human primates. In this study, chimera virus gene sequences were substituted for gag gene sequences, namely Cyclophilin A binding domain, vif gene, and nef gene. SHIVst was infected with HT-29 cells which have an alternative molecule that can recognize the gp120 receptor, namely galactosylceremide. The infectivity test of the SHIVst chimera virus was aimed at assessing the infectivity of the chimera virus through analysis of the presence of viral RNA and capsid protein, p24. The results obtained by the chimera virus can be produced by transfection in CHO cells, there are viral RNA bands formed after amplification. In addition, analysis of the presence of p24 protein was also confirmed by western blot and p24 antigen ELISA of the post-transfection supernatant. However, in the results of SHIVst infection HT-29 cells, the presence of viral RNA through the amplification stages of both conventional PCR and RT PCR did not show the formation of viral RNA-specific bands. Therefore, the SHIVst chimeric virus could not infect HT29 cells."

"ABSTRAKInfeksi HIV dapat terjadi melalui hubungan seksual, pemakaian alat-alat kedokteran yang tercemar, pemakaian komponen darah yang telah terpapar HIV ataupun secara transplasental dari ibu yang terinfeksi HIV.Pada anak, umumnya infeksi ini terjadi melalui transfusi komponen darah, terutama mereka yang secara terus menerus memerlukannya karena menderita penyakit tertentu seperti hemofilia atau thalassemia.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui proporsi infeksi HIV pada anak yang telah menerima transfusi komponen darah berulang, khususnya penderita hemofilia dan thalassemia.Selama periode satu tahun (Sept 92- Sept 93) telah diteliti serum dari 40 penderita hemofilia dan 40 penderita thalassemia mayor, terhadap infeksi HIV dengan metoda ELISA.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak satupun dari para penderita tersebut yang telah terpapar HIV.

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ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus infection can occur via direct bloodstream inoculation from blood or blood products or infected needles, through sexual contact and transplacentally from an infected mother.In children, the major mode of transmission of HIV is from transfusion of blood or blood products, especially those who require repeated and regular transfusion because of their specific illness.The purpose of this study is to investigate the proportion of HIV infection in children with hemophilia and thalassemia who had received repeated blood or blood product transfusions.During a period of 12 months (Sept. 92 - Sept. 93) sera from 40 children with hemophilia and 40 children with thalassemia were tested against HIV infection using ELISA method.Result of this study showing no HIV infection could be detected in all children."

"Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-I (HIV-1) merupakan penyebab sindroma penurunan sistem imun tubuh yang disebut dengan Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Infeksi HIV-I di dunia dan Indonesia cenderung meningkat. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan spesifik diperlukan untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi HIV-I. Berbagai teknik telah dikembangkan untuk deteksi infeksi HIV-I. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan pemeriksaan RT-PCR HIV-1 Mikrobiologi FKUI (in-house RT-PCR) untuk mendapatkan uji alternatif deteksi HIV-1. Sebanyak 46 plasma dan serum kelompok berperilaku risiko tinggi yang berkunjung ke klinik VCT . RSUP Sanglah Denpasar, telah diperiksa dalam penelitian ini. Serum diperiksa dengan 3 kit rapid test yang berbeda yaitu DetermineTM HIV-1/2 (Abbott), ImmunoCombR HIV 1 & 2 BiSpot (Organics), dan SerodieR HIV-1/2 (Fujirebio Inc.). Plasma diuji dengan pemeriksaan RTPCR generasi I menggunakan primer spesifik terhadap daerah gag dan RT-PCR generasi 2 menggunakan primer spesifik terhadap daerah protease dari genom HIV-1. Hasil rapid test menunjukkan dari 46 sampel, sebanyak 26 serum (56,5%) reaktif dan 20 serum (43,5%) non-reaktif. Tingkat sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, dan nilai duga negatif RT-PCR generasi 1 secara berturut-turut adalah 80,8%, 95%, 95,5%, dan 79,2%, sedangkan rasio kemungkinan positif dan negatif adalah 16,2, dan 0,2. Pemeriksaan RTPCR generasi 2 menunjukkan tingkat sensitivitas 65,4%, spesifisitas 90%, nilai duga positif 89,5%, nilai duga negatif 66,7%, rasio kemungkinan positif 6,5, dan rasio kemungkinan negatif 0,4. Teknik RT-PCR yang menggunakan primer tersebut dapat mendeteksi HIV pada semua stadium klinis WHO pada kelompok ini. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas RT-PCR generasi 1 lebih baik daripada RT-PCR generasi 2, tetapi, masih lebih rendah daripada baku emas, Secara keseluruhan, RT-PCR pada penelitian ini belum dapat direkomendasikan sebagai uji altematif baik uji skrining maupun uji konfirmasi dalam mendeteksi infeksi HIV-1.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) can cause decrease of immune response which is called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV-l infection in the world and Indonesia tends to increase. Many techniques were developed to detect HIV-1 infection. A specific and rapid diagnosis is needed to prevent transmission of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we performed RT-PCR HIV-1 Microbiology FKUI (in-house RT-PCR) as an alternative test to detect HIV-1. Forty six plasmas and serums from high risk behavior group who visited VCT Clinic Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar were used in this study. Serums were tested with 3 different rapid test kits i.e. Determine ° IIIV-112 (Abbott), immunoComb HIV I & 2 BiSpot (Orgenics), and Serodia ' HIV-112 (Fujirebio Inc.). Plasmas were tested with I generation RT-PCR which used specific primers to gag region in HIV-1 genome and specific primers to protease region in IIIV-1 genome for 2nd generation RT-PCR. Results of rapid test demonstrated 26 serums (56.5%) were reactive and 20 serums (43.5%) were non-reactive. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 1st generation RT-PCR was 80.8%, 95%, 95.5%, 79.2%, whereas positive likelihood ratio (LR +) and negative likelihood ratio (LR -) was 16.2, and 0.2, respectively. The 2"d generation RT-PCR showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR (+), and LR (-) was 65.4%, 90%, 89.5%, 66.7%, 6.5, and 0.4, respectively. These in-house RT-PCR could detect HIV-1 in all WHO clinical staging in this group. This study showed that lsi generation RT-PCR gives better results than 2"d generation RT-PCR. But still inferior than rapid test to detect HIV-1 infection. Overall, RT-PCR in this study has not been recommended yet as an alternative test to detect HIV-I infection."

"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome disebabkan oleh infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) terhadap sel-sel T CD4+, limfosit, dan makrofag. Sebanyak 90.7% penderita HIV di Indonesia terinfeksi oleh HIV-1 subtipe CRF01_AE. Protein Gag P7 yang dikode oleh gen gag p7 dan terdapat di dalam genom HIV-1 merupakan protein yang dapat digunakan sebagai obat antiretrovirus dan kandidat antigen untuk sistem diagnostik. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh fragmen DNA gag p7 (nukleokapsid) HIV-1 yang berukuran 210 pb. Fragmen gen gag p7 diperoleh dari hasil Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) dengan menggunakan primer forward AE_p7F dan primer reverse AE_p7R. Cetakan DNA (template) berasal dari RNA virus yang diambil dari serum pasien penderita HIV-1 di Indonesia. Hasil visualisasi pada gel poliakrilamida 10% menunjukkan bahwa fragmen gen gag p7 (nukleokapsid) berhasil teramplifikasi dengan ukuran 210 pb.

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus infections to the CD4+ cells, lymphocyte, and macrophage. More than 90.7 % HIV patient in Indonesia were infected by HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE. The Gag P7 protein coded by gag p7 gene which found in HIV genome was known as protein in which could be used for antiretroviral drugs (ARV) and diagnosis of HIV-1 infections. The purpose of research is to get DNA fragment of gag p7 (nucleocapsid) gene of HIV-1 which has length 210 bp. Fragment of gag p7 gene could be gotten from the process of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in which use primer forward AE_p7F and primer reverse AE_p7R. The templates is RNA virus that taken from patient?s serum of HIV-1 in Indonesia. The electrophoresis visualization shown that fragment of gag p7 (nucleocapsid) gene was success amplified in which has length 210 bp."

"Jumlah perempuan dengan HIV makin menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Infeksi HIV tidak hanya pada kelompok dengan perilaku berisiko, namun juga pada kelompok yang tidak memiliki perilaku berisiko. Ibu rumah tangga saat ini menjadi kelompok yang berisiko terinfeksi HIV. HIV-testing merupakan upaya untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi HIV dan sebagai gerbang pelayanan pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengeksplorasi pengalaman ibu rumah tangga dengan HIV di Lampung dalam melakukan HIV-testing. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif fenomenologi dengan wawancara mendalam sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Jumlah ibu rumah tangga yang terlibat sebanyak 16 orang. Hasil penelitian diperoleh enam tema utama, yaitu HIV-testing yang ldquo;tidak disengaja rdquo;, pengetahuan yang rendah mengenai HIV, persepsi tidak berisiko terinfeksi HIV, kurangnya informasi pada layanan konseling HIV-testing, adanya pengalaman stigma dan tindakan diskriminasi, dan ketidakberdayaan peran ibu. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah pentingnya meningkatkan sosialisasi pendidikan HIV dan pentingnya HIV-testing pada kelompok ibu rumah tangga guna mencegah dan mengurangi kejadian penularan infeksi HIV ibu-anak.

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The number of women living with HIV is increasing nowadays. HIV infection is not only in risky group but also in group considered safe. Today, housewive become a risky group of being infected with HIV. HIV testing is the way to prevent the HIV infection spreadings and as the main gate for treatment service. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of housewive with HIV in Lampung when performing HIV testing. This study used phenomenology qualitative method with indepth interview as the way for collecting data. 16 participants were involved in this study. Six main themes were found, as follows an accidental HIV testing, lack of knowledge of HIV, perception is not at risk of HIV, low HIV testing counseling services, being stigmatized and discriminated, and disempowerment of mother rsquo s role. This study recommended the improvement of the HIV education and the benefit of the test for housewive in order to prevent the mother to child infection."

"Dinas Kesehatan Kota Binjai bertanggung jawab menyediakan pelayanan dasar pada kelompok berisiko terinfeksi HIV. Total anggaran pada Dinas Kesehatan meningkat dari tahun 2019-2022, namun Kinerja pelayanan dasar HIV mengalami penurunan dari tahun 2019-2021 sebesar 11,8%, 7,07%, 5,2% dari target 100%. Penelitian bertujuan menghitung kesesuaian anggaran berbasis kinerja dengan anggaran yang tersedia serta faktor struktur dan proses yang mempengaruhi penyusunan anggaran berbasis kinerja, sehingga memberikan gambaran masalah dan penyebab kesenjangan anggaran dan kinerja pada pelayanan dasar HIV di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Binjai Tahun 2022. Metode penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain Rapid Assessment Prosedur (RAP), menggunakan instrumen wawancara mendalam kepada 14 (empat belas) informan dan telaah dokumen untuk melihat secara cepat dan memberikan masukan perbaikan bagi pelaksanaan anggaran berbasis kinerja pada pelayanan dasar kelompok berisiko terinfeksi HIV di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Binjai Tahun 2022. Hasil penghitungan anggaran berdasarkan target kinerja Tahun 2022 sebesar Rp. 648.295.342 dengan alokasi anggaran sebesar Rp.188.202.607. Sementara kesenjangan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor struktur meliputi pemahaman dan kompetensi SDM, dukungan kebijakan, kurang tersedia data dan informasi akurat menggunakan sistem informasi kesehatan. Pada komponen proses kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat, skala prioritas dalam perencanaan dan penganggaran, komunikasi dan koordinasi, sinkronisasi dan fragmentasi penyusunan anggaran, penyerapan anggaran yang belum optimal, efektivitas monitoring dan evaluasi belum dijadikan dasar perbaikan kebijakan anggaran tahun depan. Komitmen daerah masih lemah untuk program pelayanan dasar HIV. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan terdapat ketidaksesuaian anggaran untuk mencapai kinerja yang ditetapkan dengan alokasi anggaran yang tersedia pada pelayanan dasar kelompok berisiko terinfeksi HIV di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Binjai pada Tahun 2022. Diperlukan peningkatan kapasitas dan keterlibatan seluruh komponen organisasi dalam menyusun anggaran berbasis kinerja, menyediakan data dan informasi terintegrasi, mengggunakan sistem informasi seperti Siskobikes dalam proses anggaran, meningkatkan komitmen dan dukungan anggaran dari pemerintah pusat dan daerah sehingga alokasi anggaran dapat memenuhi kebutuhan untuk mencapai kinerja pelayanan dasar bagi kelompok berisiko terinfeksi HIV.

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The Public Health Office of Binjai Municipality is responsible for providing basic services to groups at risk of HIV infection. The total budget at the Health Service has increased from 2019-2022, but the performance of basic HIV services has decreased from 2019-2021 by 11.8%, 7.07%, 5.2% of the 100% target. The research aims to calculate the suitability of performance-based budgeting with the available budget as well as the structural and process factors that influence the preparation of performance-based budgeting, so as to provide an overview of the problems and causes of budgetary and performance gaps in HIV basic services at the Binjai City Health Office in 2022. The research method was carried out using an approach Descriptive qualitative using the Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP) design, using in-depth interviews with 14 (fourteen) informants and document review to see quickly and provide input for improvements to the implementation of performance-based budgeting in basic services for groups at risk of HIV infection at the Binjai City Health Office 2022. The budget calculation results are based on the 2022 performance target of Rp. 648,295,342 with a budget allocation of Rp.188,202,607. Meanwhile, this gap is influenced by structural factors including understanding and competence of human resources, policy support, lack of availability of accurate data and information using health information systems. In the process component, lack of public participation, priority scale in planning and budgeting, communication and coordination, budget synchronization and fragmentation, budget absorption that is not optimal, monitoring and evaluation effectiveness has not been used as a basis for improving next year's budget policy. Regional commitment is still weak for basic HIV service programs. This study concludes that there is a budget mismatch to achieve the performance set with the budget allocation available for basic services for groups at risk of HIV infection at the Binjai Municipality Public Health Office in 2022. Capacity building and involvement of all organizational components is needed in preparing performance-based budgeting, providing data and information integrated, using information systems such as Siskobikes in the budget process, increasing commitment and budgetary support from the central and regional governments so that budget allocations can meet the needs to achieve basic service performance for groups at risk of HIV infection."

"[Latar Belakang: Ko-infeksi dengan human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pada infeksi virus hepatitis C memiliki angka mortalitas dan morbiditas yang tinggi. Salah satu defek imunologik yang terjadi pada ko-infeksi ini ialah dalam hubungannya dengan populasi sel NK (CD56+CD3-) dan NKT (CD56+CD3+) di hati, yang dalam keadaan normal berperan penting dalam jejas di hati dan fibrogenesis. Kedua populasi sel ini dikatakan menurun dan mengalami disfungsi pada ko-infeksi ini dan dikaitkan dengan progresivitas penyakit serta fibrosis di hati. Pemberian Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) diharapkan dapat memperbaiki defek imunologik pada kedua populasi sel ini. Immune restoration disease (IRD) virus hepatitis C merupakan salah satu efek samping pemberian ART pada ko-infeksi ini dan mungkin melibatkan kedua populasi sel tersebut.Bahan dan Metode: Pulasan imunohistokimia dengan CD56 dilakukan pada 39 spesimen biopsi pasien sebelum pemberian ART dan 26 spesimen setelah pemberian ART selama 48 minggu. Parameter klinik dan histopatologik dari penelitian sebelumnya dicatat. Rerata sel limfosit CD56+ dihitung dalam 3-5 area porta yang terlihat.Hasil: Rerata sel limfosit CD56+ tidak meningkat setelah pemberian ART (p=0,35) dan tidak menunjukkan korelasi baik dengan skor fibrosis, jumlah sel T CD4+ di darah tepi, viral load HIV dan viral load virus hepatitis C. Tidak didapatkan pula perbedaan rerata sel limfosit CD56+ antara kelompok dengan dan tanpa IRD virus hepatitis C.Kesimpulan: Ko-infeksi HIV dan virus hepatitis C mungkin memiliki efek permanen pada sel NK dan NKT di hati dan pemberian ART saja tidak dapat mengembalikan jumlah kedua populasi sel tersebut., Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection has a high mortality and morbidity rate. One of the immunological defects in this coinfection is in NK (CD56+CD3-) and NKT (CD56+CD3+) cells population in the liver, which in normal condition have important role in liver injury and fibrogenesis. Both cell populations decrease in numbers and have dysfunction in this coinfection and are related with disease progression and fibrosis in the liver. Anti retroviral therapy (ART) given to coinfected patients is expected to repair immunological defect in both NK and NKT cell populations. HCV immune restoration disease (IRD) is one of the side effects of ART in this coinfection and may also involve both cell populations.Materials and methods: Immunostaining with CD56 was performed on 39 biopsy samples of coinfected patients at baseline and 26 biopsy samples after 48 weeks of ART. Both clinical and histopathological parameters from previous study were noted. Means of CD56+ lymphocyte were counted over 3-5 portal areas.Result: Means of CD56+ lymphocyte counts did not increase after ART (p=0.35) and did not correlate with fibrotic score, CD4+ T cell count in peripheral blood, and neither with HIV and HCV viral load. There was no difference in CD56+ lymphocytes count between HCV IRD and non HCV IRD group.Conclusion: HIV/HCV coinfection might have permanent effect on both NK and NKT cells population and ART alone can not reverse NK and NKT cell numbers in this coinfection.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Terapi antiretroviral (ARV) terbukti secara efektif dapat menekan replikasi HIV. Pengukuran viral load (VL) merupakan prediktor yang lebih baik dibanding kriteria klinis atau imunologis untuk menilai kegagalan atau keberhasilan terapi ARV. Karena keterbatasan sumber daya, maka pemeriksaan VL tidak selalu mudah untuk diakses oleh pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV sehingga perlu untuk diketahui faktor-faktor pada pasien yang dapat memprediksi terjadinya kegagalan virologis.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor prediktor kegagalan virologis pada pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama sesuai paduan ARV terbaru di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien HIV rawat jalan dewasa di RSCM yang mulai terapi ARV lini pertama selama periode Januari 2011-Juni 2014. Pasien HIV yang mempunyai data VL 6-9 bulan setelah mulai terapi ARV dengan kepatuhan berobat baik dimasukkan sebagai subjek penelitian. Kegagalan virologis dinyatakan sebagai nilai VL ≥ 400 kopi/mL setelah minimal 6 bulan terapi ARV dengan kepatuhan berobat baik. Paduan ARV yang digunakan terdiri dari dua NNRTI (salah satu dari TDF/AZT/d4T ditambah 3TC) dengan satu NNRTI (NVP atau EFV). Usia, faktor risiko penularan HIV, stadium klinis HIV menurut WHO, ko-infeksi TB, indeks massa tubuh, kadar hemoglobin, dan jumlah CD4 awal terapi serta basis paduan terapi ARV merupakan variabel yang diteliti pada penelitian ini.Hasil: Terdapat 197 pasien sebagai subjek penelitian ini. Kegagalan virologis didapatkan pada 21 pasien (10,7%). Semua variabel yang diteliti belum terbukti dapat memprediksi kegagalan virologis pada pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama dengan adherens baik. Terdapat peningkatan risiko kegagalan virologis pada pasien dengan usia yang lebih muda, faktor risiko penasun, stadium klinis lanjut, adanya ko-infeksi TB, dan paduan ARV TDF+3TC+NVP tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik.!!Simpulan: Dari variabel yang diteliti, tidak didapatkan variabel yang terbukti sebagai prediktor awal kegagalan virologis pada pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama dengan adherens baik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppress HIV replication. Viral load (VL) measurement is better predictor than clinical or immunological criteria to evaluate failure or success of ART. However, in the country with limited resources, VL measurement is not easily accessible by HIV patients receiving ARV therapy therefore it is necessary to know which factors in the patients that can predict virological failure.Objectives: To know early predictive factor of virological failure in HIV patients receiving recent first line ARV therapy regimen in IndonesiaMethods: This study was a retrospective cohort study among adult HIV patients in Out-patient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital that started ARV therapy during periode January 2011-June 2014. HIV patients with good adherence that have VL data 6-9 months after initiation of ARV therapy were included in this study. Virological failure was defined as VL ≥ 400 copies/mL after minimum of 6 months therapy with good adherence. ARV regimen used in this study consist of two NRTI (one of TDF/AZT/d4T plus 3TC) combined with one NNRTI (NVP or EFV). Age, risk factor for HIV infection, HIV clinical stage, HIV- TB co-infection, baseline CD4 value, hemoglobin level, body mass index, and ARV therapy regimen at the time of initiation were among the variables that analyzed in this study.Results: There are 197 patients as subjects in this study. Virological failure was found in 21 patients (10,7%). All the variables included in this study can not predict virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence. There is increase risk of virological failure in patients with younger age, IDU as risk factor for HIV infection, late clinical stage, TB co-infection, and ARV regimen TDF+3TC+NVP but not reaching statistically significant.Conclusion: There is no variable in this study proved to be early predictive factor for virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence.;Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppress HIV replication. Viral load (VL) measurement is better predictor than clinical or immunological criteria to evaluate failure or success of ART. However, in the country with limited resources, VL measurement is not easily accessible by HIV patients receiving ARV therapy therefore it is necessary to know which factors in the patients that can predict virological failure.Objectives: To know early predictive factor of virological failure in HIV patients receiving recent first line ARV therapy regimen in IndonesiaMethods: This study was a retrospective cohort study among adult HIV patients in Out-patient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital that started ARV therapy during periode January 2011-June 2014. HIV patients with good adherence that have VL data 6-9 months after initiation of ARV therapy were included in this study. Virological failure was defined as VL ≥ 400 copies/mL after minimum of 6 months therapy with good adherence. ARV regimen used in this study consist of two NRTI (one of TDF/AZT/d4T plus 3TC) combined with one NNRTI (NVP or EFV). Age, risk factor for HIV infection, HIV clinical stage, HIV- TB co-infection, baseline CD4 value, hemoglobin level, body mass index, and ARV therapy regimen at the time of initiation were among the variables that analyzed in this study.Results: There are 197 patients as subjects in this study. Virological failure was found in 21 patients (10,7%). All the variables included in this study can not predict virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence. There is increase risk of virological failure in patients with younger age, IDU as risk factor for HIV infection, late clinical stage, TB co-infection, and ARV regimen TDF+3TC+NVP but not reaching statistically significant.Conclusion: There is no variable in this study proved to be early predictive factor for virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence., Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppress HIV replication. Viral load (VL) measurement is better predictor than clinical or immunological criteria to evaluate failure or success of ART. However, in the country with limited resources, VL measurement is not easily accessible by HIV patients receiving ARV therapy therefore it is necessary to know which factors in the patients that can predict virological failure.Objectives: To know early predictive factor of virological failure in HIV patients receiving recent first line ARV therapy regimen in IndonesiaMethods: This study was a retrospective cohort study among adult HIV patients in Out-patient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital that started ARV therapy during periode January 2011-June 2014. HIV patients with good adherence that have VL data 6-9 months after initiation of ARV therapy were included in this study. Virological failure was defined as VL ≥ 400 copies/mL after minimum of 6 months therapy with good adherence. ARV regimen used in this study consist of two NRTI (one of TDF/AZT/d4T plus 3TC) combined with one NNRTI (NVP or EFV). Age, risk factor for HIV infection, HIV clinical stage, HIV- TB co-infection, baseline CD4 value, hemoglobin level, body mass index, and ARV therapy regimen at the time of initiation were among the variables that analyzed in this study.Results: There are 197 patients as subjects in this study. Virological failure was found in 21 patients (10,7%). All the variables included in this study can not predict virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence. There is increase risk of virological failure in patients with younger age, IDU as risk factor for HIV infection, late clinical stage, TB co-infection, and ARV regimen TDF+3TC+NVP but not reaching statistically significant.Conclusion: There is no variable in this study proved to be early predictive factor for virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence.]"

"Kejadian AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) yang disebabkan Human Immunodeficiency Virus tipe 1 (HIV-1) terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pencegahan penularan virus HIV-1 masih sulit karena belum ada vaksin yang telah ditemukan untuk mencegah penularan atau transmisi virus ini. Selain itu, faktor lainnya adalah jarangnya diagnostik yang tersedia untuk awal infeksi, serta variasi genetik virus HIV-1 yang meningkat dengan cepat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan virus dengan menggunakan klona galur sel T CD4 yaitu CEM-GFP dengan virus HIV-1 CRF01_AE untuk mendapatkan virus dengan sifat genetik yang relatif homogen dan sifat virus yang sama. Ekspresi virus dalam sel target dimonitor melalui induksi green fluorescent protein yang akan diekspresikan oleh CEM-GFP ketika sel ini terinfeksi oleh virus HIV-1. Infeksi dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu direct cell to cell transmission dan cell-free virus infection, hasil infeksi kedua metode ini dibandingkan fluoresensinya dengan mikroskop fluoresensi dan pengukuran ekspresi GFP dengan sitometer.Setelah 7 hari kultur, pengamatan dengan mikroskop fluoresensi menunjukkan bahwa sel terinfeksi dengan metode direct cell to cell transmission lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan cell-free virus infection. Pengukuran ekspresi GFP dengan sitometer pun menunjukkan hal serupa dimana ekspresi GFP sel terinfeksi dengan metode direct cell to cell transmission lebih banyak dibanding dengan cell-free virus infection. Untuk melihat apakah virus berhasil dikeluarkan dari sel terinfeksi dilakukan dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa virus telah berhasil terdeteksi pada supernatan kultur sel CEM-GFP terinfeksi virus HIV-1.

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The incidents of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) that caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) are increasing every year. The prevention of HIV transmission is still difficult to be done because HIV vaccine has not been found yet. Besides, another factor in HIV therapy is the rare early diagnostic available and the genetic variation of HIV-1 virus that increased rapidly. This study was aimed for propagating virus by using CEM-GFP clones, the derivative of CD4 T cells infected with CRF01_AE for obtaining virus with relatively homogen genetic variation and possessing the same characteristic. The virus expression in the target cell was observed by the induction of green fluorescent protein expressed by CEM-GFP when this cell was infected by HIV-Virus. The infection was held by two methods, cell-to-cell transmission and cellfree virus infection, the fluorescent of infected cell of this two methods was compared with fluorescent microscope and GFP expression assay with cytometer.

Within 7 days of culture, observation with fluorescent microscope showed that the infected cells of direct cell-to-cell transmission method was higher than the cellfree virus infection. GFP expression assay also showed the same result. The GFP expression of infected cells with direct cell-to-cell transmission was higher than cell-free virus infection. To investigate whether the virus was released from the infected cells, Polymerase Chain Reaction, were applied in this study. The result showed that the cell-free virus can be detected in culture supernatant of CEMGFP cells infected with HIV-1."

"Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus tipe I (HIV-1) sebagai penyebab AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) merupakan salah satu masalah utama kesehatan dunia yang barns segem diatasi. Sejak ditemukannya penyakit tersebut, vaksin yang dihampkan tidak kanjung tersedia karena berbagai usaha I pengembangan vaksia HIV-1 mengalami hambatan besar oleh karena keanekar&gaman HIV·I yang tinggi. Strategi mutakhir untuk mengatasi hambatan tersebut adalah pengembangan vaksin HIV-I yang spesifik pada subtipe dan populasi di regional tertentu. menggunakan isolat identik dengan sekuen konsensus yang telah ditentukan, sebagai kandidat vaksin.Tujuan pcnelitian ini adalah menentukan sekuen konsensus HlV-1 di Indonesia dengan menggunakan sekuen - sekuen gen protease dan gen reverse transcriptase HN - 1 subtipe paling dominan isola!Indonesia dati isolat damb plasma omng terinfeksi HIV akibat penggunaan narkoba dengan jarum suntik (penasnn). Berdasarkan analisis dalam penelitian ini diketahui bahwa CRFO I_AE merupakan subtipe paling dominan di Indonesia dan telah berhasH diperoleh sekuen konsensus protease dan reverse transcriptase HIV-1 CRFOl_AE Indonesia Sekuen konsensus protease Indonesia tersebut. memiliki perbedaan dengan sekuen konsensus dari database Los Alomos National Laboratory (LANL) sebesar 2,7% untuk sekuen nukleotida (p = 0,030); 5,1% untuk sekuen asam amino (p = 0,000). Sedangkan sekuen konsensus reverse trancriptase Indonesia merniliki perbedaan dengan sekuen konsensus dari LANL sebesar 2,0% nntuk nuklootida (p = 0,208) dan 3,0% untuk asam amiao (p = 0,015).

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus type I (HIV-I) infection as the etiology of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a major health problem which need to be urgently solved. Since the discovery of the desease, the effective vaccine is still not available. It is caused by widely the diversity of HIV-I. Novel strategy to overcome this problem is to develop country-specific HIV-1 vaccine, which use the most identical isolate with consensus sequences that had been determined, as vaccine candidate.This study aims to determine consensus sequences (CS) of HIV-1 in Indonesia by using sequences of protease gene and reverse transcriptase l gene of the most predominant subtype HIV-1 sequences from HIV-infected intravenous drog users' blood plasma. This study concluded that CRFOl_AE is I the most predominant subtype HIV-1 in Indonesia Nucleotide and amino acid of Iprotease which determine as CS has 2.7% (p = 0,030) and 5.1% (p = 0,000) differences with CS of CRFOI AE respectively. While nucleotide and amino acid of reverse trancriptase of the CS has 2,0% (p = 0,208) and 3,0".4 (p = 0,015) differences with CS of CRFOI_AE of the LANL, respectively."