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"This article presents an overview of four shifts – low vowel fronting, low vowel backing, back vowel fronting, and mid vowel raising – found in a number of languages on or near the Pacific coast of Luzon in the Philippines and in north central Sulawesi in Indonesia. A more extensive illustration of low vowel fronting is given for Umiray Dumaget than has previously been made available, and a second, sporadic correspondence in Umiray Dumaget is shown to be only irregular and unconditioned. Interactions with Philippine-type morphology are also shown to result in synchronically productive alternations in Umiray Dumaget and several of the Mongondow-Gorontalo languages."

"There are 49 nominal taxa of Thiaridae known from Sulawesi and 11 species from Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi have been reported by Sarasin & Sarasin (1897 & 1898). Since then, no study on the systematic of the species from Lake Poso have been carried out. The basic information on the morphology of those species were described for the first time in 1897 & 1898. However, information on their habitat and distribution are still lacking.

Lake Poso is a tectonic-lake, which lies at 510 m above sea level and covers about 32,000 hectares. The deepest part of the lake reaches 450 meters. To study the diversity and distribution of Thiaridae in Lake Poso, snails were collected from 33 locations (outlet, inlet, and area of the lake), using sieve and by hand (at the shallow area) or small hand ?dredge? (at deep area). Morphology characters (height, width of shell and aperture; number of axial and spiral ribs at the penultimate and body whorls) were examined. Anatomical study (head, neck, tentacle, eye, snout, sole, foot groove); pallial cavity (ctenidium, osphradium, rectum, mantle edge); alimentary system (buccal mass, radula sac, radula, stomach); reproductive system (female: brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, egg, embryo, ovary; male: prostate gland, testis, testicle lobes, vas deferens); nervous system (cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion) was conducted only on Tylomelania.

Totally there are 13 species and more than eight undescribed species of Thiaridae identified in this study. Most of the species belong to the genus Brofia which occurred at the area of the lake (LP 10, LP 11, LP 12, LP 13, LP 15, LP 16, LP 17, LP 17 a, LP 18, LP 19, LP 20, LP 21, LP 22, LP 23, LP 24, LP 24 a, LP 25, LP 26, LP 27, LP 28, LP 29, LP 31), outlet (LP 1, LP 2, LP 3, LP 4) and inlet area (LP 5, LP 6, LP 7, LP 8, LP 9, LP 30). B. toradjarum, B. sca/ario psis, B. ku/i, B. centaurus were found at the area of the lake, while B. perfecta and B. robusta at the inlet and outlet respectively. There are two species of Melanoides (M. tuberculata & M. granífera) found at the area of the lake, and one species, M. punctata, occurred only at the stream of Saluopa (inlet area).

The anatomy of the genus Tylomelania was described for the first time. Comparative study on the morphology and anatomy were based on specimen of T. neritiformis, T. porcellanica, and T. carbo. The anatomical characters described and compared: the length and width of buccal mass, radula sac, ctenidium, osphradium, stomach, style-sac, albumen gland, eggs, and embryos, cerebral commissure, pedal commissure. The shape and position of anus, rectum, ctenidium, osphradium, radula, brood pouch, bursa copulatrix, albumen gland, genital Opening, prostate gland, ovary, testis, cerebro ganglion, pleuro ganglion, pedal ganglion, suboesophageal ganglion, supraoesophageal ganglion presented for the first time."

"Naskah LL.54a ini berisi perjalanan selama satu bulan di Bali. Isi teks ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian, yaitu: 1. Pengantar; 2. Jawa-Bali; 3. Badung; 4. Badung-Gianyar; 5. Klungkung. Teks perjalanan ini kemungkinan ditulis oleh J.W. van Dapperen sekitar bulan Agustus tahun 1915."

"Naskah ini merupakan lanjutan dari LL.54a. Isi teks ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian, yaitu: 1. Badung-Ubud-Bangli; 2. Bangli; 3. Bangli-Kintamani; 4. Kintamani; 5. Badung-Tabanan. Pada hlm.73 terdapat keterangan waktu, yaitu tanggal 14 Agustus 1915. Penyunting menduga, keterangan tersebut menunjukkan waktu penulisan naskah, atau waktu perjalanan di Bali.pada halaman inijuga terdapat tanda tangan J.W. van Dapperen. Keterangan lebih lanjut lihat deskripsi LL.54a."

"Kerusakan gigi molar satu rahang atas frekuensinya cukup tinggi dan sering disertai kelainan pulpa. Perawatan saluran akar pada gigi ini memerlukan keterampilan yang ditunjang oleh pengetahuan anatomi dan morfologi a.1. panjang gigi, bentuk penampang saluran akar, jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan letak orifis. Dalam perawatannya sering dijumpai kesulitan menentukan letak apeks, karena pedoman ukuran yang ada berdasarkan ukuran gigi orang Amerika atau Eropa. Belum ada pedoman yang berdasarkan ukuran-gigi orang Indonesia. Dari sampel 50 gigi molar satu atas yang dicabut dari klinik gigi di Jakarta, diukur panjang gigi dari masing-masing apeks akar Palatal, Mesio Bukal, Disto Bukal ke bidang oklusal dengan mikrometer. Dihitung jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan dicatat bentuk penampang saluran akar 5 mm dari apeks, dan konfigurasi letak oriifis. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh panjang gigi rata-rata dari apeks akar palatal 19,47 mm, dari apeks akar mesio bukal 19,14 mm dari apeks akar disto bukal 18,41 mm. Dari hasil pengamatan, semua gigi mempunyai tiga akar, dan diperoleh lebih banyak gigi dengan tiga saluran akar (98 %). Dari gambaran konfigurasi letak orifis diperoleh bentuk (60 %), lebih banyak dibanding bentuk "Y" (16 %) dan bentuk "T" (18 %). Dari pengamatan bentuk penampang saluran akar, terbanyak diperoleh bentuk bulat pada akar disto bukal (82 %), dan bentuk elips pada akar palatal (36 7). Selain itu diperoleh pula bentuk ginjal padaakar disto bukal (4%), dan bentuk pipih pada akar mesio bukal (14 %)."

"Generally former Islamic Mataram Kingdom included in their towns resident areas for the religous leaders and staffs called kampong. These Islamic kampongs were located nearby the Great Mosque and called kauman Kampong...."

"To investigate the distribution of Heterocapsa including a harmful species H.circularisquama,cells were surveyed in three vietnamese coasts,Ha Long Bay,Hue and Phu Quoc Island in 2006...."

"The village of Laweyan constitutes a unique, specific and historical region. In its development Laweyan experiences some functional changes of region and settlement...."