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"Di masa kini, keamanan bahan pangan telah menjadi salah satu fokus utama bagi seluruh komponen sektor pangan, karena meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat akan makanan yang aman, lezat, dan sehat. Patogen asing dan mikroorganisme pengurai merupakan mikroorganisme yang paling bertanggung jawab atas wabah penyakit yang ditularkan melalui makanan. Terdapat beberapa teknik termal konvensional yang dapat digunakan untuk membasmi mikroorganisme ini, seperti pasteurisasi, sterilisasi, pemanasan ohmik, autoklaf, dll. Namun, teknik-teknik ini semakin kurang diminati di pasaran, karena penerapan panas yang sangat tinggi berdampak buruk pada atribut kualitas fisiko-kimia, nutrisi, dan sensorik dari makanan yang diolah. Oleh sebab itu, berbagai teknologi alternatif non-termal telah dikembangkan dan dipelajari untuk memperoleh bahan pangan yang tetap aman dengan minimnya penggunaan bahan pengawet dan bebas bahan kimia, namun tetap mempertahankan sifat alaminya seperti kualitas sensorik dan gizi dalam waktu yang lama. Sebagai solusi alternatif, salah satunya dapat digunakan Plasma Activated Water (PAW). Metode generasi PAW yang optimal dan sering digunakan adalah Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), karena efisiensinya dalam menghasilkan plasma dan kemudahan pengaplikasiannya dalam skala besar. Pada penelitian ini, akan dicipatakan Plasma Activated Water (PAW) menggunakan metode produksi Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) dengan alat Ozone Generator. Agar sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman, maka peralatan Ozone Generator ini dicoba dilengkapi dengan sistem nyala-mati otomatis, agar campur tangan manusia dapat diminimalisir dalam pengendalian sistem sebisa mungkin. Dari percobaan, diukur parameter pH, konduktivitas, dan tingkatan ORP, dengan memerhatikan perkembangan parameter tersebut berdasarkan variasi percobaan volume air 100 mL, 200 mL, dan 300 mL, dan waktu treatment 1 menit, 3 menit, dan 5 menit. Hasil perkembangan parameter yang diukur diperoleh sudah sesuai dengan karakteristik terbentuknya PAW, yang ditemukan pada berbagai jurnal ilmiah yang meneliti karakteristik fisikokimiawi pada PAW. Sehingga, dapat dikatakan sistem Plasma Generator sederhana ini berhasil memproduksi PAW, dimana dengan parameter-parameter yang berhasil diukur, memiliki potensi untuk menjaga berbagai kualitas fisikokimia, sensorik, dan nutrisi pada bahan pangan lebih tahan lama.

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Nowadays, food safety has become one of the main focuses for all components of the food sector, due to increasing public awareness of safe, delicious and healthy food. Foreign pathogens and decomposing microorganisms are the microorganisms most responsible for food-borne disease outbreaks. There are several conventional thermal techniques that can be used to eradicate these microorganisms, such as pasteurization, sterilization, ohmic heating, autoclaving, etc. However, these techniques are becoming less popular on the market, as the application of very high heat has an adverse impact on the physico-chemical, nutritional and sensory quality attributes of the processed food. For this reason, various alternative non-thermal technologies have been developed and studied to obtain food ingredients that remain safe with minimal use of preservatives and are free of chemicals, but still maintain their natural properties such as sensory and nutritional qualities for a long time. As an alternative solution, one of them can be used Plasma Activated Water (PAW). The optimal and frequently used PAW generation method is Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), because of its efficiency in producing plasma and ease of application on a large scale. In this research, Plasma Activated Water (PAW) will be created using the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) production method with an Ozone Generator. In order to be in line with current developments, the Ozone Generator equipment has been tried to be equipped with an automatic on-off system, so that human intervention can be minimized in controlling the system as much as possible. From the experiment, the parameters pH, conductivity, and ORP level were measured, by paying attention to the development of these parameters based on experimental variations in water volumes of 100 mL, 200 mL, and 300 mL, and treatment times of 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes. The results of the development of the measured parameters were found to be in accordance with the characteristics of PAW formation, which were found in various scientific journals that examined the physicochemical characteristics of PAW. So, it can be said that this simple Plasma Generator system has succeeded in producing PAW, which, with the parameters that have been successfully measured, has the potential to maintain various physicochemical, sensory and nutritional qualities in foodstuffs that last longer."

"In recent developments in the area of thermofluid technologies, active flow control has emerged as an interesting topic of research. One of the latest methods, which will be discussed in this paper, is the application of a plasma actuator. Plasma actuation is achieved by conducting a high-voltage electric current through an actuator device. Our research was specifically conducted to discover its effect on the reduction of the drag coefficient, with Ahmed Body the experimental object put inside a suction-flow wind tunnel with varying inputs of flow velocity. The plasma actuator device was run with an A.C. power supply and installed in three different placement configurations on the aerodynamic model to determine which most optimally affected the aerodynamic drag, while the drag coefficients were acquired via the use of a load cell installed as the harness for the aerodynamic model inside the tunnel. The results of the experiments include that the optimal configuration of the actuator placement was on the leading edge, the optimal wind flow velocity of the experiment, which was essential for the actuation to be observed, was at 1.7 m/s, and the resulting drag reduction percentage, as a result of induced flow, was 22% of the initial drag coefficient."

"Salah satu terapi COVID-19 adalah plasma konvalesen yang disiapkan Unit Transfusi Darah dari donor yang telah sembuh dari COVID-19. Plasma konvalesen mengandung antibodi netralisasi yang menghambat interaksi antara protein S dengan reseptor ACE2 dengan persyaratan minimal titer 1:160 sehingga diperlukan sistem deteksi antibodi netralisasi seperti tes serologi berbasis ELISA kompetitif yang mudah, murah, cepat dan tidak membutuhkan BSL 3 atau 2. Uji ini membutuhkan protein rekombinan spike S1 yang dapat diekspresikan pada sistem ekspresi mamalia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi antibodi spesifik SARS-CoV-2 pada plasma konvalesen COVID-19 menggunakan protein rekombinan Spike S1.Penelitian ini menggunakan plasmid pD609 sebagai vektor ekspresi yang terdapat gen spike S1. DNA ditransfeksi secara transien ke sel CHO. Immunostaining dilakukan setelah transfeksi untuk melihat ekspresi protein rekombinan spike S1 pada sel CHO. Supernatan media sel CHO post transfeksi dianalisis dengan western blot dan ELISA untuk melihat reaktifitas terhadap serum konvalesen COVID-19. Hasil immunostaining menunjukkan plasmid pD609 S1 Spike Foldon-His dapat mengekspresikan protein rekombinan spike S1 SARS-CoV-2 pada sel CHO. Hasil Western Blot dan ELISA menunjukkan supernatan media sel kultur CHO post transfeksi reaktif terhadap serum konvalesen COVID-19. Protein rekombinan spike S1 memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dan digunakan dalam uji antibodi spesifik namun hasil ekspresi protein masih rendah.

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One of the therapies for COVID-19 is convalescent plasma prepared by the Blood Transfusion Unit from donors who have recovered from COVID-19. Convalescent plasma contains neutralizing antibodies that inhibit the interaction between S protein and ACE2 receptors with a minimum requirement of a titer of 1:160 so that a neutalizing antibody detection system is needed such as a competitive ELISA-based serological test that is easy, inexpensive, fast, and does not require BSL 3 or 2. S1 spike recombinant protein that can be expressed in mammalian expression systems. This study aims to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma using recombinant Spike S1 protein. This study used the pD609 plasmid as an expression vector containing the spike S1 gene. DNA was transiently transfected into CHO cells. Immunostaining was performed after transfection to see the expression of the S1 spike recombinant protein in CHO cells. The post-transfected CHO cell media supernatans were analyzed by western blot and ELISA to see the reactivity to COVID19 convalescent serum. Immunostaining results showed that the plasmid pD609 S1 Spike Foldon-His could express the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 recombinant protein in CHO cells. The results of Western blot and ELISA showed that the post-transfection CHO cell culture media supernatant was reactive to COVID-19 convalescent serum. S1 spike recombinant protein has the potential to be developed and used in specific antibody assays, but the results of protein expression is still low."

"Amonia diproduksi menggunakan proses Haber-Bosch yang menghasilkan emisi tinggi, maka diperlukan alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Elektrolisis plasma dengan injeksi udara menghasilkan radikal •N melalui injeksi udara dan radikal •H dalam larutan elektrolit. Elektrolisis plasma juga membentuk nitrat karena radikal •OH akibat keberadaan oksigen dalam udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemilihan plasma anodik dan katodik, keberadaan gas oksigen, laju alir injeksi udara, dan pH awal larutan dalam reaktor serta trap cell terhadap produksi amonium dan nitrat dengan teknologi elektrolisis plasma. Penelitian ini menggunakan aditif metanol, elektrolit Na2SO4 dengan konsentrasi 0,02 M, dan sebuah penangkap gas. Hasil produksi amonium dan nitrat diukur konsentrasinya dengan metode spektroskopi UV-Vis. Penelitian ini menghasilkan amonium terbanyak menggunakan elektrolisis plasma katodik (550 V), laju alir udara 0,8 lpm, dan pH awal larutan elektrolit dan trap cell sebesar 3. Kondisi tersebut memproduksi 2,57 mmol amonium, 10,94 mmol nitrat, energi spesifik 578,6 kJ/mmol, dan ketergerusan elektroda sebesar 0,27 gram.

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Ammonia is produced using Haber-Bosch process which produces high emissions, so an environmentally friendly alternative is needed. Air plasma electrolysis produces •N radicals through air injection and •H radicals in an electrolyte solution. Plasma electrolysis forms nitrate because •OH radicals due to the oxygen presence in the air. This study aims to determine the effect of anodic and cathodic plasma selection, the presence of oxygen gas, air injection flow rate, and initial pH of electrolyte solution and trap cell solution to the ammonium and nitrate production using plasma electrolysis. This study uses methanol additive, Na2SO4 electrolyte with concentration of 0.02 M, and a trap cell. Produced ammonium and nitrate concentration was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. This study produced highest ammonium using cathodic plasma electrolysis (550 V), air flow rate of 0.8 lpm, and initial pH of electrolyte solution and trap cell of 3. These conditions produced 2.57 mmol ammonium, 10.94 mmol nitrate, specific energy 578.6 kJ/mmol, and electrode erodibility of 0.27 gram."

"PendahuluanMyasthenia gravis merupakan penyakit autoimun pada taut saraf otot yang terkait dengan antibodi asetilkolin. Pathologi dari MG terkait dengan pathologi timus yang mengakibatkan terjadinya defek pada maturasi sel intra-timus. Model hewan coba MG selama ini digunakan dengan menginjeksi T.californica yang mengakibatkan kelemahan otot seperti MG, namun model tersebut tidak dapat menjelaskan patologi imunologi MG. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu model hewan MG dengan injeksi plasma pasien MG menggunakan mecit Swiss-Webster.MetodePlasma pasien didapatkan dari pasien MG yang telah terdiagnosa MG dan kontrol di Poli RSDK Semarang. Plasma individu sehat didapatkan dari individu sehat yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Seluruh plasma diperiksa kadar T-reg dan plasma pasien MG dipisahkan menjadi kelompok dengan plasma lebih rendah dari individu normal dan kelompok dengan kadar T-reg lebih tinggi dari individu normal. Mencit Swiss-Webster, betina berusia 10-12 minggu dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok yang diinjeksi dengan plasma normal, plasma MG dengan kadar T-reg tinggi dan plasma MG dengan kadar T-reg rendah dan injeksi dilakukan pada hari 1-5 setiap minggu, selama dua, tiga dan empat minggu. Fungsi motorik diperiksa sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Fungsi motorik diukur dengan wire hanging test. Mencit yang telah memenuhi lama perlakuan diperiksa kadar IL-2, IFN-γ, antibodi asetilkolin dan reseptor asetilkolin terlarut dalam serum. Otot dan timus diperiksa dengan pewarnaan HE.Hasil PenelitianDidapatkan 5 plasma normal (1 laki-laki dan 4 perempuan) dengan rerata T-reg 15,8±1,627%. Plasma 5 pasien MG T-reg rendah (1 laki-laki dan 4 perempuan) dengan rerata T-reg 3,74±0,814% dan 4 plasma pasien MG T-reg tinggi (1 laki-laki dan 3 perempuan) dengan rerata kadar T-reg 24,30±4,700%. Hasil bermakna didapatkan pada variabel-variabel fungsi motorik dengan p=0,047 dan p=0,22 pada kelompok T-reg rendah dengan lama perlakuan 2 dan 3 minggu. Hasil bermakna juga didapatkan pada variabel berat basah timus (p=0,034, p=0,034 dan p=<0,001) pada kelompok T-reg rendah dengan perlakuan 2, 3 dan 4 minggu. Analisis luas otot didapatkan hasil bermakna pada kelompok yang diinjeksi dengan plasma kadar T-reg rendah. Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-2 menurun bermakna pada kelompok yang diinjeksi dengan kadar T-reg rendah dengan p=0,007 dan p=<0,001 (IFN-γ) serta p=0,047, p=0,005 dan p=0,042 untuk IL-2. Variabel-variabel berat badan, rasio korteks-medula pada timus, kadar antibodi asetilkolin dan kadar reseptor asetilkolin terlarut didapatkan hasil yang tidak bermakna.KesimpulanInjeksi plasma pasien MG dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk membuat model MG pada mencit Swiss-Webster dengan mempertimbangkan kadar T-reg pada plasma yang diinjeksikan.

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Introduction

Myasthenia gravis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction because of the acetylcholine antibody. Pathology of MG is related to the disorder in the thymus that causes the defect of the maturation of the T cell intra thymic. For the purpose of research, an MG animal model was built. The model often used is the injection of antibodies from T. California, which causes muscle weakness. However, the model can not explain the immune pathology of the MG. This study aims to build an animal model of MG with the plasma patient MG injection on Swiss-Webster mice.

Material and Methods

Plasma obtained from MG patients that have diagnosed of MG as the out-patients in KAriadia Hospital Semarang. Plasma from healthy control obtained from healthy subject that fulfill the inclusion criteria. Female Swiss-Webster mice, 10-12 weeks old, were grouped into: injected normal plasma, injected plasma MG patients with low T-reg level, and injected plasma MG patients with high T-reg levels. Plasmas were injected on 1st-5th day. Motor function was assessed with a wire-hanging test. The mice’s serum was examined for IL-2, IFN-γ, acetylcholine receptor antibody, and soluble receptor acetylcholine level using ELISA. After termination, the muscle and thymus were examined under microscope with HE staining.

Result

Five normal plasmas were obtained (1 man and 4 women), and the mean T-reg level was 15,8±1,627%. Five plasma MG patients with low T-reg level (1 man and 4 women) with a mean T-reg level of 3,74±0,814%, and 4 plasma MG patients with high T-reg level (1 man and 3 women) with a mean T-reg level of 24,30±4,700%. Motor function was statistically significant in the group injected with plasma patients with low T-reg levels (p=0,047 and p=0,22) in groups 2- and 3-week treatment. Thmus weight was significantly different in the group injected with low T-reg level MG patients compared with control in 2-,3- and 4-week treatment (p=0,034, p=0,034 dan p=<0,001). The width of the muscles was found to be significantly different in the group injected with low T-reg level plasma of MG patients on 2-,3- and 4-week treatment p=0,047, p=0,005 dan p=0,004. The level of IFN-γ was decreased significantly in the groups that were injected with low T-reg levels of MG patient's plasma (p=0,007; 3-week treatment and p=<0,001; 4-weeks treatment). Interleukin-2 levels were decreased in groups injected with low T-reg levels (p=0,047, 2-weeks treatment; p=0,005, 3-weeks treatment and p=0,042, 4-weeks treatment). Some variables were not significantly different, such as body weight, thymus cortex-medulla ratio antibody level, and soluble receptor acetylcholine.

Conclusion

Plasma injection of MG patients into Swiss-Webster mice may be used to build a model of MG, with the T-reg level as the consideration."

"Teknologi produksi hidrogen melalui metode elektrolisis merupakan teknologi yang sudah berusia lebih dari 200 tahun. Metode elektrolisis ini hanya menyumbang 4% produksi hidrogen dunia saat ini. Hal ini dikarenakan elektrolisis dinilai tidak ekonomis, membutuhkan energi yang sangat besar untuk memecah air, padahal elektrolisis menghasilkan hidrogen paling murni diantara teknologi lain. Mekanisme elektrolisis bisa diubah dengan menggunakan listrik bertegangan tinggi tetapi arus rendah, dengan begitu akan terbentuk spesi metastabil yang bisa menghasilkan reaksi yang tidak bisa dicapai reaksi kimia biasa. Dalam skripsi ini dibahas elektrolisis plasma dengan K2CO3 sebagai pengarah reaksi sehingga dapat menghasilkan hidrogen lebih banyak dengan energi rendah. Efektivitas proses elektrolisis plasma ini dinyatakan sebagai jumlah produk hidrogen per konsumsi energi listrik yang digunakan dengan memvariasikan tegangan listrik dan konsentrasi larutan K2CO3. Proses ini dapat menghasilkan hidrogen 8.7 kali lebih tinggi dibanding elektrolisis konvensional.

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Hydrogen production technology via electrolysis method is the technology more than 200 years ago. This ethode only accounted for 4% hydrogen production today's world. This is because electrolysis is considered uneconomical, require enormous energy to split water, whereas electrolysis is the purest producer hydrogen among other technologies. Electrolysis mechanism can be changed by using high-voltage electricity, but low flows, so will form a metastable species which can produce a reaction that can not be achieved an ordinary chemical reaction.

In this article discussed the plasma electrolytic reaction with K2CO2 as the referrer so that it can produce more hydrogen with low energy. The effectiveness of the plasma electrolytic process which is expressed as the amount of hydrogen perproduct used in electric energy consumption by varying the voltage and the concentration of K2CO2 solution. This process can produce 8.7 times more hydrogen than conventional electrolysis."

"ABSTRAKMetode elektrolisis plasma adalah proses elektrolisis dengan menaikkan tegangan elektroda hingga terbentuk bunga api listrik (plasma) dalam larutan. Plasma menyebabkan disosiasi homolitik molekul air menjadi gas hidrogen (H2) dan oksigen (O2). Produktivitas H2 dan O2 yang dihasilkan melalui proses elektrolisis plasma jauh lebih besar dibanding proses elektrolisis konvensional. Generator hidrogen-oksigen (GHO) dengan metode elektrolisis plasma sangat tepat diterapkan pada motor bakar bensin, karena penambahan H2 dan O2 dapat meningkatkan efektivitas proses pembakaran bensin secara signifikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan kondisi terbaik dari laju alir hidrogen oksigen yang akan diinjeksike motor bakar. Hasil penelitian awal pengusul telah berhasil mendapatkan produksi > 1 L/menit dengan konsumsi energi < 750 W, sehingga alat ini layak diaplikasikan pada genset dengan daya 2500 watt dan berbahan bakar bensin.

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ABSTRACTPlasma electrolysis method is a process of electrolysis to raise the voltage electrode to form an electric spark (plasma) in solution. Plasma homolitic cause dissociation of water molecules into hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen (O2). Productivity H2 and O2 produced by plasma electrolysis process is much larger than the conventional electrolysis process. Hydrogen-oxygen generator (GHO) by plasma electrolysis method is appropriately applied to the motor gasoline, because the addition of H2 and O2 can increase the effectiveness of gasoline combustion process significantly. This study use the best flow rate of hydrogen and oxygen to be injected into motor fuel. The preliminary results were proponents have managed to get production of > 1 L / minute with energy consumption <750 W, so that the tool is appropriate applied the 2500 watt generator with power and gasoline."

"Dalam penelitian ini dibahas kinerja dari Plasma Nontermal (plasma dingin) yang digunakan dalam proses gasifikasi plasma untuk limbah organik padat. Alat pembangkit plasma dingin yang digunakan ada tiga macam, yaitu plasmatron dengan ignition coil 12 V DC dan plasmatron menggunakan Ballast CFL, serta dengan generator plasma dari HV Transformer (Neon Sign Transformer). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa, plasma nontermal (plasma dingin) juga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk proses gasifikasi limbah padat seperti halnya plasma termal, walaupun dengan kadar gas sintesis (syngas) yang dihasilkan belum begitu optimal. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah alat pembangkit plasma dingin yang dapat menghasilkan plasma dengan kualitas baik untuk proses gasifikasi adalah plasmatron Ballast CFL 220 V 23 W.

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This research discuses about the performance and quality of nonthermal plasma in plasma gasification process for organic solid wastes treatment. There are three types of plasma generator to generate nonthermal plasma, which are plasmatron using ignition coil 12 V DC, plasmatron using Ballast CFL 220 V 23 W, and also a plasma generator from HV Transformer (Neon Sign Transformer).

Research results indicated that, nonthermal plasma can be use for organic solid wastes gasification process also as thermal plasma did, despite that the quantity of syngas product not optimal yet. From that three plasma generators, the best plasma generator that can generate nonthermal plasma in good quality for gasification process is plasmatron Ballast CFL 220 V 23 W."

"Hidrogen merupakan salah satu bahan baku pada industri kimia dan juga sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan. Gas hidrogen banyak diperoleh dari proses elektrolisis yang memerlukan energi listrik yang besar. Elektrolisis plasma adalah metode baru yang dapat meningkatan produktivitas hidrogen sekaligus menekan kebutuhan energi listrik. Penelitian ini menguji keefektifan proses elektrolisis plasma yang dinyatakan sebagai jumlah produk hidrogen per energi listrik yang dikonsumsi dengan memvariasikan tegangan listrik dan konsentrasi larutan KOH-Gliserol. Selanjutnya, keefektifan proses ini dibandingkan dengan keefektifan elektrolisis Faraday. Hasil percobaan menunjukkkan kenaikan konsentrasi dan tegangan menyebabkan kenaikan jumlah produk hidrogen. Proses elektrolisis plasma pada penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan keefektifan proses hingga 13,74 kali lipat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan elektrolisis Faraday.

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Hydrogen is one of chemical industry feedstock and also automobile fuel. Hydrogen is commonly produced by electrolysis. Electrolysis however has several constarints especially to its large energy requirement. Plasma electrolysis is a breakthrough method not only to improve hydrogen productivity but also suppress the energy consumption. This research has been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of plasma electrolysis which is stated as hydrogen product quantity per energy consumption by varying the voltage and KOH-Glycerol concentration. Afterwards, the process effectiveness was then compared to which of Faraday electrolysis. The result of this research shows that the hydrogen quantity produced escalated up to 13 times higher."

"Dynamics of astrophysical systems is often described by plasma physics, yet understanding the nature of plasma turbulence remains as a challenge in physics in both theories and experiments. This book is an up-to-date summary and review of recent results in research on waves and turbulence in near-Earth space plasma turbulence, obtained by Cluster, the multi-spacecraft mission. Spatial and temporal structures of solar wind turbulence as well as its interaction with the bow shock ahead of the earth are presented using cluster data. The book presents (1) historical developments, (2) theoretical background of plasma physics, turbulence theories, and the plasma physical picture of the solar system, (3) analysis methods for multi-spacecraft data, (4) results of cluster data analysis, and (5) impacts on astrophysics and earth sciences."