Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Periodontitis adalah penyakit inflamasi kronis yang mempengaruhi jaringan pendukung gigi dan memerlukan penanganan yang efektif untuk mencegah kerusakan lebih lanjut. Salah satu metode yang potensial adalah penggunaan local drug delivery film kitosan dengan penambahan glutaraldehid sebagai agen crosslinking untuk meningkatkan sifat mekaniknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh durasi perlakuan uap glutaraldehid terhadap sifat mekanik dan perilaku swelling film kitosan. Film kitosan diproduksi menggunakan metode solvent casting dengan komposisi 1% propolis dan gliserin sebagai plasticizer, kemudian dilakukan crosslinking dengan larutan glutaraldehid 0,5% pada suhu 37°C dengan variasi waktu perlakuan 12 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam. Karakterisasi film dilakukan menggunakan Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), analisis swelling, dan uji tarik. Interaksi kimia antara kitosan dan glutaraldehid ditunjukkan dengan puncak dan shoulder peak pada 1651 cm-1 dalam FTIR, mengindikasikan pembentukan ikatan imina (Schiff base) yang mempengaruhi sifat mekanik dan stabilitas film serta menandakan proses crosslinking berhasil dilakukan. Hasil penelitian swelling menunjukkan peningkatan waktu crosslinking mengurangi derajat swelling film hingga 80,27%, dengan film yang diberi perlakuan glutaraldehid menunjukkan derajat swelling lebih rendah (17,50-12,12%) dibandingkan film tanpa perlakuan. Waktu crosslinking juga meningkatkan sifat mekanik film, dengan kekuatan dan kekakuan meningkat hingga 662,3% (566,7 MPa) pada 12 jam, 725,1% (620,3 MPa) pada 24 jam, dan 1061,2% (907,9 MPa) pada 48 jam, dibandingkan film tanpa glutaraldehid (85,6 MPa). Dengan demikian, durasi perlakuan glutaraldehid optimal untuk film kitosan dalam aplikasi penyembuhan periodontitis adalah 12 jam. Durasi ini menghasilkan film kitosan dengan derajat crosslinking yang optimal, derajat swelling terkontrol, dan peningkatan sifat mekanik yang signifikan, memungkinkan film mudah disisipkan ke dalam kantong periodontal dan memberikan penghantaran obat yang efektif tanpa menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan yang signifikan akibat pembengkakan.

---

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting tissues of teeth, requiring effective intervention to prevent further damage. One potential method is the use of local drug delivery chitosan films with the addition of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent to enhance their mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate the influence of glutaraldehyde vapor treatment duration on the mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of chitosan films. Chitosan films were produced using the solvent casting method with a composition of 1% propolis and glycerine as a plasticizer, followed by crosslinking with 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution at 37°C with treatment durations of 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours. The characterization of the films was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), swelling analysis, and tensile testing. Chemical interactions between chitosan and glutaraldehyde were indicated by peaks and shoulder peaks at 1651 cm-1 in the FTIR analysis, suggesting the formation of imine bonds (Schiff base), which affect the mechanical properties and stability of the film, indicating successful crosslinking. The swelling results showed that increasing the crosslinking duration reduced the swelling degree of the film by up to 80.27%, with glutaraldehyde-treated films showing a lower swelling degree (17.50-12.12%) compared to untreated films. Crosslinking time also enhanced the mechanical properties of the film, with strength and stiffness increasing up to 662.3% (566.7 MPa) at 12 hours, 725.1% (620.3 MPa) at 24 hours, and 1061.2% (907.9 MPa) at 48 hours, compared to untreated chitosan films (85.6 MPa). Thus, the optimal glutaraldehyde treatment duration for chitosan films in periodontitis treatment applications is 12 hours. This duration produces chitosan films with optimal crosslinking, controlled swelling, and significant improvements in mechanical properties, allowing the film to be easily inserted into periodontal pockets and provid."

"Pada masa ini penelitian mengenai busa poliuretan dipusatkan pada usaha peningkatan karakteristik kekakuan busa dengan pemilihan bahan baku dan proses yang bersifatterbarukan. Bio-coating kitosan adalah polisakarida linear yang merupakan produk turunan dari chitin, yaitu zat penyusun rangka terluar dari hewan antropoda sepertiudang, kepiting, dan serangga. Hubung silang antara busa poliuretan dengan kitosan dibuktikan dari hasil pengamatan SEM dimana terbentuknya lapisan pada permukan dan pori pori busa. Kemudian pengujian FTIR yang menunjukkan fenomena curing terjadi pada bilangan gelombang 1374 cm-1, yaitu ikatan hubung sialng antara kitosan-STPP pada busa poliuretan. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa pada variasi waktu curing 75 menit dan suhu 135 C merupakan kondisi yang optimum untuk proses curing. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan meningkatnya kekuatan tarik sebesar 4.2 serta nilai resiliansi sebesar 2.5, juga disertai dengan menurunya nilai elongasi sebesar 24 dan nilai kekedapan udara sebesar 26. Nilai stabilitas termalnya juga meningkat dimana dibuktikan dengan meningkatknya persen berat sampel tersisa yaitu 13 dengan suhu degradasi yang lebih rendah yaitu 360 C.

---

At this time research on polyurethane foam is centered on efforts to improve the characteristics of foam stiffness by selecting raw materials and renewable processes.Chitosan bio-coating is a linear polysaccharide which is a derivative product of chitin, the outermost constituent of anthropoid animals such as shrimp, crabs, and insects. The cross linking between polyurethane foam and chitosan is proven from SEM observations where the formation of layers on the surface and pores of the foam pores. Then the FTIR test which shows the curing phenomenon occurs at wave number 1374 cm-1, namely the bonding relationship between chitosan-STPP on polyurethane foam. From the results of this study concluded that the variation of 75 minutes curing time and 135 C temperature is the optimum condition for the curing process. This is evidenced by an increase in tensile strength of 4.2 and a resilience value of 2.5, also accompanied by a decline in the elongation value of 24 and an airtight value of 26. The thermal stability value also increases which is evidenced by the increase in the remaining percent weight of the sample by 13 with a lower degradation temperature of 360."

"Busa poliuretan mempunyai berbagai fungsi dalam dunia manufaktur, dan salah satu fungsinya ialah sebagai headliner pada mobil. Pembuatan headliner mobil membutuhkan properti busa yang rigid dan masih memiliki sedikit elongasi. Sedangkan pembuatan busa rigid membutuhkan zat aditif yang banyak dan relative mahal. Pada saat ini, dilakukan sebuah penelitian berupa pembuatan busa flexible yang dicampurkan dengan 4 gr kitosan dan 0,2 gr kalsium karbonat (CaCO₃) dalam 100 ml larutan 5% asam asetat (CH₃COOH dengan teknik dip coating dan menggunakan vacuum oven. Sampel yang digunakan adalah busa berdensitas 16 kg/m³ dan diberikan perlakuan dengan variable suhu dan waktu curing. Bedasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, perlakuan sampel dengan suhu 100^oC selama 120 menit adalah hasil yang terbaik. Sampel tersebut memiliki nilai ketahanan tarik maksimal dan elongasi yang tergolong baik serta kitosan dan CaCO₃ yang membungkus dengan rata semua pori pada permukaan busa serta memiliki hasil penilaian komposisi kimia dan temperatur dekomposisi yang dapat dikatakan paling baik daripada sampel lainnya. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan perlakuan tersebut dapat dilakukan penelitian atau produksi lanjutan.

---

Polyurethane foam has a major function in the world of manufacturing, and one of its functions as a headliner in cars. Making car headliners requires rigid foam properties and still has a little elongation. While making rigid foam requires a lot of additives and is relatively expensive. At this time, research was carried out consisting of making flexible foam mixed with 4 gr chitosan and 0.2 gr Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) in 100 ml of 5% acetic acid (CH₃COOH) solution with dip coating technique and using a vacuum oven. The sample used is foam density 16 kg/m3 and given with variable temperature and curing time.

Based on the results obtained, sample samples with a temperature of 100^oC for 120 minutes are the best results. This sample has ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation which are classified as good with chitosan and CaCO₃ which wrap with all sizes on the foam surface and also the results of the chemical composition and decomposition temperature which is arguably the best of the other samples. It was agreed that discussions could be carried out for further research or production."

"Produk headliner mobil dapat diperoleh dari pengembangan pengolahan busa poliuretan dan limbah kulit udang yang mengandung kitosan. Busa poliuretan yang dilapisi kitosan dengan metode pencelupan memiliki tujuan untuk memodifikasi sifat elastis menjadi kaku. Pengujian tarik menunjukkan peningkatan kekakuan, sedangkan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) menunjukkan peningkatan suhu degradasi menjadi 295°C untuk tahap pertama, 309°C untuk tahap kedua, dan 372°C untuk tahap ketiga. Proses curing dapat meningkatkan jumlah hubung silang fisika berupa ikatan hidrogen, kemudian peningkatan waktu curing dapat meningkatkan jumlah hubung silang kimia berupa ikatan kovalen sehingga menyebabkan struktur menjadi homogen dan halus yang ditunjukkan oleh Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Namun, suhu curing yang terlalu tinggi atau waktu curing yang terlalu lama menyebabkan ikatan hidrogen bahkan ikatan pada rantai utama terputus sehingga sifat mekanik dan termalnya menurun. Pembentukkan hubung silang fisika dibuktikan dengan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) yaitu peningkatan intensitas ikatan O-H, N-H, dan C=O berikatan hidrogen, sedangkan peningkatan intensitas ikatan C-N dan C-O-C mengindikasikan hubung silang kimia. Busa poliuretan yang dilapisi kitosan dengan proses curing pada 100°C selama 120 menit memiliki kekuatan tarik maksimum 5,56 kgf/cm², elongasi 7%, dan densitas 28,9 kg/m³ yang mendekati spesifikasi sifat mekanik dan fisika produk headliner pada umumnya.

---

Car headliner can be obtained from the development of processing polyurethane foam and shrimp skin waste containing chitosan. Polyurethane foam coated by chitosan using immersion method has purpose of modifying elastic become stiff. Tensile testing showed the increasing of mechanical properties, while Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed the increasing of degradation temperature to 295°C for the first stage, 309°C for the second stage, and 372°C for the third stage. Curing process can add the number of physical crosslinking in form of hydrogen bonds, then the increasing of curing time can add the number of chemical crosslinking in form of covalent bonds, causing the structure become homogeneous and smooth as indicated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). However, if curing temperature is too high or curing time is too long, it will cause hydrogen bonds even main chain to be severed so that its mechanical and thermal properties decrease.

The formation of physical crosslinking is evidenced by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which is increasing the intensity of O-H, N-H, and hydrogen-bonded C=O bonds, while increasing the intensity of C-N and C-O-C bonds indicates chemical crosslinking. Polyurethane foam coated by chitosan and then cured at 100°C for 120 minutes has an ultimate tensile strength of 5.56 kgf/cm², elongation of 7%, and density of 28.9 kg/m³ which is close to the specification of mechanical and physical properties of headliner in general."

"Limbah kemasan makanan plastik sintetik telah menjadi masalah pencemaran lingkungan karena tidak dapat terurai secara alami, saat ini pemanfaatan biopolimer menjadi salah satu solusi karena memiliki sifat bidegradable, biokompatibel dan tidak beracun. Biopolimer yang digunakan carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) dan polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yang memiliki sifat hidrofilik serta ditambahkan nanopartikel MgO dalam biopolimer untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dan sifat fungsionalnya. Keberhasilan sintesis film diperkuat dengan karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, TGA dan SEM-EDS Mapping. Film nanokomposit CMCS-PVA/MgO telah berhasil disintesis, dengan sifat mekanik tensile strength dan elongation at break sebesar 2,6 MPa dan 297,7%, diperoleh pada variasi biopolimer 1:3 dan 2,5% MgO merupakan hasil dengan komposisi yang terbaik, juga dapat diketahui bahwa dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi MgO akan memperkuat sifat mekanik, meningkatkan ketebalan, retensi kelembaban, release ion Mg2+ dalam simulan makanan, serta menurunkan nilai kapasitas swelling, kelarutan, laju transmisi uap air, transparansi dan transmisi cahaya dalam film nanokomposit. Film CMCS-PVA/MgO memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri gram negatif yaitu E.coli dengan meningkatnya jumlah konsentrasi MgO memberikan zona hambat untuk film CMCS-PVA/MgO 1% dan MgO 2,5% sebesar 9,1 dan 9,7 mm serta memerlukan waktu degradasi optimal yaitu selama 16 hari. Film nanokomposit CMCS-PVA/MgO dapat diaplikasikan sebagai kemasan makanan antimikroba serta mampu meningkatkan umur simpan makanan.

---

Synthetic plastic food packaging waste has become a problem of environmental pollution because it cannot decompose naturally currently, use of biopolymer is one solution baceause it has biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. In this research, biopolymers used are carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) which have hydrophilic properties and MgO nanoparticles are added to the biopolymer to improve its mechanical and functional properties. Synthesis of biopolimer-based nanocomposite film has been successfully, this is supported by the results of the characterization of nanocomposite films using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS Mapping. The CMCS-PVA/MgO nanocomposite film with mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation at break is 2.6 MPa and 297.7%, obtained at biopolymer variations of 1:3 and 2.5% MgO which is the result with the best composition. It can also be seen that with increasing MgO concentration, it will strengthen mechanical properties, increase thickness, moisture retention, release Mg2+ ions in food simulants, and decrease swelling capacity, solubility, water vapor transmission rate, transparency and light transmission in nanocomposite films. CMCS-PVA/MgO nanocomposite film has antibacterial activity against gram-negative E.coli with an increasing amount of MgO concentration in providing inhibition zones for CMCS-PVA/MgO 1% and MgO 2.5% films of 9.1 and 9.7 mm. The CMCS-PVA/MgO 2,5% nanocomposite film required an optimal degradation time of 16 days. Based on mechanical properties and antibacterial potential of the developed nanocomposite films, can be applied as antimicrobial food packaging and can increase food shelf life."

"[Pada penelitian ini, serat ijuk dihancurkan dan diayak ukuran 40 # setelah itu serat ijuk diberi perlakuan kimia dengan NaOH 2 % selama 1 jam, KMnO4 0,1 N selama 15 menit, dan NaClO 5 % selama 5 jam dengan tujuan mendapatkan selulosa kristalin. Setelah itu dilakukan proses pencampuran kering (hotmelt mixing) antara polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuan kimia dengan 7,5 % volum serat ijuk terhadap polipropilen dengan variabel temperatur 160°C, 165°C, dan 170°C dan variabel waktu pencampuran 15 menit dan 20 menit. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian uji FTIR buat serat, sedangan buat komposit adalah uji tarik, uji STA, uji XRD, dan uji FE-SEM hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sifat kristalinitas dan mekanik dari komposit polipropilen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan lebih kristalin dari pada serat ijuk tanpa perlakukan, polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan kimia cukup kompatibel terhadap polipropilen, dari penelitian didapatkan sifat kristalinitas terbaik pada variabel 165°C selama 20 menit. Dan yang memiliki sifat kekuatan tarik paling baik adalah variabel 170°C selama 20 menit, sedangkan yang memiliki % elongasi paling baik adalah dengan variabel 160°C 20 menit.

---

In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes., In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.]"

"In order to reduce the dependency on imported products of railway wheels, efforts have been made to produce it in the country. The manufacture of railway wheels is done through a casting process of raw materials originated from used railway wheels. The results of the casting process requires heat treatment processes to improve the mechanical properties in accordance with the standards. This study has begun with the manufacture of test specimens for chemical composition, tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. It is followed by heat treatment processes namely normalizing, flame hardening and tempering. The normalizing process, at a temperature of 850°C with a holding time of 2 hours followed by cooling in the air, has resulted in tensile strength of 906.1 MPa and hardness of 24 HRC. The flame hardening process at a temperature of 800°C with a holding time of 60 seconds followed by water quenching has resulted in hardness of 57.33 HRC. The tempering process at a temperature of 500°C with a holding time of one hour followed by cooling in the air, has resulted in a final surface hardness of 34 to 37 HRC that complies with the railway standard with effective depth of hardening of 10 mm.

---

Dalam rangka untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap produk impor roda kereta api, maka telah dilakukan usaha untuk membuatnya di dalam negeri. Usaha pembuatan roda kereta api dilakukan melalui proses pengecoran dengan bahan baku dari roda kereta api bekas. Hasil dari proses pengecoran tersebut memerlukan proses perlakuan panas untuk mendapatkan sifat mekanik yang sesuai dengan standar. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pembuatan spesimen untuk pengujian komposisi kimia, kekuatan tarik, kekerasan dan struktur mikro. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses perlakuan panas berupa normalizing, flame hardening dan tempering. Proses normalizing dilakukan pada temperatur 850°C, waktu penahanan selama 2 (dua) jam dan didinginkan di udara menghasilkan kekuatan tarik sebesar 906.1 MPa dan kekerasan 24 HRC. Proses flame hardening pada temperatur 800°C, waktu penahanan 60 detik dengan media pendingin air menghasilkan kekerasan permukaan sebesar 58.35 HRC. Proses tempering pada temperatur 500°C, waktu penahanan selama 1 (satu) jam menghasilkan kekerasan antara 34-37 HRC dengan kedalaman pengerasan efektif sebesar 10 mm."

"Program Tol Laut membuat produksi kapal di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Galangan yang memproduksi kapal di Indonesia seringkali menggunakan metode flame straightening untuk meluruskan kembali plat yang bengkok akibat sebaran panas yang tidak merata, maupun karena kurangnya perhatian dalam penaganan plat ataupun blok. Galangan di Indonesia secara umum menggunakan plat baja karbon rendah untuk membangun kapal. Perlakuan flame straightening yang dilakukan di galangan seringkali tidak memiliki standar yang jelas. Karenanya harus diketahui pengaruh yang terjadi pada bagian yang diberikan flame straightening dari perspektif struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik. Mereplikasi kegiatan flame straightening yang terjadi di galangan dengan variabel waktu pemanasan dan temperatur maksimum, penelitian ini memberikan hasil berupa gambaran pengaruh flame straightening tersebut.Pengujian hasil pemanasan dilakukan dengan observasi visual, uji tarik, uji kekerasan, dan observasi struktur mikro dengan SEM-EDX. Terbukti bahwa perlakuan panas flame straightening memberikan dampak pada plat spesimen. Observasi visual memberi keluaran bahwa terdapat corak warna yang terjadi setelah dilakukan perlakuan panas, corak tersebut terjadi secara acak. Begitu pula dengan uji kekerasan yang memberikan hasil acak namun terbukti terdapat penambahan nilai kekerasan dibanding material yang belum diberi perlakuan panas. Uji tarik memberi hasil bahwa semakin lama pemanasan, maka kekuatan tarik akan semakin baik, sampai dengan variabel waktu yang ditentukan. Pengujian SEM-EDX memberikan hasil yang sesuai dengan teori struktur mikro dan diagram fasa, yang mengatakan dengan variabel yang telah ditentukan seharusnya tidak ada perubahan struktur mikro yang terjadi.

---

Tol Laut Program is increasing the shipbuilding activities in Indonesia. Shipbuilding shipyards in Indonesia oftenly use flame straightening in order to realign deformed plates due to uneven heat spreading, as well as the lack of concern when handling plates or ship blocks. Indonesian shipyards commonly use low carbon steel for shipbuilding. Flame straightening that is done in shipyards, oftenly have no clear standards. That is why it is important to know the influence happened in the flame straightened part of the plates form the microstructural and mechanical properties perspectives. Replicating the flame straightening done in shipyards with heating time and maximum temperature as variables, this research gives an output of  the depiction of the influence of flame straightening.The examination of the heating results is done by visual observation, tensile test, hardness tes, and microstructural observation using SEM-EDX. It is proved that flame straightening affects the specimens. Visual observation shows a colored pattern that occurs after the heat treatment, and the pattern occurs randomly. Hardness test also gives a random output but proved the addition of hardness number compared to untreated materials. Tensile test gives the output of the increase of tensile strength correspondently with the length of heating time, with the specified time variable. SEM-EDX gives the corresponding output with the microstructure and phase diagram theory, that with the specified variables, there should not be any change."

"Material baja tahan karat dua fasa SAF 2205 pipa kelas 65 diberikan pengerjaan berupa cold pilgering sehingga mengalami peningkatan kekuatan dan masuk kelas 140. Pada aplikasinya diperlukan pipa dengan spesifikasi kelas 110 atau 125 yang memiliki elongasi lebih tinggi tapi kekuatan yang lebih rendah. Pemberian perlakuan pelunakan pada suhu 350˚C, 450˚C, dan 550˚C dengan waktu tahan 10 dan 20 menit diberikan untuk menghasilkan penurunan kekuatan dan peningkatan elongasi pada material. Penurunan kekuatan dan peningkatan elongasi yang paling optimal terjadi pada suhu 550˚C dengan waktu tahan 10 menit.

---

Seamless tube of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 grade 65 were given cold pilgering treatmentthat increases strength and theirgrade to 140. Some applications requiringseamless tube with specification of grade 110 and 125 that have higher ductility but lower strength. Heat treatment at temperature 350˚C, 450˚C, and 550˚C with holding time 10 and 20 minutes resulted decreasing of yield strength and increasing of elongation of material. Decreasing of yield strength and increasing of elongation reach optimum number at temperature 550˚C with holding time 20 minute."

"ABSTRAKBaja tahan karat dua fasa SAF 2205 pipa kelas 65 diberikan perlakuan cold pilgering menyebabkan kelasnya meningkat menjadi kelas 140 dan kekuatan luluhnya juga meningkat. Meningkatnya kekuatan luluh ternyata menurunkan ketangguhan material. Diberikan perlakuan panas untuk meningkatkan ketangguhan tersebut dan diharapkan sifat mekanisnya mendekati kelas 125 atau 110. Diberikan perlakuan panas dengan suhu 350 ̊C, 450 ̊C dan 550 ̊C dengan waktu tahan 30 dan 40 menit. Setelah diberikan perlakuan, diperiksa sifat mekanisnya dengan pengujian tarik, impak, keras dan metalografi. Didapatkan parameter optimum untuk mendapatkan ketangguhan yang optimum pada suhu 550 ̊C dengan waktu tahan 30 menit.

---

ABSTRACTDuplex stainless steel SAF 2205 grade 65 given cold pilgering treatment that increase their grade to grade 140 and increase the yield strength. Increasing yield strength, lowering the toughness of material. Heat treatment given to material to increase the toughness and make the mechanical properties closer to grade 125 or 110. Heat treatment parameter that been used are 350 ̊C, 450 ̊C, and 550 ̊C with holding time 30 and 40 minutes. After heat treatment, the mechanical properties checked with tensile test, impact test, hardness test and metallography. The optimum parameter for the optimum toughness is reached in temperature 550 ̊C with holding time 30 minute."