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"Jalur transmisi bakteri Salmonella spp. salah satunya berasal dari feses hewan ternak yang merupakan hasil samping dari aktivitas beternak, serta berpotensi menyebabkan kontaminasi Salmonella spp. pada aspek lingkungan, seperti tanah dan air. Akibatnya, seluruh pekerja yang terlibat dalam aktivitas beternak rentan terkena paparan Salmonella spp., baik melalui kontak fisik secara langsung dengan feses hewan ternak maupun melalui interaksi dengan lingkungan yang tercemar. Studi ini dilakukan sebagai upaya mengurangi risiko paparan Salmonella spp, terhadap para peternak dengan memperoleh taksiran jumlah Salmonella spp. di peternakan area studi, menganalisis potensi nilai paparan dan beban penyakit yang timbul, serta merancang skenario penanganan yang sesuai. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Multitube Fermentation untuk mengetahui konsentrasi Salmonella spp. dalam satuan Most Probable Number (MPN) dan dengan metode Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) untuk menganalisis risiko paparan Salmonella spp. terhadap kesehatan para pekerja peternakan. Kuantifikasi dan pengujian biokimia Salmonella spp. menunjukkan bahwa 7 dari 16 sampel mengandung Salmonella spp. terkonfirmasi. Dari 7 sampel tersebut, sampel yang mengandung Salmonella spp. dengan konsentrasi tertinggi adalah feses kambing berumur >2 tahun (120 MPN/g), sedangkan yang terendah adalah pada sampel air selokan (7,4 MPN/mL). Hasil perhitungan analisis QMRA dengan simulasi Monte-Carlo menunjukkan bahwa nilai median beban penyakit (disease burden atau DB) terbesar berasal dari air irigasi, yakni sebesar 8,85 x 10-4 DALY/orang/tahun, sedangkan yang terkecil berasal dari pupuk kandang, yakni sebesar 4,42 x 10-8 DALY/orang/tahun. Dari seluruh nilai DB yang diperoleh, hanya nilai DB pupuk kandang yang memenuhi baku mutu yang ditetapkan oleh WHO terkait paparan bakteri patogen di negara berkembang, yakni sebesar 10-4 DALY/orang/tahun. Oleh karena itu, disusunlah skenario intervensi kualitatif yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk meminimalisir risiko kesehatan yang timbul terhadap para peternak akibat paparan Salmonella spp. Skenario-skenario intervensi yang diajukan melalui penelitian ini terdiri dari skenario penerapan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Skenario jangka pendek, yakni dengan vermicomposting untuk menyisihkan feses kambing dan penutupan saluran drainase di sekitar kandang kambing. Sedangkan skenario jangka panjang dapat dilakukan dengan penyemprotan larutan bacteriophage untuk mengurangi biofilm Salmonella spp., serta penerapan teknologi pengolahan air sederhana untuk air selokan di dekat kandang sebelum dilepaskan ke lingkungan dan untuk air irigasi yang akan digunakan untuk keperluan kandang.

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The most fundamental transmission pathway of Salmonella spp. is through livestock stool which is a by-product of livestock farming activities, and has the potential to cause contamination of Salmonella spp. on environmental aspects, such as land and water. As a result, all workers involved in livestock activities are susceptible to exposure to Salmonella spp., either through direct physical contact with livestock feces or through interaction with the contaminated environment. This study was conducted to reduce the risk of exposure to Salmonella spp. towards livestock farmers by obtaining estimates of the number of Salmonella spp. on the study area farm, analyzing the potential exposure values ​​and disease burden that arise, and designing appropriate intervention scenarios. The research was carried out using the Multitube Fermentation method to determine the concentration of Salmonella spp. in Most Probable Number (MPN) units and using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) method to analyze the risk of exposure to Salmonella spp. towards the health of the livestock farm workers. Quantification and biochemical testing of Salmonella spp. showed that 7 out of 16 samples contained confirmed Salmonella spp. Of these 7 samples, samples containing Salmonella spp. with the highest concentration was from >2 years-old goats’ stool sample (120 MPN/g), while the lowest was from ditch water sample (7.4 MPN/mL). The results of QMRA analysis calculations using Monte-Carlo simulations show that the largest median of disease burden (DB) value comes from irrigation water, i.e. 8.85 x 10-4 DALY/person/year, while the smallest comes from manure, i.e. 4.42 x 10-8 DALY.pppy-1. Of all the DB values ​​obtained, only the DB value of manure meets the quality standards set by WHO regarding exposure to pathogenic bacteria in developing countries, i.e. 10-4 DALY.pppy-1. Therefore, this study proposes intervention scenarios that can be applied to minimize the health risks that arise towards livestock farmers due to exposure to Salmonella spp. The intervention scenarios proposed through this research consist of long-term and short-term implementation. Short-term scenario, i.e. vermicomposting to eliminate goat feces and closing drainage channels around the goat closed house. Meanwhile, long-term scenarios can be carried out by spraying bacteriophage solutions to reduce Salmonella spp. biofilms, as well as implementing simple water treatment technology for sewer water near the closed house before it is released into the environment and for irrigation water that will be used for livestock care purposes."

"Industri minyak dan gas merupakan salah satu industri dengan tingkat risiko tinggi bagi pekerja dan masyarakat sekitar. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sifat dari produk yang dihasilkan, yaitu hidrokarbon (gas dan cair), termasuk ke dalam kategori zat yang mudah terbakar. Salah satu upaya untuk memahami tingkat risiko bekerja di fasilitas migas adalah dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif atau yang sering disebut dengan QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment). QRA yang dilakukan di ORF (Onshore Receiving Facility) bertujuan untuk memahami perubahan risiko terhadap pekerja di ORF dikarenakan adanya modifikasi dan penambahan sistem perpipaan Lean Gas untuk keperluan komersial. Selain itu, modifikasi sistem perpipaan juga dilakukan di KM 21.65. Hasil studi QRA untuk ORF dan KM 21.65 menunjukkan bahwa paparan risiko tertinggi berasal dari proses hidrokarbon untuk kelompok pekerja Field Operator, Assistance Operator, dan Turnaround Staff dengan IRPA berada di angka 4.24E-05/tahun dikarenakan tingkat kehadiran yang tinggi di area proses, dengan kontribusi risiko mencapai 54%. Selain itu, area ORF dan KM 21.65 telah memenuhi kriteria LSIR dengan tidak melebihi 1.00E-05/tahun dan 1.00E-06/tahun untuk area di luar pagar batas ORF dan KM 21.65. Societal Risk di ORF dan KM 21.65 berada di area ALARP dan memenuhi kriteria perusahaan. Hasil studi ini juga telah melalui proses validasi, baik untuk data input dan hasil perhitungan, yang dilakukan oleh gabungan tim dari Operations, Project Development – Facilitites Engineering, Maintenance, Asset Integrity dan HSEQ – Pocess Safety. Sebagai tambahan, studi ini telah dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan Aspek K3LL, Kode Etik Keinsinyuran dan Profesionalisme.

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The oil and gas industry is an industry with a high level of risk for workers and the surrounding community. This is due to the nature of the products produced, namely hydrocarbons (gas and liquid), which are included in the category of flammable substances. One effort to understand the level of risk of working in oil and gas facilities is to use quantitative methods or what is often called QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment). The QRA carried out at ORF (Onshore Receiving Facility) aims to understand changes in risk to workers at ORF due to modifications and additions to the Lean Gas piping system for commercial purposes. Apart from that, modifications to the piping system were also carried out at KM 21.65. The results of the QRA study for ORF and KM 21.65 show that the highest risk exposure comes from the hydrocarbon process for the Field Operator, Assistance Operator and Turnaround Staff worker groups with IRPA at 4.24E-05/year due to the high level of presence in the process area, with risk contribution reached 54%. In addition, the ORF and KM 21.65 areas have met the LSIR criteria by not exceeding 1.00E-05/year and 1.00E-06/year for areas outside the ORF and KM 21.65 boundary fences. Societal Risk at ORF and KM 21.65 is in the ALARP area and meets the company's criteria. The findings of this study have undergone a validation process for both input data and calculation results, conducted by a collaborative team from Operations, Project Development – Facilities Engineering, Maintenance, Asset Integrity, and HSEQ – Process Safety. Additionally, this study has been conducted with consideration for HSE (Health, Safety, Environment, and Loss Prevention) aspects, Engineering Code of Ethics, and Professionalism."

"ABSTRAKSuatu Jaringan Gas Kota, secara umum, memiliki sebuah potensi dalam risiko kebakaran dan ledakan. Hingga saat ini, tingkat risiko jaringan gas kota yang terletak di Depok, Jawa Barat belum diperhitungkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung risiko dengan metode penilaian risiko kuantitatif. Penilaian ini dilakukan dengan penentuan frekuensi kegagalan, dengan analisis konsekuensi menggunakan Software ALOHA, dan dengan mengevaluasi besarnya risiko yang dikategorikan menurut kriteria standar UK Health and Safety Executive UK-HSE . Jadi, mitigasi risiko jaringan gas dapat direkomendasikan secara akurat berdasarkan Cost-Benefit Analysis dengan rasio cost dan benefit kurang dari atau sama dengan 10 yang berarti rekomendasi tersebut layak untuk dilakukan. Hasil dari evaluasi risiko menunjukkan bahwa risiko individu di setiap 28 node dalam Jaringan Gas Kota Depok bernilai antara 2,66 x 10-5/tahun sampai 7,93 x 10-5/tahun dan dikategorikan dalam Kategori II yaitu ditoleransi jika ALARP atau As Low As Reasonably Practicable . Selanjutnya hasil evaluasi risiko sosial menurut UK-HSE F-N Curve juga dikonfirmasi dalam Kategori II. Jadi, untuk mencapai ALARP, terutama untuk mencegah kemungkinan kebocoran akumulasi gas dalam ruangan, direkomendasikan dengan pemasangan Rooftop Turbine Ventilator di Metering Regulating Station node ??3 . Selain dari station tersebut, patroli inspeksi visual berkala harus dilakukan untuk semua node pipa.

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ABSTRACT A City Gas Network has, commonly, a potential in an accident of fire and explosion risks. To date, the extent of risk of city gas network located in Depok, West Java hasn rsquo t yet be taken into account. The aim of the research is to count the risk by method of quantitative risk assessment. This assessment is performed by determination of the failure frequency, by consequence analysis using Software ALOHA, and by evaluating the risk magnitude that is categorized according to the UK Health and Safety Executive UK HSE standard criteria. So, the gas network risk mitigation can be recommended accurately based on the Cost Benefit Analysis with the ratio between cost and benefit less than or equal to 10 which means that the mitigation is feasible. The results from the risk evaluation showed that the individual risk in each of 28 nodes in the Depok City Gas Network is in the range of 2,66 x 10 5 year sampai 7,93 x 10 5 year and is categorized wholly in Category II i.e tolerable if ALARP or As Low As Reasonably Practicable . Furthermore the result of societal risk evaluation according to UK HSE F N Curve is also confirmed in Category II. So, in order to achieve ALARP, it is recommended, especially, to prevent the possiblities of leaked gas indoor accumulation by the installation of Rooftop Turbine Ventilator at Metering Regulating Station node 3 . The other of gas station, the periodic patrols and visual inspections should be carried out for all pipeline nodes."

"Environmental risk analysis is complex and interdisciplinary; this book explains the fundamental concepts and analytical methods in each essential discipline."

"Skripsi ini berisi tentang analisis risiko pada kegiatan Praktikum Kimia Analitik Kuantitatif di Laboratorium Kimia Metalurgi Tahun 2012. Tujuannya adalah untuk menilai tingkat risiko di laboratorium kimia. Metode identifikasi hazard menggunakan Task Risk Analysis, sedangkan untuk analisis risiko dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode analisis risiko semikuantitatif dengan kriteria penilaian risiko (consequence, likelihood, dan exposure).Hasil analisis tingkat risiko yang didapatkan, yaitu risiko dengan tingkat risiko very high sebanyak 4 (4,5%), priority 1 sebanyak 6 (6,7%), substantial sebanyak 42 (47,2%), priority 3 sebanyak 25 (28,1%), dan acceptable sebanyak 12 (13,5%). Saran yang dapat diberikan yaitu diperlukannya manajemen keselamatan di laboratorium melalui program keselamatan laboratorium.The focus on this study is risk analysis in Quantitative Analytical Chemistry at Department Metallurgical and Material Engineering Chemistry Laboratory of University of Indonesia in 2012. This aim to assess risk level at the laboratory activity. Hazard identification method using the Task Risk Analysis, while for risk analysis is undertaken by semi-quantitative method that uses risk assessment criteria (consequence, likelihood, exposure).

Level of risk analytical results is risk with very high level has 4 (4,5%), priority 1 level has 6 (6,7%), substantial level has 42 (47,2%), priority 3 level has 25 (28,1%), and acceptable level has 12 (13,5%). The recommendations are need a safety management at laboratory with create a laboratory safety program."

"Many diseases can have an impact upon oral health and/​or the safe delivery of dental care. Consequently, oral health care providers need to be comfortable with assessing the risk of providing dental care to their patients with systemic disease as well as the evaluation of oral conditions that may represent manifestations or consequences of systemic disease. Risk Assessment and Oral Diagnostics in Clinical Dentistry aims to enable the dental practitioner to comfortably and capably assess when medical conditions may impact dental care and diagnose oral conditions using routine testing."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang Health Risk Assessment yang diperoleh pada proses kegiatan kerja di Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) PT.X tahun 2012. Penilaian risiko kesehatan dilakukan dengan menganalisis nilai Potensial Risk (PR), Intrinsic Gravity Rate (G), Frequency Rate of Exposure (F), Duration of the exposure or the repeat rate of exposed task (D), Residual Risk (RR), dan Prevention Means (PM) dari setiap wilayah kerja yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan tabel standar ACGIH TLV's 2011 dan Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja (Kepmenaker No. 13/Men/X/2011) untuk mengetahui level risiko kesehatan yang ada pada setiap kegiatan kerja tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan melakukan observasi, pengukuran dan pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ditemukan level risiko kesehatan yang sangat tinggi (very critical) pada wilayah Main Deck (Bising, Asbestos, Paederus littoralis), Main Floor, Lower Engine Flat, Upper Engine Flat (Bising dan Asbestos) di PT.X tersebut.

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This Health Risk Assessment (HRA) research that was held at Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) PT.X in 2012, is based on process working area. Health Risk Assessment was conducted by analyzing Potensial Risk (PR), Intrinsic Gravity Rate (G), Frequency Rate of Exposure (F), Duration of the exposure or the repeat rate of exposed task (D), Residual Risk (RR), and Prevention Means (PM) value that came from every job activity. The result will be compared with ACGIH TLV's 2011 and Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja (Kepmenaker No. 13/Men/X/2011).

The design of this study is cross sectional by conducting observation, measurment, and data gathering. The result of this study showed that heath risk level are very high (very critical) on Main Deck (Noise, Asbestos, Paederus littoralis), Main Floor, Lower Engine Flat, Upper Engine Flat (Noise and Asbestos) in the PT.X work area."

"[ABSTRAKKecelakaan pada Alur Pelayaran Masuk dan Kolam Pelabuhan berdampak besar bagi pelabuhan tersebut, mulai dari nyawa manusia, kerugian materi, pencemaran lingkungan, hingga dampak buruk bagi stakeholder pelabuhan. Berdasar dari laporan investigasi kecelakaan KNKT, Risk Assessment dibuat. Risk Assessment diperlukan untuk menilai bobot dari resiko terjadinya kembali kecelakaan tersebut. Dari contoh Risk Assessment yang dibuat, disimpulkan bahwa faktor yang kerap menyebabkan kecelakaan di Alur Pelayaran Masuk dan Kolam Pelabuhan adalah Nakhoda yang tidak mengikuti prosedur pelayanan pandu dengan benar dan pemeliharaan fasilitas pelabuhan yang kurang baik. Untuk mencegah keccelakaan terulang, dibuat Lembar Permohonan Tanpa Pandu dan Lembar Pemeliharaan Fasilitas Pelabuhan.

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ABSTRACT

Ship accident at port entrance channel and port basin has a major impact on human lives, material losses, environmental pollution, and bad impact for the port stakeholders. Risk Assessment is based on KNKT?s investigation reports , Risk Assessment is needed to assess the weight of the risk recurrence similar accident. An example of a Risk Assessment Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak concluded that the bad procedure pilot service execution and bad port facilities maintenance are mostly causes ship accidents at port entrance channel and port basin. The recommendations to reduce the similar accidents are to apply ?Lembar Permohonan Tanpa Pandu? and ?Lembar Pemeliharaan Fasilitas Pelabuhan?.;Ship accident at port entrance channel and port basin has a major impact on human lives, material losses, environmental pollution, and bad impact for the port stakeholders. Risk Assessment is based on KNKT?s investigation reports , Risk Assessment is needed to assess the weight of the risk recurrence similar accident. An example of a Risk Assessment Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak concluded that the bad procedure pilot service execution and bad port facilities maintenance are mostly causes ship accidents at port entrance channel and port basin. The recommendations to reduce the similar accidents are to apply ?Lembar Permohonan Tanpa Pandu? and ?Lembar Pemeliharaan Fasilitas Pelabuhan?., Ship accident at port entrance channel and port basin has a major impact on human lives, material losses, environmental pollution, and bad impact for the port stakeholders. Risk Assessment is based on KNKT’s investigation reports , Risk Assessment is needed to assess the weight of the risk recurrence similar accident. An example of a Risk Assessment Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak concluded that the bad procedure pilot service execution and bad port facilities maintenance are mostly causes ship accidents at port entrance channel and port basin. The recommendations to reduce the similar accidents are to apply “Lembar Permohonan Tanpa Pandu” and “Lembar Pemeliharaan Fasilitas Pelabuhan”.]"

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Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan memberikan pandangan mengenai

inherent fraud risk pada satu organisasi pengawasan industri di Indonesia. Analisisinherent fraud risk yang akan diteliti menggunakan langkah-langkah yangmerupakan kombinasi dari standar ISO 31000:2018 dan COSO:2016. Berdasarkanobservasi terhadap tugas pokok dan unit kerja organisasi diidentifikasi 18 skemafraud. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 4 skema fraud tertinggi yaitu“Pemerasan kepada pihak ke-3”, “Benturan kepentingan perizinan”, “Benturankepentingan pengaturan eksternal”, dan “Benturan kepentinganPenindakan/pemeriksaan”. Terkait tugas pokok terdapat 3 hal yang harusdiperhatikan yaitu pengelolaan sistem informasi, logistik, dan pengawasan industri.

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This research aims to analyze and provide views on inherent fraud risk of an

Industrial Supervisory in Indonesia. The inherent fraud risk analysis will beexamined using the combination of the methods presented in ISO 31000:2018 andCOSO: 2016. Based on observations of the main tasks and work units of theorganization, there are 18 fraud schemes identified. The results of this study indicatethat the four highest fraud schemes are "Extortion to the 3rd party", "Conflict ofinterest in licensing", "Conflict of interests in external arrangements", and "Conflictof interest in Enforcement/inspection". As for related tasks, there are three thingsthat must be considered: management of information systems, logistics, andindustrial supervision.

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