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"Praktik menyelam bebas yang dilakukan oleh nelayan tradisional Indonesia dihadapkan pada kondisi lingkungan ekstrim yang mengakibatkan hipoksia dan stress oksidatif yang dapat memicu terjadinya inflamasi. Proses inflamasi berhubungan dengan aktivasi jalur pensinyalan NF-κB yang meregulasi gen-gen sitokin proinflamasi, sedangkan respons seluler terhadap rendahnya kadar oksigen pada hipoksia melibatkan HIF sebagai regulator utamanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α, NF-κB, sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi pada nelayan penyelam bebas serta kontrol non penyelam yang berasal dari Provinsi Maluku. Studi cross-sectional dilakukan dengan pengujian sitokin TNF-α, IL-6 dan IL-10 dari plasma menggunakan sandwich ELISA serta isolasi RNA dari darah lengkap untuk analisis ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α dan NF-κB menggunakan RT-qPCR. Data hasil penelitian diuji normalitas menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk, dilanjutkan uji independent T-test untuk data terdistribusi normal dan uji Mann Whitney untuk data tidak terdistribusi normal. Analisis korelasi antara ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α dan NF-κB dengan profil sitokin menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson untuk data yang terdistribusi normal atau Rank Spearman untuk data yang tidak terdistribusi normal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α maupun NF-κB serta kadar TNF-α pada nelayan penyelam bebas dibandingkan dengan kontrol non penyelam. Namun, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari kadar IL-6 dan IL-10 antara nelayan penyelam bebas dengan kontrol non penyelam (p< 0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α dan NF-κB terhadap sitokin TNF-α, IL-6 dan IL-10. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini terjadi peningkatan ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α, NF-κB serta kadar sitokin TNF-α, IL-6 dan IL-10 secara seluler, tetapi masih dalam rentang respon fisiologisnya.

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Breath-hold diving or freediving in Traditional Indonesian fishermen, is faced with extreme environmental conditions that result in hypoxia and oxidative stress, which can trigger inflammation. The inflammatory process is associated with the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which regulates proinflammatory cytokine genes, while the cellular response to low oxygen levels in hypoxia involves HIF as the main regulator. The aim of this study was to analyze the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, NF-κB, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines in freediving fishermen and non-divers from Maluku Province. The study used a cross-sectional design. Blood samples were obtained from both subjects. The blood plasma samples were used to quantify TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by using ELISA. RNA isolation from whole blood specimen was carried out for analysis of HIF-1α and NF-κB mRNA expression using RT-qPCR. The data were analyzed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test if the data was normally distributed, followed by the parametric independent T-test; otherwise, the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was used. Correlation study of HIF-1α and NF-κB mRNA expression with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in freedivers and non-diver controls was performed using the Pearson correlation test for normally distributed data or Spearman's Rank for non-normal distribution. There were no significant differences observed in the expression of HIF-1α and NF-κB in freediving fishermen and nondivers, as well as no significant differences in the TNF-α levels among freediving fishermen and non-divers. Both IL-6 and IL-10 are elevated markedly (p<0.05) in freediving fishermen when compared with non-divers. There was no correlation between HIF-1α, NF-κB expression and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10. The conclusion of this study is that although there was an increase in several parameters, both HIF-1α and NF-κB mRNA expression, as well as pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6) and antiinflammatory (IL-10) cytokines at the cellular level, were still within the range of physiological responses."

"Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen lapangan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan randomized controlled trials untuk mengeksplorasi peran dari self control problem dan social preference dalam proses pengambilan keputusan individu dengan kasus upaya peningkatan keberhasilan program konversi BBM BBG bagi nelayan kecil. Upaya ini dilakukan dengan dua jenis perlakuan yaitu program cashback dan stiker social norm. RCT dilakukan dengan unit randomisasi klaster dan unit analisis individu guna meminimalisir terjadinya bias dan spillover effect. Total sampel adalah 302 yang dialokasikan secara stratified randomization pada tahap kabupaten menjadi 79 sampel perlakuan stiker, 83 sampel perlakuan cashback, 62 sampel perlakuan kombinasi stiker-cashback, dan 78 sampel kontrol. Pengukuran endline dilakukan dua puluh satu hari setelah pelaksanaan program konversi pemberian mesin BBG kepada nelayan . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penggunaan BBG baik secara status penggunaan BBG pada akhir pengamatan maupun secara durasi penggunaan BBG di kelompok perlakuan stiker, kelompok perlakuan cashback dan kelompok perlakuan stiker-cashback lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa nudge cashback dan stiker social norm mampu meningkatkan keberhasilan program konversi BBM BBG bagi nelayan kecil.

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This field experiment was conducted by using randomized controlled trials to explore the role of self control problem and social preference in individual decision-making process, especially in increasing fuel-gas conversion program success for small-scale fishermen. Nudge of soft commitment called cashback for self control problem and nudge of social norm sticker for social preference were used as additional treatment in order to increase the program success. Trials were done by cluster randomization and individual analysis. Total sample was 302 allocated by stratified randomization in district level into 79 sample of sticker treatment group, 83 sample of cashback treatment group, 62 sample of sticker and cashback combination treatment group, and 78 sample of control group. Twenty-one days observations were conducted starting from the program implementation. Status and duration of the gas usage were analyzed in ETT and ITT analysis. The results demonstrate that the use of cashback and social norm sticker has a positive effect on increasing fuel-gas conversion program success for small-scale fishermen."

"Tesis ini membahas dominasi pemilik modal dan adaptasi nelayan pada komunitas nelayan Rampus di Jakarta. Bagaimana ikatan (jaringan) antara nelayan dan pemilik modal terbentuk, bentuk dominasi yang dilakukan dan adaptasi yang dilakukan nelayan. Studi ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan menggunakan teori jaringan Granovetter (2005). Hutang dijadikan fokus bahasan terpenting dalam jaringan. Kuat lemahnya hutang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hubungan antara nelayan dan pemilik modal. Jaringan yang tersusun atas hutang akan menyebabkan ketergantungan tindakan ekonomi.

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This thesis discusses the dominance of the capital owners and the adaptation of fishermen on Rampus fishing communities in Jakarta. How the networking between fishermen and capital owners are formed, the forms of capital owners domination and adaptations made by fishermen. This study are qualitative and used network theory of Granovetter (2005). The study will be more focused of the debt as an important part in the network. Strength of debt may affect the quality of the relationship between fishermen and capital owners. Network composed of debt will caused to economic dependency action."

"Phalerin is an active component of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff.) Boerl) proven to have an anti inflamation effect. The labeling of phalerin with gamma emiting radionuclides was aimed to study is pharmacokinetic behavior and particularly to trace its metabolites. The labeling with I was caried our using iodogen as oxidator. Radiolabeled compound was characterized by high performance liquid choromatography (HPLC) using C-18 column eluted with methanol 70% and detected with UV detector (z=291 nm) and by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using silica gel strips eluted with chloroform - methanol (9:2), and lebeling efficiency was determined using the same TLC system. Purification of radiolabeled product was carried out using size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex G-25 column) eluted with 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 Biodistributions of I-phalerin in various organs of normal and inflammation - induced mice were observed at 1,4 and 24 hours post-intravenous injection. radiochemical purity of I-phalerin was 90.2 krang lebih 2.8% and increased to 96.0 krang lebih0,4% after purification. Radioactivities in inflamed tissue at 1,4 and 24 hours post injection were respectively 1.6 times, 1,4 times and 1.3 times higher than that in normal tissue. The results showed a significant uptake of radiolabeled phalerin in inflamed."

"ABSTRAKPasien kanker umumnya mengalami penurunan berat badan terkait kaheksia. Patofisiologi kaheksia kanker multifaktorial, termasuk efek sitokin pro inflamasi dan inflamasi sistemik. Profil asam amino plasma pada pasien kanker mengalami perubahan. Deplesi protein dapat terjadi akibat asupan yang menurun atau efek langsung dari tumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dan hubungan antara asam amino serum, status nutrisi dan sitokin-sitokin pro-anti inflamasi, serta sel T helper 17 pada pasien kaheksia kanker paru. Penelitian potong lintang dengan consecutive sampling pada pasien kanker paru dengan kaheksia ini mengambil subjek berusia lebih dari 18 tahun dan belum diterapi atau sudah selesai terapi lebih dari 2 bulan di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais. Analisis asupan dilakukan dengan food frequency questionnaire semikuantitatif dan 24-hours food recall. Pemeriksaan asam amino serum dengan metode spektofotometri, Sel T helper-17 dengan metode flowcytometry, dan C-reactive protein dengan metode latex agglutination, serta kadar IL 17, IL 6 dan TNFα dengan metode ELISA. Data yg didapat kemudian di analisis dengan uji T atau Mann Whitney untuk melihat hubungan dan untuk menganalisis hubungan dalam tabel digunakan uji Chi-Square atau Fischer Exact, sedangkan untuk korelasi digunakan uji Pearson atau Spearman. Asam amino triptofan, asparagin, glutamin, valin, lisin dan sistein berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin anti-inflamasi dan status nutrisi, sebaliknya negatif dengan sitokin pro inflamasi. Asam amino fenilalanin, treonin, dan glutamat berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin pro-inflamasi dan berkorelasi negatif dengan status nutrisi dan sitokin anti inflamasi. Khusus aspartat, selain berkorelasi positif dengan sitokin pro inflamasi, juga berkorelasi positif dengan indeks massa tubuh, tetapi menunjukkan korelasi negatif dengan penurunan berat badan. Beberapa asam amino serum terbukti berhubungan dengan status sitokin dan status nutrisi pada subjek kanker paru dengan kaheksia, sehingga perlu menjadi perhatian dalam terapi nutrisi pasien kankerKata kunci: asam amino serum, status nutrisi, sitokin, kaheksia kanker

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ABSTRACTCancer patients generally experience weight loss associated with cancer cachexia. The pathophysiology of cancer cachexia is multifactorial, including the effects of pro inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammation.. The plasma amino acid profile was found to significantly undergo changes in cancer patients. Protein depletion can occur due to decreased intake or direct effects of tumors on protein metabolism. This study aimed to determine the profile and relationship between serum amino acids, nutritional status and pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines, and T helper 17 cells in lung cancer cachexia patients. This cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling in lung cancer patients with cachexia took subjects over the age of 18 years and who had not been treated or who had finished therapy for more than 2 months at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Dietary intake analyses were carried out with semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour food recalls. Blood tests were carried out in the form of serum amino acids, cytokines, C-reactive protein and T helper 17 cells. Data obtained were then analyzed by the T or Mann Whitney test to see the relationship and to analyze relationships in the table used chi-square or Fischer Exact, while for correlation used Pearson or Spearman test. The amino acids tryptophan, asparagine, glutamine, valine, lysine and cysteine were positively correlated with anti-inflammatory cytokines and nutritional status, and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Phenylalanine, threonine and glutamate amino acids were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with nutritional status and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Aspartate showed a positive correlation pro inflammatory cytokines and body mass index, but a negative correlation with weight loss. Some serum amino acids have been shown to be related to cytokines and nutritional status in lung cancer cachexia patients, so it should be a concern in nutritional therapy for cancer patients"

"Bandotan Ageratum conyzoides L. merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal Indonesia yang banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional, salah satunya dalam terapi peradangan inflamasi. Penelitian sebelumnya mengungkapkan bahwa isolat kuersetin dari ekstrak daun bandotan memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi. Namun, dibutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam proses ekstraksi.Penelitian bertujuan mencari metode ekstraksi yang cocok yang dapat mempersingkat waktu ekstraksi dan meningkatkan kadar kuersetin dalam ekstrak, serta bertujuan menginvestigasi mekanisme molekuler anti-inflamasi dari ekstrak. Kuersetin, methotrexate dan piroxicam digunakan sebagai kontrol positif.Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi dan digesti, dengan air dan etanol 70 sebagai pelarut. Profil metabolit sekunder dianalisis dengan kromatografi lapis tipis KLT dan Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy LC-MS. Aktivitas anti inflamasi dari ekstrak dievaluasi dengan sel RAW 264.7 distimulasi oleh lipopolisakarida LPS dan dilakukan deteksi ekspresi gen-gen dengan Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR ditingkat messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA. Uji aktivitas juga dilakukan terhadap nitrit oksida NO dengan metode Griess.Hasil uji memperlihatkan bahwa kadar kuersetin tertinggi 52,71 ppm diperoleh dari metode digesti pada suhu 60 C selama 2 jam dengan pelarut etanol 70 . Kromatogram KLT menunjukkan pola yang khas dan kromatogram LC-MS memperlihatkan beberapa puncak metabolit sekunder, salah satunya adalah kuersetin. Pada dosis 50 ?g/ mL, ektrak dapat menurunkan ekspresi messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 , tumor necrosis factor-? TNF-? , interleukin-1betha IL-1? , IL-6, dan nuclear factor-kappa betha NF-?? , serta menurukan produksi NO. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70 daun bandotan memiliki mekanisme aksi anti-inflamasi seperti kuersetin dalam menekan mediator pro-inflamasi.

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Bandotan Ageratum conyzoides L. is one of Indonesian herbs are widely used in traditional medicines one of them is in treating inflammation. Previous research has revealed that the isolated quercetin from bandotan leaves extract has anti inflammatory activity. However, the extraction process takes a long time.

The aim of the present study was to find the suitable method which can reduce the time of extraction process and also increase quercetin content in extract, and also investigates the anti inflammatory molecular mechanism of extract. Quercetin, methotrexate, and piroxicam were used as positive control.

Two extraction methods were used maceration and digestion method, which used water and ethanol 70 as a solvent. Secondary metabolites profiles were analyzed by thin layer chromatography TLC and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy LC MS . The anti inflammatory activity of extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides LPS and the genes were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT PCR at messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA . The activity test was also performed on nitric oxide NO by Griess method.

The results showed that the highest quercetin content 52.71 ppm was obtained from digestion method at 60 C for 2 hours with ethanol 70 as a solvent. TLC chromatograms shows a typical pattern and LC MS chromatograms shows some peaks of secondary metabolites, one of them is quercetin. The dose extract at 50 g mL can decrease mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase 2 COX 2 , tumor necrosis factor TNF , interleukin 1betha IL 1 , IL 6, dan nuclear factor kappa betha NF , and also can decrease of NO production. As a result, it is concluded that 70 ethanolic leaves extract of bandotan has anti inflammatory activity such as quercetin in suppressing pro inflammatory mediators."

"Kondisi hipoksia hipobarik dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia dan menjadi risiko keselamatan di dunia penerbangan. Berbagai jalur pensinyalan sensitif oksigen pada tingkat seluler, dapat diaktifkan selama paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten (HHI). HSP sebagai chaperokine berperan dalam transduksi sinyal dan modulasi sistem imun serta terkait dengan produksi sitokin pro-inflamasi atau anti-inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek HHI terhadap HSP70 dan produksi sitokin pro dan anti-inflamasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan jaringan hepar tikus Sprague-Dawley yang disimpan pada suhu -20°C. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol (C), HHA, HHI1, HHI2, dan HHI3 dan diberikan paparan HHI pada ketinggian 25.000 kaki selama 5 menit. Analisis konsentrasi protein dan sitokin ditentukan dengan metode sandwich ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi protein HSP70 pada hepar tikus pada kelompok HHA dan HHI terhadap kontrol (p<0.05), terdapat perbedaan bermakna konsentrasi IL-10 antara kelompok HHI3 terhadap kontrol (p = 0,018), dan adanya korelasi positif dengan kekuatan korelasi sedang antara HSP70 dengan TNF-α dan IL-1β, serta korelasi positif sedang HSP70 dengan IL-10. HHI menginduksi peningkatan HSP70 sebagai mekanisme adaptasi dan memodulasi sistem imun tubuh untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi IL-10.

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Hypobaric hypoxic conditions can disrupt human health and become a risk for safety of aviation. Various signaling oxygen-sensitive pathways at the cellular level can be activated during intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) exposure. HSP as a chaperokine plays a role in signal transduction and modulation of the immune system and it is associated with the production of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study aims to analyze the effect of IHH on HSP70 and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study was an experimental study using Sprague-Dawley rat liver tissue stored at -20°C. Rats were divided into 5 groups, they are control (C), AHH, IHH1, IHH2, and IHH3. They were exposed to IHH at altitude of 25,000 feet for 5 minutes. Analysis of protein and cytokines concentrations was determined by the sandwich ELISA method. The results showed that there was a significant difference in HSP70 protein expression in the liver of rats in the HHA and IHH groups compared to the control (p<0.05), there was a significant difference in IL-10 concentration between the IHH3 group compared to the control (p = 0.018), a positive correlation with moderate correlation strength between HSP70 with TNF-α and IL-1β, and a moderate positive correlation between HSP70 with IL-10. HHI produces an increase in HSP70 as an adaptive mechanism and modifies the immune system to raise the levels of IL-10."

"Sepsis merupakan respons inflamasi sistemik pejamu terhadap infeksi. Respons inflamasi dimediasi oleh sitokin yang akan dilepaskan ke sirkulasi. Pelepasan sitokin akan menyebabkan terjadinya aktivasi koagulasi melalui peningkatan ekspresi tissue factor (TF) dan penurunan inhibitor alamiah, serta penurunan fibrinolisis. Tissue factor (TF) merupakan inisiator penting pada proses koagulasi, yang diekspresikan di sirkulasi darah oleh monosit aktif. Aktivasi TF selain menyebabkan aktivasi koagulasi juga dapat memodulasi inflamasi pada pasien sepsis berat. Heparin selain sebagai antikoagulan, berperan sebagai antiinflamasi. Berdasarkan fungsi heparin sebagai antiinflamasi dan peranan TF dalam inflamasi, ingin diteliti apakah pemberian heparin dapat menurunkan aktivitas TF yang diekspresikan monosit pada keadaan inflamasi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan aktivitas TF monosit pada orang sehat dan pasien sepsis berat dan perbedaan aktivitas TF monosit pada pasien sepsis berat dengan pemberian heparin in vitro dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa heparin.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan sampel 10 orang pasien sepsis berat dan 5 orang sehat. Darah sitrat dipisahkan sel mononuklear darah tepi (peripheral blood mononuclear cell/ PBMC) dengan teknik Ficoll-Paque, dan isolat monosit diperoleh dari PBMC menggunakan Monoclonal Antibody Cell Sorter (MACS) microbeads. Isolat monosit dipisahkan menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok pertama langsung diperiksa aktivitas TF, kelompok kedua diinkubasi 6 jam dengan heparin 0.1 IU, dan kelompok ketiga diinkubasi 6 jam tanpa heparin. Isolat monosit kemudian dibuat lisat sel dan supernatan diukur aktivitas TF (Actichrome TF).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna aktivitas TF monosit pada pasien sepsis berat dibandingkan orang sehat (p=0.002). Aktivitas TF monosit pada pasien sepsis berat yang mendapat heparin 0.1 IU berbeda bermakna setelah jam ke-6 dibandingkan tanpa heparin (p=0.003).

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Sepsis is a host systemic inflammatory response to infection. Inflammatory response is mediated by cytokines released into circulation. Cytokine leads to coagulation activation by elevating tissue factor (TF) expression, reducing natural inhibitors, and impeding fibrinolysis. TF is an important initiator in coagulation process, expressed in blood circulation by active monocytes. TF activates coagulation and modulates inflammation in severe septic patients. Heparin acts as anticoagulant and antiinflammatory agent. Based on heparin as antiinflammatory agent and role of TF in inflammation, heparin can decrease TF activity expressed on monocyte in inflammation.

This study aims to find the difference between monocyte TF activities in healthy people and severe septic patients, and also between monocyte TF activities in severe septic patients receiving heparin in vitro and without heparin group.

This study is a laboratory experiment using 10 samples from severe septic patients and 5 healthy samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are separated from citrate blood using Ficoll-Paque technique. Monocyte isolation is performed using Monoclonal Antibody Cell Sorter (MACS) microbeads. Monocyte isolate is divided into three groups, first group is measured for TF activity directly, second group is incubated 6 hours with heparin 0.1 IU, and third group is incubated without heparin. Cell lysate is processed from monocyte isolate and supernatant is measured for activity TF (Actichrome TF).

The result shows a significant difference between monocyte TF activity in severe septic patients compared to healthy people (p = 0.002). Monocyte TF activity in severe septic patients with heparin 0.1 IU/mL in the 6th hour is also significantly different than without heparin group (p = 0.003)."