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"Pemberian nutrisi pada pasien kritis dapat terhambat karena kondisi intoleransi atau disfungsi gastrointestinal berupa gangguan pengosongan lambung, gangguan motilitas usus, dan penyerapan saluran cerna. Volume residu lambung dianggap sebagai parameter pemantauan gangguan pengosongan lambung dan toleransi nutrisi enteral pada pasien ICU. Beberapa metode pemberian nutrisi seperti intermittent feeding telah direkomendasikan untuk mengendalikan peningkatan volume residu lambung, namun insiden peningkatan volume residu lambung masih ditemukan, sehingga dibutuhkan metode lain yaitu dengan mengubah posisi tubuh menjadi lateral kanan yang dipertimbangkan dapat mempercepat pengosongan lambung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian nutrisi enteral menggunakan metode intermittent feeding dikombinasikan dengan posisi lateral kanan terhadap volume residu lambung pada pasien kritis. Metode penelitian ini adalah true experimental design, melibatkan 52 responden pasien kritis di ruang ICU RS Persahabatan, terbagi menjadi kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan antara pemberian nutrisi enteral menggunakan metode intermittent feeding dikombinasikan dengan posisi lateral kanan dengan perlakuan standar terhadap volume residu lambung (p value 0.927). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemberian posisi lateral kanan pada saat pemberian intermittent feeding dapat menjadi salah satu strategi dalam mengurangi volume residu lambung, yang dapat dilihat dari jumlah volume residu lambung yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan posisi semi recumbent. Meskipun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan terhadap volume residu lambung, namun posisi lateral kanan dapat memberi rasa nyaman dan mencegah terjadinya pressure injury

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Nutrition in critically ill patients can be hampered due to gastrointestinal intolerance or dysfunction in the form of gastric emptying disorders, impaired intestinal motility, and gastrointestinal absorption. Gastric residual volume is a monitoring parameter of gastric emptying disorders and enteral nutrient tolerance in ICU patients. Several methods of nutrition such as intermittent feeding have been recommended to control the increase in gastric residual volume, but the incidence of increased gastric residual volume is still found, so another method is needed, namely by changing the position of the body to the right lateral which is considered to accelerate gastric emptying. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of enteral nutrition using the intermittent feeding method combined with the right lateral position on the volume of gastric residue in critically ill patients. The method of this study is a true experimental design, involving 52 critical patient respondents in the ICU of RS Persahabatan, divided into an experimental group and a control group. The results showed that there was no difference between the administration of enteral nutrition using the intermittent feeding method combined with the right lateral position with standard treatment of gastric residual volume (p value 0.927). The conclusion of this study is that the right lateral position during intermittent feeding can be one of the strategies in reducing the volume of gastric residue, which can be seen from the small amount of gastric residue volume compared to the semi-recumbent position. Although there is no statistically significant difference in gastric residual volume, the right lateral position can provide comfort and prevent pressure injury."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Bising dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran. Selain intensitas bising, faktor lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah jenis bising. Jenis bising yang berbeda akan menyebabkan efek pendengaran yang berbeda pula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan gambaran audiogram antara pekerja yang terpajan bising kontinu dan bising intermiten, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Metode: Penelitian Cross Sectional Comparative dilakukan pada pekerja bagian fabrication dan assembling di industri alat berat. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner dan rekam medis berupa umur, status pernikahan, masa kerja, kadar gula darah, tekanan darah, kebiasaan merokok, hobi, dan hasil pemeriksaan audiometri.Hasil: Dari 167 orang pekerja, terdapat 15 orang (9%) yang mengalami peningkatan gambaran audiogram. Dari 15 orang pekerja tersebut, 13 orang (86,7%) terpajan bising kontinu dan 2 orang (13,3%) terpajan bising intermiten. Pekerja dengan umur > 40 tahun mempunyai risiko peningkatan gambaran audiogram sebesar lebih dari 4 kali lipat (OR = 4,44, 95% CI = 1,21-16,4, p = 0,016). Mereka yang memiliki masa kerja > 3,9 tahun berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami gambaran audiogram yang meningkat. Dan mereka yang mendapat pajanan bising kontinu dibandingkan bising intermiten memiliki risiko sebesar hampir 5 kali lipat mengalami peningkatan gambaran audiogram (OR = 4,73, 95% CI = 1,03-21,7, p = 0,030).Kesimpulan: Umur yang tua, masa kerja yang lama, dan pajanan terhadap bising kontinu meningkatkan risiko terjadinya peningkatan gambaran audiogram pada pekerja.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Noise may cause hearing disorder. Not only its intensity, the types of noise are also contributing factors that need to be considered. Different types of noise may cause different auditory effects. This study aimed to compare the audiograms between workers who are exposed to continuous noise and intermittent noise, along with its contributing factors.

Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted on heavy equipment industry workers in fabrication and assembling department. Data that collected from questionnaires and medical records were age, marital status, work period, blood sugar level, blood pressure, smoking habbit, hobby, and the results of audiometric examination.

Results: Amongst 167 workers, there were 15 people (9%) who had an increase of audiogram image. Out of these 15 workers, 13 people (86,7%) exposed to continuous noise and 2 people (13,3%) exposed to intermittent noise. Workers at age above 40 had risk more than 4-fold of having an increase of audiogram image (OR = 4,44, 95% CI = 1,21-16,4, p = 0,016). Those who had work period more than 3,9 years were at high risk in having an increase of audiogram image. And those who were exposed to continuous noise compare to intermittent noise had risk nearly 5-fold of having an increase of audiogram image (OR = 4,73, 95% CI = 1,03-21,7, p = 0,030).

Conclusion: Old age, long working period, and exposure of continuous noise increase risk of an increased audiogram image on workers."

"[ABSTRAKAktivitas makan merupakan aktivitas dominan yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh orangutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dalam upaya bertahan hidup. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui proporsi waktu makan dan proporsi waktu mencoba makan pada anak orangutan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah instantaneus focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Anak sangat antusias mempelajari kemampuan dan keterampilan untuk bertahan hidup melalui hubungan sosial dengan induknya. Sejak usia 1 tahun anak sudah mulai peering (7,67 %) hingga usia 8 tahun (65 %). Induk merupakan penyangga anak dengan lingkungannya dan panutan yang dicontoh dalam melakukan sesuatu, khususnya perilaku makan. Proporsi waktu makan anak mandiri semakin meningkat dari 0,24 % (1 tahun) hingga 55,1 % (8 tahun) akan meningkat ke arah proporsi makan induknya. Pemilihan jenis makanan dan teknik makan anak orangutan dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik jenis makanan dan teknik yang digunakan oleh induk. Teknik makan yang paling banyak digunakan yaitu teknik dengan menggunakan mulut dan teknik kombinasi yaitu gabungan antara tangan dengan kaki. Hal tersebut dikarenakan anak orangutan selalu bersama induknya dan anak memiliki keterbatasan dalam memperoleh dan mengolah jenis makanan yang sulit dikonsumsi. Toleransi induk juga berperan penting dalam proses kemandirian anaknya, melalui makan bersama pada satu pohon yang sama, transfer makanan dan memberikan makanan yang sulit didapat maupun sulit diproses ketika anak meminta darinya. Selain itu, anak orangutan juga berusaha untuk meningkatkan keterampilannya dengan mencoba mengolah (try feeding) dan terlihat ketika anak orangutan baru mulai mengonsumsi kulit kayu pada usia 4 - 5 tahun dengan tingkat kesulitan tinggi.

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ABSTRACTFeeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil their needs in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions of feeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used was instantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immatures orangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive through social interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant have started try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan mother is child?s buffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behavior. As dependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased to their mothers level from 0,24 % (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependent offspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire information about the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependent offspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consume because mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependent offspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 -5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process., Feeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil theirneeds in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions offeeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used wasinstantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immaturesorangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive throughsocial interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant havestarted try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan moter is child’sbuffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behaviuor. Asdependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased totheir mothers level from 0,24 (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependentoffspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire informationabout the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependentoffspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consumebecause mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependentoffspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 -5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process]"

"One way to improve the success of exclusive breastfeeding promotion is to understand the factors that directly of indirectly influence a mother's decision to initiate complementary feeding, as well as their interaction. The present study employed the use of a newly developed qualitative dietary survey-Food Choice Map method-to investigate those factors for 40 mothers with infants aged 4 - 6 months old residing in Pondok Labu sub-district of South Jakarta, Indonesia, regarding the `military' and 'civilian' communities. K -Means Cluster Analysis was used to create relatively homogenous groups based on demography and socioeconomy characteristics using variables such as mother's age, child's age and sex, study groups, ownership of house, phone, and motorcycle. Nearly all infants (97%) received complementary feeding before the age of 4 months old with "to calm child" as the most common reason why mothers initiated the feeding. Most infants were given banana as their first food as the "social circle suggested" or because it is "commonly used food." Another large percentage received instant baby food due to "its practicality." The findings suggest factors such as socioeconomy and demography-as described by the cluster characteristics-whom mothers were dependent on, feeding experience, and self-confidence influenced mother's decision in initiating complementary feeding. Furthermore, they interact with one another that their existence of affecting mothers' behavior is the result of not only one factor. It is recommended to establish breastfeeding support groups for the mothers, as well as to greaten encouragement from the social circle and medical professionals to motivate mothers and increase their self-confidence to breastfeed the infants."

"Pendahuluan: Stres oksidatif terjadi ketika kadar antioksidan dan pembentukan oksidan dalam tubuh tidak seimbang. Puasa telah terbukti meningkatkan ketahanan sel terhadap stres oksidatif dengan meningkatkan kadar antioksidan atau menurunkan produk akhir dari kerusakan oksidatif. Namun, dari penelitian yang sebelumnya dilakukan pada tikus, jenis puasa terbaik untuk meningkatkan kadar glutathione masih menjadi perdebatan. Selain itu, belum ada penelitian tentang pengaruh jenis puasa terhadap tingkat antioksidan pada jantung kelinci. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh puasa dan durasinya terhadap kadar glutathione (GSH) pada jantung kelinci New Zealand White Rabbit'sMetode: Subyek dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan, (1) kelompok kontrol yang mengonsumsi makanan secara normal, (2) kelompok puasa intermittent yang menjalani puasa selama 16 jam, dan (3) kelompok puasa berkepanjangan yang menjalani puasa selama 40 jam, selama 7 hari. Kemudian spektrofotometer digunakan untuk menghitung kadar glutathione. Uji Saphiro-Wilk kemudian uji Kruskal-Wallis sebagai uji lanjutan digunakan untuk menganalisis data.Hasil: Median untuk kelompok kontrol, berkepanjangan dan intermittent adalah 0,004 ± 0,003 ‡g/mg, 0,004± 0,001 g/mg, dan 0,004± 0,002 g/mg. Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kadar GSH yang signifikan antara kelompok kontrol, puasa intermittent dan puasa berkepanjangan (P>0,05).Kesimpulan: Puasa intermiten dan berkepanjangan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kadar glutathione pada jantung kelinci New Zealand putih dibandingkan dengan kontrol.

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Introduction: Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between antioxidant and the generation of body's oxidant is unfavorable. Fasting has been showed to increase cell resistance toward oxidative stress by increasing the level of antioxidant or decreasing the end product of oxidative damage. However, from previous studies done on rats, the best fasting types to boost glutathione, one of the antioxidants, is still debatable.Moreover, there are no study about the effect of different types of fasting done on rabbit's antioxidant level. This research aims to the effect of fasting and its duration on glutathione (GSH) level in New Zealand White Rabbit's Heart.

Methods: The subjects were divided into 3 groups of treatment, (1) control group consumed food normally, (2) intermittent fasting group who underwent 16 hours fasting with 8 hours eating period, and (3) prolonged fasting group who underwent 40 hours fasting with 8 hours eating period, for 7 days. Then a spectrophotometer was used to calculate the glutathione level. Saphiro-Wilk test and then Kruskal-Wallis test as the followed-up test were used to analyzed the data.

Results: The median for the control, prolonged and intermittent groups were 0.004 ± 0,003 g/mg, 0.004± 0.001 g/mg, dan 0.004± 0.002 g/mg respectively. The Kruskal- Wallis test revealed that there was no significant difference in GSH levels among control, intermittent fasting and prolonged fasting group (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Intermittent and prolonged fasting is not significantly affecting glutathione level in New Zealand White Rabbit's Heart compared to control."

"Latar Belakang: Intermittent fasting (IF) dan prolonged fasting (PF) merupakan bagian dari puasa yang meliputi pola makan waktu puasa dan waktu tidak puasa dalam sehari. Ada banyak manfaat terkait puasa dan salah satunya adalah IF dapat mengurangi stres oksidatif yang bermanfaat bagi otak. Karbonil, biomarker stres oksidatif yang irreversible dan universal telah dikaitkan dengan penuaan sel, jaringan, organ, dan penyakit terkait usia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah ada pengaruh puasa terhadap kadar protein karbonil di otak. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jaringan otak yang diperoleh dari 15 ekor kelinci white New Zealand yang dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga perlakuan pemberian pakan yang berbeda yaitu 5 kelompok kontrol, 5 kelompok IF (dipuasakan 16 jam), dan 5 kelompok PF (dipuasakan 40 jam). Sampel diperlakukan sesuai perlakuan masing- masing selama tujuh hari berturut-turut. Kadar karbonil kemudian diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 390 nm. Data dianalisis menggunakan IBM SPSS. Hasil Penelitian: Semua sampel terdistribusi normal (p>0,05), namun pengaruh puasa intermiten (IF) dan puasa berkepanjangan (PF) terhadap kadar karbonil otak pada kelinci White New Zealand tidak signifikan. Kadar karbonil sampel IF lebih rendah daripada PF dengan rata-rata dan standar kesalahan masing-masing 365,4 ± 24,2 dan 409,1 ± 44,7 nMol/mg protein. Kesimpulan: Meskipun tidak signifikan, perlakuan IF dan PF satu minggu yang dilakukan pada kelinci White New Zealand mampu menurunkan kadar karbonil pada otak. IF mampu menurunkan lebih banyak protein karbonil dibandingkan PF.

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Introduction: Intermittent fasting (IF) and prolonged fasting (PF) is a part of fasting that includes eating pattern of fasting-time and non-fasting time in a day. There are many benefits related to fasting and one of them is that IF can reduce oxidative stress that benefits the brain. Carbonyl, an irreversible and universal marker of oxidative stress has been linked to cell, tissue, organ aging and age-related diseases hence this research is conducted to see whether there are any effects of fasting towards protein carbonyl level in the brain. Methods: This research uses brain tissue sample obtained from 15 white New Zealand rabbit that are grouped into three different feeding treatments: 5 control groups, 5 IF (16 h fasting time) groups, and 5 PF (40 h fasting time). They are treated accordingly for seven days straight. Level of carbonyl then is measured by spectrophotometer at 390 nm wavelength. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS. Result: All samples are normally distributed (p>0.05), however the effect of IF and PF towards brain carbonyl level in white New Zealand rabbit are not significant. The carbonyl level of IF group samples are reduced more than PF group with mean and standard of error of 365.4 ± 24.2 and 409.1 ± 44.7 nMol/mg protein respectively. Conclusion: Although insignificant, one-week treatment of IF and PF done on White New Zealand rabbit are able to decrease carbonyl level in their brain, with IF being able to reduce more protein carbonyl than PF."

"ABSTRAKKarya akhir ini akan membahas metode peramalan yang tepat untuk permintaan intermittent pada industri elektronik khususnya passbook printer. Permintaan intermittent cenderung fluktuatif dan sering menunjukkan nilai nol pada rentang waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini membandingkan tiga metode dalam memproyeksikan peramalan permintaan passbook printer yaitu metode Single Exponential Smoothing, metode Croston, dan metode Syntetos-Boylan Approximation. Ketiga metode tersebut diaplikasikan menggunakan alpha optimal dengan bantuan Excel Solver dan dibandingkan berdasarkan MSE dan GMAMSE/A. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Single Exponential Smoothing dan metode Syntetos-Boylan Approximation dapat menghasilkan penghematan biaya jika diterapkan pada data permintaan yang tidak memiliki lonjakan terlalu tinggi secara tiba-tiba.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the appropriate forecasting method for intermittent demand of electronic products, particularly passbook printer. Intermittent demand tends to show a fluctuating pattern and has zero demand occurrences in certain timescale. This research compares three methods of forecasting the passbook printer demand namely Single Exponential Smoothing method, Croston method, and Syntetos Boylan Approximation method. The methods are applied using optimum alpha obtained from Excel Solver, and compared based on MSE and GMAMSE A. This result show that Single Exponential Smoothing and Syntetos Boylan Approximation method can produce cost savings if intermittent demand does not have a sudden peak."

"Obesitas ditandai dengan akumulasi lemak berlebih dan menyebabkan stres oksidatif. Apabila tidak ditangani, stres oksidatif dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup, memicu berbagai penyakit, dan meningkatkan mortalitas. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi stres oksidatif adalah dengan puasa intermiten. Puasa intermiten dapat meningkatkan pertahanan antioksidan, termasuk glutation tereduksi (GSH) sebagai antioksidan endogen sehingga mengurangi radikal bebas dan mencegah stres oksidatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode uji klinis acak dengan kontrol. Subjek penelitian adalah karyawan pria dewasa berusia 19-59 tahun dengan IMT ≥ 25 kg/m2. Subjek terbagi menjadi kelompok kontrol dan puasa melalui randomisasi sederhana. Puasa intermiten 5:2 dilakukan setiap hari Senin dan Kamis selama 8 minggu serta tidak diperkenankan makan dan minum selama 14 jam berpuasa. Kadar GSH diukur menggunakan metode Ellman sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada sampel leukosit yang tersimpan dari penelitian sebelumnya oleh Yudhistina K, et al. Pengaruh puasa intermiten 5:2 terhadap kadar GSH dianalisis dengan uji perbandingan rerata Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney dengan batas kemaknaan 5%. Kadar GSH sesudah perlakuan menurun signifikan pada kelompok kontrol (p = 0,01) dengan kadar GSH 0,433 (0,041-2,372) µmol/mL menjadi 1,247 (0,415-2,631) µmol/mL dan kelompok puasa (p < 0,001) dengan kadar GSH 0,604 (0,080-2,976) µmol/mL menjadi 1,874 (0,052-6,937) µmol/mL. Kadar GSH sesudah perlakuan pada kelompok puasa lebih rendah signifikan (p = 0,045) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Selisih perubahan kadar GSH pada kelompok puasa lebih tinggi signifikan (p = 0,041) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Puasa intermiten 5:2 selama 8 minggu dapat meningkatkan kadar GSH pada pria dewasa dengan obesitas.

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Obesity is characterized by excessive fat accumulation and correlates with oxidative stress, which can reduce quality of life, lead to various diseases, and increase mortality. An alternative way to reduce oxidative stress is intermittent fasting which can increase antioxidant defences, including reduced glutathione (GSH) as an endogenous antioxidant, thereby reducing free radicals and preventing oxidative stress. This study used a randomized controlled clinical trial. The subjects were male employees aged 19-59 years with BMI > 25 kg/m2 divided into control and fasting groups through simple randomization. Intermittent fasting 5:2 was done every Monday and Thursday for 8 weeks and subjects were not allowed to eat or drink during fasting. GSH levels were measured using the Ellman method in leukocytes stored from previous study by Yudhistina K, et al. The effect of intermittent fasting 5:2 on GSH levels was analyzed by the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests with a significance limit of 5%. GSH levels post-intervention decreased significantly both in the control group (p = 0.01) with GSH levels of 0.433 (0.041-2.372) µmol/mL to 1.247 (0.415-2.631) µmol/mL and the fasting group (p < 0.001) with GSH levels of 0.604 (0.080-2.976) µmol/mL to 1.874 (0.052-6.937) µmol/mL. GSH levels post-intervention in the fasting group were significantly lower (p = 0.045) than in the control group. The changes in GSH levels in the fasting group was significantly higher (p = 0.041) than in the control group. Intermittent fasting 5:2 for 8 weeks can increase GSH levels in adult males with obesity."

"Latar Belakang : Penelitian ini menganalisis respons adaptasi jaringan jantung pada paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten (HHI) pada tikus. Faktor transkripsi HIF-1α penting untuk mengatasi keadaan hipoksia, terdiri atas 2 subunit yaitu HIF-1α dan HIF-1β yang dalam keadaan hipoksia membentuk heterodimer dan mengatur ekspresi sejumlah gen target untuk mengatasi keadaan hipoksia. Hipoksia akan menyebabkan jantung mengalami beban yang meningkat berupa hipertrofi ventrikel. Jantung akan mengatasi keadaan tersebut melalui pembentukan Mb dan BNP-45.Metode : 25 ekor tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 5 kelompok dan 4 kelompok dipaparkan HHI menggunakan hypobaric chamber di Lakespra Saryanto TNI AU, selama 50 menit dengan variasi ketinggian, interval intermiten 1 minggu, 4 kali perlakuan (hari 1, 8, 15 dan 22). Dilakukan pengukuran protein HIF-1α dan Mb (ELISA), ekspresi relatif mRNA Mb dan BNP-45 (real time RT-PCR satu langkah).Hasil : Kadar protein HIF-1α meningkat pada paparan hipoksia hipobarik dan terus menurun hingga induksi hipoksia hipobarik intermiten 3 kali (ANOVA, p=0,0437). Ekspresi mRNA dan protein Mb meningkat pada paparan hipoksia hipobarik dan terus menurun hingga induksi hipoksia hipobarik intermiten 3 kali (ANOVA, p=0,0283; 0,0170), dan keduanya berkorelasi kuat (Pearson, r=0,6307). Ekspresi mRNA BNP-45 meningkat pada paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten 1 kali dan terus menurun hingga induksi hipoksia hipobarik intermiten 3 kali (ANOVA, p=0,0314). Hasil uji korelasi juga menunjukkan hubungan yang kuat antara protein HIF-1α dengan ekspresi mRNA Mb, namun sangat lemah dengan ekspresi mRNA BNP-45.Kesimpulan : Terjadi respons adaptasi HIF-1α, Mb dan BNP-45 pada paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten pada jantung tikus. Protein HIF-1 meregulasi ekspresi Mb dan BNP-45.

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Background: The study analyzed the adaptive responses of heart tissue after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) in rat. The transcription factor HIF-1 is important to overcome hypoxia condition, which consist of 2 subunits: HIF-1α and HIF-1β in a state of hypoxia form heterodimers and regulate the expression of a number of target genes to overcome hypoxia. Hypoxia, especially continuous one, may lead the heart to hypertroptive state. The heart will overcome the situation through the establishment of Mb and BNP-45.

Methods: Twenty five male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IHH in a hypobaric chamber in Indonesian Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, for 50 minutes at various altitudes, 1 week interval for 4 times (day 1, 8, 15 and 22). HIF-1α and Mb protein were measured with ELISA. mRNA expression of Mb and BNP-45 were measured with one step real time RT-PCR.

Results: HIF-1α protein levels increased after induction of hypobaric hypoxia and continues to decrease after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3 times (ANOVA, p=0.0437). mRNA expression and protein of Mb increased after induction of hypobaric hypoxia and continues to decrease after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3 times (ANOVA, p=0.0283; 0.0170), and both are strongly correlated (Pearson, r=0.6307). mRNA expression of BNP-45 increased after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 1 time and continues to decrease after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3 times (ANOVA, p=0.0314). Correlation test results also showed a strong relationship between HIF-1α protein with mRNA expression of Mb, but very weak with mRNA expression of BNP-45.

Conclusions: Adaptive response of HIF-1α, Mb and BNP-45 occurs after induction of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in rat heart. HIF-1 protein regulated the expression of Mb and BNP-45."

"Isolasi sel punca mesenkimal (SPM) dari darah perifer (DP) menutupi kekurangan yang ditemukan pada isolasi dari sumsum tulang (ST). Jumlah darah yang banyak dapat diperoleh dari sirkulasi perifer dan teknik pengambilannya lebih tidak traumatik dibandingkan pengambilan dari sumsum tulang. Namun, jumlahnya sedikit di dalam darah. Diperlukan suatu kondisi untuk meningkatkan hasil isolasi dari darah perifer. Restriksi kalori meningkatkan kemampuan self-renewal dari sel punca intestinal, sel punca otot dan regenerasi saraf, menjaga kemampuan regenerasi jangka panjang pada sel punca hematopoetik. Belum terdapat penelitian yang mempelajari efek intermittent atau prolonged fasting pada SPM darah perifer dan sumsum tulang, maka diperlukan penelitian untuk mempelajari efek fasting terhadap kemampuan proliferasi dan diferensiasi SPM. Penelitian ini menggunakan kelinci (n=27) yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok; setiap kelompok terdiri dari 9 kelinci. Kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol diberikan makan dan minum ad lib. Kelompok kedua mendapat perlakuan intermittent fasting (7 siklus), dan kelompok ketiga mendapat perlakuan prolonged fasting (4 siklus). Sampel diambil dari darah perifer dan sumsum tulang femur. Dilakukan isolasi kultur untuk menilai kemampuan proliferasi (waktu konfluensi dan jumlah sel) dan diferensiasi (kualitatif dan kuantifikasi) dari masing-masing kelompok sampel. Sel punca mesenkimal pada ketiga kelompok penelitian mampu diisolasi, berproliferasi dan berdiferensiasi menjadi osteoblas. Persentasi keberhasilan kultur primer dari kelompok kontrol: DP 14.28%, dan ST 28.57%; kelompok IF: DP 44.44% dan ST 33.33%; dan kelompok PF: DP 55.55%, dan ST 44.44%. Rerata waktu konfluensi kelompok kontrol: DP 17 hari dan ST 31 hari; kelompok IF: DP 15 hari dan ST 26 hari; dan kelompok PF: DP 15.6 hari dan ST 20 hari (DP p=0.592, dan ST p=0.408). Rerata jumlah sel konfluensi kelompok kontrol: DP 108 x103/mL dan ST 274 x103/mL; kelompok IF: DP 182 x103/mL dan ST 115.3 x103/mL ; dan kelompok PF: DP 65.6 x103/mL dan 139 x103/mL ST (DP p=0.282 dan ST p=0.502). Rerata kuantifikasi optik densitometri pada diferensiasi osteoblas kelompok kontrol: DP 0.154 OD dan ST 0.169 OD; kelompok IF: DP 0.240 OD dan ST 0.207 OD; dan, kelompok PF: DP 0.157 OD dan ST 0.167 OD (DP p=0.044 dan ST p=0.074). Uji posthoc kuantifikasi optik densitometri diferensiasi osteoblas didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok IF DP (p=0.046). Perlakuan intermittent dan prolonged fasting memiliki efek dalam meningkatkan ekspansi SPM ke darah perifer. Kuantifikasi diferensiasi osteoblas SPM-DP perlakuan IF lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Diharapkan ada penelitian lanjutan yang mengevaluasi efek intermittent fasting pada sampel darah perifer manusia terhadap kemampuan SPM dalam hal ekspansi, proliferasi dan diferensiasi menjadi osteoblas.

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Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from peripheral blood (PB) was considered giving more advantages compared to isolation from bone marrow (BM). Large amounts of blood can be taken from peripheral circulation by less invasive extraction technique than BM. However, MSC isolated from PB can only be achieved in a small amount. Some conditioning of the subjects are needed in order to improve the isolation products from PB. Calorie restriction increases the self-renewal ability of intestinal stem cells, muscle stem cells and nerve regeneration, and maintain the long-term regeneration ability of hematopoietic stem cells. There has not been any studies that explore the effects of intermittent or prolonged fasting on MSC of PB and BM. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of fasting on the ability of MSC proliferation and differentiation. This study used rabbits (n = 27) which were divided into three groups; each group consists of 9 rabbits. The first group as a control was given food and drink ad lib. The second group received intermittent fasting (7 cycles), and the third group received prolonged fasting (4 cycles). Samples were taken from the peripheral blood and femoral bone marrow. Culture isolation was performed to assess the proliferation (confluency time and cells number) and differentiation (qualitative and quantitative) abilities of each sample group. Mesenchymal stem cells in all groups were able to be isolated, proliferate and differentiate to osteoblast. The successful rate of primary culture from control group: PB 14.28% and BM 28.57%; IF group: PB 44.44% and BM 33.33%; and PF group: PB 55.55% and BM 44.44%. The mean of confluence time from control group: PB 17 days and BM 31 days; IF group: PB 15 days and BM 26 days; and PF group: DP 15.6 days and ST 20 days (PB p=0.592, and BM p=0.408). The mean of confluence cells number: PB 108 x103/mL and BM 274 x103/mL; IF group: PB 182 x103/mL and BM 115.3 x103/mL ; and PF group: PB 65.6 x103/mL and 139 x103/mL ST (PB p=0.282 and BM p=0.502). The mean of optical densitometry quantification from osteoblast differentiation in control group: : PB 0.154 OD and BM 0.169 OD; IF group: PB 0.240 OD and BM 0.207 OD; and, PF group: PB 0.157 OD and BM 0.167 OD (PB p=0.044 dan BM p=0.074). Posthoc analyis from optical densitometry quantification of osteoblast differentiation showed significant difference on IF PB group (p=0.046). Intermittent and prolonged fasting treatment gave increasing effect of MSC expansion into peripheral blood. MSC-PB osteoblast differentiation quantification was higher in IF treatment compared to control. It is hoped that further studies will evaluate the effect of intermittent fasting on human peripheral blood samples in the ability of SPM in terms of expansion, proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts. We suggest that there will be further studies conducted to evaluate the effect of intermittent fasting on the ability of MSC's expansion, proliferation, and differentiation into osteoblasts from human peripheral blood samples."